1
|
Liang R, Li Y, Lo KC, Yan Z, Tang W, Du L, Phillips DL. Transient Absorption Spectroscopic Investigation of the Photocyclization-Deprotection Reaction of 3',5'-Dimethoxybenzoin Fluoride. Molecules 2024; 29:842. [PMID: 38398594 PMCID: PMC10892591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The 3',5'-dimethoxybenzoin (DMB) system has been widely investigated as a photoremovable protecting group (PRPG) for the elimination of various functional groups and has been applied in many fields. The photolysis of DMB fluoride leads to a highly efficient photocyclization-deprotection reaction, resulting in a high yield of 3',5'-dimethoxybenzofuran (DMBF) in a MeCN solution, while there is a competitive reaction that produces DMB in an aqueous solution. The yield of DMB increased as the volume ratio of water increased. To understand the solvent effect of the photolysis of selected DMB-based compounds, a combination of femtosecond to nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopies (fs-TA and ns-TA), nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy (ns-TR3) and quantum chemical calculation was employed to study the photophysical and photochemical reaction mechanisms of DMB fluoride in different solutions. Facilitated by the bichromophoric nature of DMB fluoride with electron-donating and -withdrawing chromophores, the cyclized intermediates could be found in a pure MeCN solution. The deprotection of a cyclic biradical intermediate results in the simultaneous formation of DMBF and a cyclic cation species. On the other hand, in aqueous solution, fs-TA experiments revealed that α-keto cations could be observed after excitation directly, which could easily produce the DMB through the addition of a hydroxyl within 8.7 ps. This work provides comprehensive photo-deactivation mechanisms of DMB fluoride in MeCN and aqueous conditions and provides critical insights regarding the biomedical application of DMB-based PRPG compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liang
- Tech X Academy, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuanchun Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kin Cheung Lo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Zhang Q, Lo KC, Yan Z, Phillips DL, Tang W, Du L. Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study of a Photoinduced Intramolecular Chloride Exchange Reaction of 3',5'-Dimethoxybenzoin Chloride. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1645-1651. [PMID: 36780292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoremovable protecting groups are of great importance due to their remote control over the liberation of diverse reactive species temporally and spatially, including biologically active compounds and functional groups. Here, an in-depth investigation on the heterolysis-solvolysis reaction mechanisms of a photoremovable protecting group, 3',5'-dimethoxybenzoin (DMB) chloride, has been accomplished. With the aid of transient absorption and time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopies, the features of the intermediates that emerged from the photolysis process were directly observed. Elaborate optical and theoretical studies on DMB chloride have suggested a long-lived α-keto cation intermediate (0.9 ms) exists as a key intermediate, unlike the radical intermediates that are typically generated in such photocyclization reactions. After undergoing nucleophilic addition and isomerization, the intermediate species eventually leads to the formation of the final product(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qidi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kin Cheung Lo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lili Du
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Urakawa K, Kawabata Y, Matsuda M, Sumimoto M, Ishikawa H. α-Ketocarbenium Ions Derived from Orthoquinone-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Org Lett 2018; 20:2534-2537. [PMID: 29652164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
α-Ketocarbenium ions derived from synthesized orthoquinone-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds were generated in the presence of Brønsted acids such as sulfuric acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid. The prepared α-ketocarbenium ions were stabilized by conjugation of the aromatic moiety. In addition, unique absorption properties of the α-ketocarbenium ions were observed and identified on the basis of the calculated absorption spectra. It was suggested that the zigzag-shaped architecture stabilizes the newly discovered α-ketocarbenium ions derived from orthoquinone-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Urakawa
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Yuta Kawabata
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Masaki Matsuda
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Michinori Sumimoto
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Yamaguchi University , 2-16-1 Tokiwadai , Ube , Yamaguchi 755-8611 , Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Straub S, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Photochemical Kinetics of a Phosphine Oxide Free Radical Initiator from Femtosecond UV-Pump/Mid-IR-Probe Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2017. [PMID: 28625052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond UV-pump/mid-infrared-probe spectroscopy was used to explore in detail the primary photochemical events of the free radical initiator, (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide, in liquid dichloromethane solution at room temperature. Following electronic excitation of its lowest excited singlet state, S1, the radical initiator undergoes an intersystem crossing to the triplet ground state, T1, with a time constant of 135 ps. A subsequent α-cleavage occurs from the triplet state with a time constant of 15 ps and yields a trimethylbenzoyl radical together with a diphenylphosphinoyl radical. Transient absorptions from the S1 and T1 states are observed that can be assigned to the P═O stretching mode and the symmetric in-plane deformation mode of the trimethylphenyl moiety of the radical initiator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dai XJ, Yu YQ, Liu KH, Su HM. Photochemical Reaction of Benzoin Caged Compound: Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/29/cjcp1512260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
6
|
Richter M, Mai S, Marquetand P, González L. Ultrafast intersystem crossing dynamics in uracil unravelled by ab initio molecular dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:24423-36. [PMID: 25301389 PMCID: PMC4391640 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04158e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations have been performed in order to investigate the relaxation dynamics of uracil after UV excitation in gas phase. Intersystem crossing (ISC) has been included for the first time into time-dependent simulations of uracil, allowing the system to relax in the singlet as well as in the triplet states. The results show a qualitatively different picture than similar simulations that include singlet states only. The inclusion of ISC effectively quenches the relaxation to the singlet ground state and instead privileges transitions from the low-lying nπ* state (S1) to a ππ* triplet state (T2) followed by rapid internal conversion to the lowest triplet state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Richter
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frick E, Ernst HA, Voll D, Wolf TJA, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Studying the polymerization initiation efficiency of acetophenone-type initiators via PLP-ESI-MS and femtosecond spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li MD, Ma J, Su T, Liu M, Yu L, Phillips DL. Direct Observation of Triplet State Mediated Decarboxylation of the Neutral and Anion Forms of Ketoprofen in Water-Rich, Acidic, and PBS Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5882-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-De Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tao Su
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wolf TJA, Voll D, Barner-Kowollik C, Unterreiner AN. Elucidating the Early Steps in Photoinitiated Radical Polymerization via Femtosecond Pump–Probe Experiments and DFT Calculations. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202673q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular
Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie and Center
for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular
Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie and Center
for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kammath VB, Šebej P, Slanina T, Kříž Z, Klán P. Photoremovable chiral auxiliary. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:500-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Chen X, Ma C, Phillips DL, Fang WH. A Case of Fast Photocyclization: The Model of a Downhill Ladder Reaction Pathway for the Bichromophoric Phototrigger 3′,5′-Dimethoxybenzoin Acetate. Org Lett 2010; 12:5108-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102208s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie 19, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong S.A.R., Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chensheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie 19, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong S.A.R., Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie 19, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong S.A.R., Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie 19, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong S.A.R., Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
An HY, Kwok WM, Ma C, Guan X, Kan JTW, Toy PH, Phillips DL. Photophysics and Photodeprotection Reactions of p-Methoxyphenacyl Phototriggers: An Ultrafast and Nanosecond Time-Resolved Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Study. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5837-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100848b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying An
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| | - Wai Ming Kwok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| | - Chensheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Guan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| | - Jovi Tze Wai Kan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| | - Patrick H. Toy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S. A. R., P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Unravelling the Reaction Mechanism for the Fast Photocyclisation of 2-Benzoylpyridine in Aqueous Solvent by Time-Resolved Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations. Chemistry 2010; 16:6961-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
15
|
Ma C, Kwok W, An HY, Guan X, Fu M, Toy P, Phillips D. A Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study of the Bichromophoric Phototrigger 3′,5′-Dimethoxybenzoin Diethyl Phosphate: Interaction Between the Two Chromophores Determines the Reaction Pathway. Chemistry 2010; 16:5102-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Li MJ, Kwok WM, Lam WH, Tao CH, Yam VWW, Phillips DL. Synthesis of Coumarin-Appended Pyridyl Tricarbonylrhenium(I) 2,2′-Bipyridyl Complexes with Oligoether Spacer and Their Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Studies. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om8006486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wai-Ming Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wai Han Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hang Tao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guan X, Du Y, Xue J, Phillips DL. Density Functional Theory and Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Investigation of the Photocyclization of 2-Pyridyl Phenyl Ketone in Acid Solution. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1999-2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp808532n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Guan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|