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Kim H, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Al-Zuhaika N, Stephan DW. Phosphino-Phosphination Reactions: Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity of Phosphino-Phosphonium Cations with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312587. [PMID: 37682527 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The phosphino-phosphonium cations of the form [R3 PPR'2 ]+ are labile and provide access to the constituent Lewis acidic and Lewis basic fragments. This permits frustrated Lewis pair-type addition reactions to alkynes, affording unprecedented phosphino-phosphination reactions and giving cations of the form [cis-R3 PCHC(R'')PR'2 ]+ . This reactivity is further adapted to prepare several examples of a rare class of dissymmetric cis-olefin-linked bidentate phosphines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nahil Al-Zuhaika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Ould DMC, Tran TTP, Rawson JM, Melen RL. Structure–property-reactivity studies on dithiaphospholes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16922-16935. [PMID: 31687708 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of P-halo-1,2,3-dithiaphospholes and the reduced P–P coupled dimer are reported. Treatment with Lewis acids affords phosphenium cations which are shown to be active catalysts for hydroboration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. C. Ould
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cymru/Wales
- UK
| | - Thao T. P. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cymru/Wales
- UK
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3
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Gupta A, Kumar S, Singh HB. Structural and Reactivity Aspects of Organoselenium and Tellurium Cations. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INDIA SECTION A-PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-016-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bamford KL, Chitnis SS, Stoddard RL, McIndoe JS, Burford N. Bond fission in monocationic frameworks: diverse fragmentation pathways for phosphinophosphonium cations. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2544-2552. [PMID: 28660025 PMCID: PMC5477047 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of phosphinophosphonium cations ([R2PPMe3]+; R = Me, Et, i Pr, t Bu, Cy, Ph and N i Pr2) have been prepared and examined by collision-induced dissociation (CID) to determine the fragmentation pathways accessible to these prototypical catena-phosphorus cations in the gas-phase. Experimental evidence for fission of P-P and P-E (E = P, C) bonds, and β-hydride elimination has been obtained. Comparison of appearance potentials for the P-P bond dissociation fragments [R2P]+ (P-P heterolysis) and [PMe3]+˙ (P-P homolysis) shows that heterolytic P-P cleavage is more sensitive than P-P homolysis towards changes in substitution at the trivalent phosphorus center. The facility of β-hydride elimination increases with the steric bulk of R in [R2PPMe3]+. A density functional theory (DFT) study modelling these observed processes in gas-phase, counterion- and solvent-free conditions, to mimic the mass spectrometric environment, was performed for derivatives of [R2PPMe3]+ (R = Me, Et, i Pr, t Bu, Ph and N i Pr2), showing good agreement with experimental trends. The unusual observation of both homolytic and heterolytic cleavage pathways for the P-P and P-C bonds reveals new insight into the fundamental aspects of bonding in monocations and undermines the use of simplistic bonding models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee L Bamford
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Stn CSC , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +1 250-721-7150 ; Tel: +1 250-721-7181
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Stn CSC , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +1 250-721-7150 ; Tel: +1 250-721-7181
| | - Rhonda L Stoddard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Stn CSC , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +1 250-721-7150 ; Tel: +1 250-721-7181
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Stn CSC , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +1 250-721-7150 ; Tel: +1 250-721-7181
| | - Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Stn CSC , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +1 250-721-7150 ; Tel: +1 250-721-7181
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Donath M, Hennersdorf F, Weigand JJ. Recent highlights in mixed-coordinate oligophosphorus chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1145-72. [PMID: 26853380 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00682a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight and comprehensively summarize recent developments in the field of mixed-coordinate phosphorus chemistry. Particular attention is focused on the synthetic approaches to compounds containing at least two directly bonded phosphorus atoms in different coordination environments and their unexpected properties that are derived from spectroscopic and crystallographic data. Novel substance classes are discussed in order to supplement previous reviews about mixed-coordinate phosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Donath
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Lepetit C, Maraval V, Canac Y, Chauvin R. On the nature of the dative bond: Coordination to metals and beyond. The carbon case. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Clark ER, Borys AM, Pearce K. Donor-substituted phosphanes – surprisingly weak Lewis donors for phosphenium cation stabilisation. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:16125-16129. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, N- and O-donor substituted tri-arylphosphanes are shown to be weaker donors than PPh3 when binding the soft Lewis acid moiety [PPh2]+. This arises from internal solvation and rehybridisation as phosphorus, precluding chelation and increasing steric demand, in direct contrast to coordination modes observed for metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan R. Clark
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Kent
- Canterbury
- UK
| | | | - Kyle Pearce
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Kent
- Canterbury
- UK
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Chung LW, Sameera WMC, Ramozzi R, Page AJ, Hatanaka M, Petrova GP, Harris TV, Li X, Ke Z, Liu F, Li HB, Ding L, Morokuma K. The ONIOM Method and Its Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5678-796. [PMID: 25853797 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung Wa Chung
- †Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - W M C Sameera
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Romain Ramozzi
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Alister J Page
- §Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Galina P Petrova
- ∥Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Bulgaria Boulevard James Bourchier 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Travis V Harris
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,⊥Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
| | - Xin Li
- #State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- ∇School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- ○Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- ■School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lina Ding
- ▲School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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Forfar LC, Green M, Haddow MF, Hussein S, Lynam JM, Slattery JM, Russell CA. Evidence for a SN2-type pathway in the exchange of phosphines at a [PhSe]+ centre. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:110-8. [PMID: 25318556 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of thio- and seleno-phosphonium cationic complexes [RE(PR'3)](+)[X](-) (R = Me, Ph; E = S, Se; X = GaCl4, SbF6) have been synthesised and structurally characterised. Reaction of [PhSPPh3][GaCl4] and [PhSePPh3][GaCl4] with P(t)Bu3 results in the ready transfer of the "RS(+)" and "RSe(+)" fragments from PPh3 to the stronger electron donor P(t)Bu3. NMR experiments combined with an Eyring analysis on the corresponding degenerate phosphine exchange reaction allowed the thermodynamic values for the phosphine exchange reaction of the sulfur cation (ΔH(‡) 18.7 ± 12.0 kJ mol(-1); ΔS(‡) -99.3 ± 36.3 J mol(-1) K(-1)) to be compared with the corresponding values (ΔH(‡) 2.4 ± 1.1 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS(‡) -58.1 ± 5.0 J mol(-1) K(-1)) for the [PhSePPh3](+) system. Importantly, the large negative entropy of activation and linear dependence on the rate of exchange are compatible with an SN2-type exchange process. This conclusion is supported by DFT calculations which confirm that the phosphine exchange process occurs via an associative mechanism. The rate of exchange was found to increase from sulfur to selenium and those with aryl substituents underwent exchange faster than those with alkyl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Forfar
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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10
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Abstract
An overview of the synthesis, structures and reaction chemistry of coordination complexes featuring an acceptor with at least one lone pair and at least one phosphine donor is presented. One or more examples of complexes have been structurally-characterized for the majority of p-block elements but few are known for most elements. The unusual condition of a p-block element centre accommodating a lone pair of electrons and offering a low energy LUMO gives the element centre the potential to behave as both a Lewis acid and a Lewis Base. The structural diversity and reactivity of the phosphine complexes highlights new directions in main group chemistry and by comparison with transition metal coordination chemistry, the featured complexes demonstrate significant configurational and stereochemical flexibility. Ligand exchange, oxidation and reduction chemistry at the lone pair bearing acceptor centre reveals unusual reactivity and an interesting class of ligands and inorganic reagents, with new possibilities for catalysis or small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
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11
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Dobrovetsky R, Takeuchi K, Stephan DW. Metal-free Lewis acid mediated dehydrocoupling of phosphines and concurrent hydrogenation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2396-8. [PMID: 25564430 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09526j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometric reaction of trityl cation with two equivalents of Ph2PH affords the phosphine stabilized phosphenium salt [Ph2(H)PPPh2][B(C6F5)4] via hydride abstraction, while catalytic amounts of B(p-HC6F4)3 effects catalytic phosphine dehydrocoupling with the liberation of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
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12
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Ray MJ, Bühl M, Taylor LJ, Athukorala Arachchige KS, Slawin AMZ, Kilian P. Synthetic and structural study of the coordination chemistry of a peri-backbone-supported phosphino-phosphonium salt. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8538-47. [PMID: 25073081 DOI: 10.1021/ic501142v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coordination chemistry of an acenaphthene peri-backbone-supported phosphino-phosphonium chloride (1) was investigated, revealing three distinct modes of reactivity. The reaction of 1 with Mo(CO)4(nor) gives the Mo(0) complex [(1)Mo(CO)4Cl] (2), in which the ligand 1 exhibits monodentate coordination through the phosphine donor and the P-P bond is retained. PtCl2(cod) reacts with the chloride and triflate salts of 1 to form a mononuclear complex [(1Cl)PtCl2] (3) and a binuclear complex [((1Cl)PtCl)2][2TfO] (4), respectively. In both of these complexes, the platinum center adds across the P-P bond, and subsequent chloride transfer to the phosphenium center results in phosphine-chlorophosphine bidentate coordination. [((1)PdCl)2] (5) was isolated from the reaction of 1 and Pd2(dba)3 (dba = dibenzylideneacetone). Oxidative addition to palladium(0) results in a heteroleptic phosphine bridging phosphide coordination to the Pd(II) center. In addition, reaction of 1 with BH3·SMe2 leads to the bis(borane) adduct of the corresponding mixed tertiary/secondary phosphine (6), with BH3 acting as both a reducing agent and a Lewis acid. The new compounds were fully characterized, including X-ray diffraction. The ligand properties of 1 and related bonding issues are discussed with help of DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ray
- School of Chemistry, EaStChem, University of St. Andrews , Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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Holthausen MH, Weigand JJ. The chemistry of cationic polyphosphorus cages--syntheses, structure and reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6639-57. [PMID: 24740160 PMCID: PMC4288811 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive view of the chemistry of cationic polyphosphorus cages.
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive view of the chemistry of cationic polyphosphorus cages. The synthetic protocols established for their preparation, which are all based on the functionalization of P4, and their intriguing follow-up chemistry are highlighted. In addition, this review intends to foster the interest of the inorganic, organic, catalytic and material oriented chemical communities in the versatile field of polyphosphorus cage compounds. In the long term, this is envisioned to contribute to the development of new synthetic procedures for the functionalization of P4 and its transformation into (organo-)phosphorus compounds and materials of added value.
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Himmel D, Krossing I, Schnepf A. Dative bonds in main-group compounds: a case for fewer arrows! Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:370-4. [PMID: 24243854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Risky business? The use of dative bonds to describe the electronic structure of main-group compounds has come into vogue in recent years. But where are the limits? When does the description as a dative bond make sense and when is this view misleading? This Essay develops the idea on the basis of current examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Section Soft Matter Science, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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Himmel D, Krossing I, Schnepf A. Dative Bindungen bei Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen: ein Plädoyer für weniger Pfeile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ray MJ, Slawin AMZ, Bühl M, Kilian P. peri-Substituted Phosphino-Phosphonium Salts: Synthesis and Reactivity. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Ray
- School of Chemistry, EaStChem, University of St Andrews,
Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | | | - Michael Bühl
- School of Chemistry, EaStChem, University of St Andrews,
Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Petr Kilian
- School of Chemistry, EaStChem, University of St Andrews,
Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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Holthausen MH, Feldmann KO, Schulz S, Hepp A, Weigand JJ. Formation of cationic [RP5Cl](+)-cages via insertion of [RPCl](+)-cations into a P-P bond of the P4 tetrahedron. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3374-87. [PMID: 22372487 DOI: 10.1021/ic2013304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorobenzene solutions of RPCl(2) and a Lewis acid such as ECl(3) (E = Al, Ga) in a 1:1 ratio are used as reactive sources of chlorophosphenium cations [RPCl](+), which insert into P-P bonds of dissolved P(4). This general protocol represents a powerful strategy for the synthesis of new cationic chloro-substituted organophosphorus [RP(5)Cl](+)-cages as illustrated by the isolation of several monocations (21a-g(+)) in good to excellent yields. For singular reaction two possible reaction mechanisms are proposed on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. The intriguing NMR spectra and structures of the obtained cationic [RP(5)Cl](+)-cages are discussed. Furthermore, the reactions of dichlorophosphanes and the Lewis acid GaCl(3) in various stoichiometries are investigated to obtain a deeper understanding of the species involved in these reactions. The formation of intermediates such as RPCl(2)·GaCl(3) (14) adducts, dichlorophosphanylchlorophosphonium cations [RPCl(2)-RPCl](+) (16(+)) and [RPCl(2)-RPCl-GaCl(3)](+) (17(+)) in reaction mixtures of RPCl(2) and GaCl(3) in fluorobenzene strongly depends on the basicity of the dichlorophosphane RPCl(2) (R = tBu, Cy, iPr, Et, Me, Ph, C(6)F(5)) and the reaction stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Westfaelische Wilhelms Universitaet Muenster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Slattery JM, Hussein S. How Lewis acidic is your cation? Putting phosphenium ions on the fluoride ion affinity scale. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1808-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11636c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abdellah I, Lepetit C, Canac Y, Duhayon C, Chauvin R. Imidazoliophosphines are True N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Phosphenium Adducts. Chemistry 2010; 16:13095-108. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Usharani D, Poduska A, Nixon JF, Jemmis ED. Electronic structure and bonding in neutral and dianionic boradiphospholes: R'BC2P2R2 (R = H, tBu, R' = H, Ph). Chemistry 2009; 15:8429-8442. [PMID: 19437474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Classical and non-classical isomers of both neutral and dianionic BC(2)P(2)H(3) species, which are isolobal to Cp(+) and Cp(-), are studied at both B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and G3B3 levels of theory. The global minimum structure given by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) for BC(2)P(2)H(3) is based on a vinylcyclopropenyl-type structure, whereas BC(2)P(2)H(3)(2-) has a planar aromatic cyclopentadienyl-ion-like structure. However, at the G3B3 level, there are three low-energy isomers for BC(2)P(2)H(3): 1) tricyclopentane, 2) nido and 3) vinylcyclopropenyl-type structures, all within 1.7 kcal mol(-1) of each other. On the contrary, for the dianionic species the cyclic planar structure is still the minimum. In comparison to the isolobal Cp(+) and H(n)C(n)P(5-n)(+) isomers, BC(2)P(2)H(3) shows a competition between pi-delocalised vinylcyclopropenyl- and cluster-type structures (nido and tricyclopentane). Substitution of H on C by tBu, and H on B by Ph, in BC(2)P(2)H(3) increases the energy difference between the low-lying isomers, giving the lowest energy structure as a tricyclopentane type. Similar substitution in BC(2)P(2)H(3)(2-) merely favours different positional isomers of the cyclic planar geometry, as observed in 1) isoelectronic neutral heterodiphospholes EtBu(2)C(2)P(2) (E = S, Se, Te), 2) monoanionic heterophospholyl rings EtBu(2)C(2)P(2) (E = P(-), As(-), Sb(-)) and 3) polyphospholyl rings anions tBu(5-n)C(n)P(5-n) (n = 0-5). The principal factors that affect the stability of three-, four-, and five-membered ring and acyclic geometrical and positional isomers of neutral and dianionic BC(2)P(2)H(3) isomers appear to be: 1) relative bond strengths, 2) availability of electrons for the empty 2p boron orbital and 3) steric effects of the tBu groups in the HBC(2)P(2)tBu(2) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandamudi Usharani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Weir ML, Cade IA, Kilah NL, Zhou X, Wild SB. Asymmetric Synthesis of Bis(tertiary arsines): Highly Stereoselective Alkylations of Diastereomers of a Chiral Phosphine-Stabilized Bis(arsenium triflate). Inorg Chem 2009; 48:7482-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900797y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Weir
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Ian A. Cade
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Nathan L. Kilah
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Xiangting Zhou
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - S. Bruce Wild
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Le TD, Arquier D, Miqueu K, Sotiropoulos JM, Coppel Y, Bastin S, Igau A. Unprecedented rearrangement during the formation of P–P homoatomic N-phosphino formamidine complexes. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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van Bochove MA, Swart M, Bickelhaupt FM. Stepwise walden inversion in nucleophilic substitution at phosphorus. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 11:259-67. [PMID: 19088981 DOI: 10.1039/b813152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of S(N)2@P reactions in the model systems X(-) + PMe(2)Y and X(-) + POR(2)Y (with R=Me, OH, OMe; and X, Y=Cl, OH, MeO) using density functional theory at OLYP/TZ2P. Our main purpose is to analyze the nature of the Walden inversion in our model nucleophilic substitution reactions. Walden inversion is well-known to proceed, in general, as a concerted umbrella motion of the substituents at the central atom. Interestingly, we find here that, in certain model reactions, Walden inversion can also proceed in a stepwise fashion in which the individual substituents of the umbrella flip, consecutively, from the educt to the product conformation via separate barriers on the reaction profile. We also examine how variation in nucleophile and leaving group may tune the pentavalent transition structure between labile transition state (TS) and stable transition complex (TC). Furthermore, we explore the various competing multistep pathways in the symmetric (X=Y) and asymmetric (X not equal Y) substitution reactions in our model reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A van Bochove
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Willans CE, Fish C, Green M, Kilby RJ, Lynam JM, Russell CA, Whitwood AC. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of the tricyclic triphosphorus cage P3(CBut)2: a novel route to polyphosphorus phosphenium complexes. Dalton Trans 2008:3422-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b800864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Burck S, Gudat D. Structural Alternatives for the Formation of Halogenophosphine-Phosphenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2007; 47:315-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7017049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Burck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dietrich Gudat
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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