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Kramer WH, Razinoubakht D, Kaur G, Klein A, Garbe S, Neudörfl J, Molitor S, Zimmer A, Griesbeck AG. Awakening a Molecular Mummy: The Inter-and Intramolecular Photochemistry of Pyromellitic Diimides with Alkyl Carboxylates. PHOTOCHEM 2022; 2:717-732. [PMID: 38784069 PMCID: PMC11115379 DOI: 10.3390/photochem2030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pyromellitic acid diimides are not as chemically unreactive as conjecturable (and presupposed) from their numerous applications as electron acceptor units or electron carriers in molecular donor-acceptor dyads or triads. Similar to the corresponding phthalimides, electronically excited pyromellitic diimides oxidize alkyl carboxylates in aqueous solution via intermolecular electron transfer (PET) processes, which eventually results in radical-radical combination products, e.g., the benzylation product 6 from N,N'-dimethyl pyromellitic diimide 5. The analogous product 7 was formed with pivalic acid as tert-butyl radical source. One additional product 8 was isolated from alkylation/dearomatization and multiple radical additions, respectively, after prolonged irradiation. In intramolecular versions, from N-carboxyalkylated pyromellitic diimides 9a-e (C1 to C5-spaced), degradation processes were detected, e.g., the cyclization products 10 from the GABA substrate 9c. In sharp contrast to phthalimide photochemistry, the green pyromellitic diimide radical anion was detected here by UV-vis absorption (λabs = 720 nm), EPR (from 9d), and NMR spectroscopy for several intramolecular electron transfer examples. Only the yellow 1,4-quinodial structure is formed from intermolecular PET, which was deduced from the absorption spectra (λabs = 440 nm) and the subsequent chemistry. The pyromellitimide radical anion lives for hours at room temperature in the dark, but is further degraded under photochemical reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H. Kramer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Donya Razinoubakht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Gurjit Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Axel Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstr. 6, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Simon Garbe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstr. 6, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Jörg Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Organic Chemistry, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Sabrina Molitor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Organic Chemistry, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Anne Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Organic Chemistry, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Axel G. Griesbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Organic Chemistry, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
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Fan C, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Yang D, Li B, Yu L, Yang XJ, Wu B. Reversible [4 + 2] Photooxygenation in Anion-Coordination-Driven-Assembled A 2L 2-Type Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2198-2203. [PMID: 35049281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two bis-bis(urea) ligands (L1 and L2) incorporating the photoactive 9,10-diphenylanthracene fragment were designed for the construction of anion-coordination-driven assemblies and subsequent oxygenation of anthracene moieties for singlet oxygen storage. The corresponding A2L2-type sulfate complexes [TEA]4[(SO4)2(L1)2] (1) and [TEA]4[(SO4)2(L2)2] (2), where TEA = tetraethylammonium, were achieved by coordinating the ligands L1 or L2 with sulfate anions. Both 1 and 2 were able to undergo [4 + 2] photooxygenation to form endoperoxide photoproducts 1-EPO and 2-EPO, which can be partially converted back to the original anthracene compounds after heating. The structures of 1-EPO and 2-EPO were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography, NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Boyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Muramatsu T, Okado Y, Traeger H, Schrettl S, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Rotaxane-Based Dual Function Mechanophores Exhibiting Reversible and Irreversible Responses. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9884-9892. [PMID: 34162206 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores permit the design of polymers that indicate mechanical events through optical signals. Here we report rotaxane-based supramolecular mechanophores that display both reversible and irreversible fluorescence changes. These responses are triggered by different forces and are achieved by exploiting the molecular shuttling function and force-induced dethreading of rotaxanes. The new rotaxane mechanophores are composed of a ring featuring a luminophore, which is threaded onto an axle with a matching quencher and two stoppers. In the stress-free state, the luminophore is preferentially located in the proximity of the quencher, and the emission is quenched. The luminophore slides away from the quencher when a force is applied and the fluorescence is switched on. This effect is reversible, unless the force is so high that the luminophore-carrying ring slips past the stopper and dethreading occurs. We show that the combination of judiciously selected ring and stopper moieties is crucial to attain interlocked structures that display such a dual response. PU elastomers that contain such doubly responsive rotaxanes exhibit reversible fluorescence changes over multiple loading-unloading cycles due to the shuttling function, whereas permanent changes are observed upon repeated deformations to high strains due to breakage of the mechanical bond upon dethreading of the ring from the axle. This response allows one, at least conceptually, to monitor the actual deformation of polymer materials and examine mechanical damage that was inflicted in the past on the basis of an optical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuji Okado
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Nayak N, Gopidas KR. Self-Assembly of a β-Cyclodextrin Bis-Inclusion Complex into a Highly Crystalline Fiber Network. An Effective Strategy for Null Aggregate Design. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8131-8139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Nayak
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Karical Raman Gopidas
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
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Krishnan R, Krishnan SB, Balan B, Gopidas KR. Self-assembly and photoinduced electron transfer in a donor-
$$\upbeta $$
β
-cyclodextrin-acceptor supramolecular system
$$^{\S }$$
§. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krishnan SB, Gopidas KR. Observation of Supramolecular Chirality in a Hierarchically Self‐Assembled Mixed‐Stack Charge‐Transfer Complex. Chemistry 2017; 23:9600-9606. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumesh Babu Krishnan
- Photosciences and Photonics SectionChemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi 110001 India
| | - Karical Raman Gopidas
- Photosciences and Photonics SectionChemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi 110001 India
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Zhang YH, Zhang YM, Chen Y, Yang Y, Liu Y. Phenanthroline bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin)s/adamantane-carboxylic acid supramolecular complex as an efficient fluorescence sensor to Zn2+. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qo00054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Balasingham RG, Thorp-Greenwood FL, Williams CF, Coogan MP, Pope SJA. Biologically Compatible, Phosphorescent Dimetallic Rhenium Complexes Linked through Functionalized Alkyl Chains: Syntheses, Spectroscopic Properties, and Applications in Imaging Microscopy. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:1419-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201654d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca G. Balasingham
- School
of Chemistry and ‡School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Flora L. Thorp-Greenwood
- School
of Chemistry and ‡School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Catrin F. Williams
- School
of Chemistry and ‡School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Michael P. Coogan
- School
of Chemistry and ‡School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School
of Chemistry and ‡School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
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Zhang† H, Li† Y, Sun H, Xin F, Liu Z, Hao A, Li J, Shen J, Xu S, An W, Sun L, Sun T, Zhao W, Li Y, Kong L. Fluorescent Vesicular Particles Assembled by Inclusion Complexes Between Cyclodextrins and BPB. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.488144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang YM, Chen Y, Zhuang RJ, Liu Y. Supramolecular architecture of tetrathiafulvalene-bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin) with porphyrin and its electron transfer behaviors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1393-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mallard I, Landy D, Bouchemal N, Fourmentin S. Synthesis and inclusion ability of anthracene appended β-cyclodextrins: unexpected effect of triazole linker. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chen Y, Li F, Liu BW, Jiang BP, Zhang HY, Wang LH, Liu Y. Thermodynamic origin of selective binding of β-cyclodextrin derivatives with chiral chromophoric substituents toward steroids. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16147-55. [PMID: 20695496 DOI: 10.1021/jp105821s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two β-cyclodextrin derivatives with chiral chromophoric substituents, that is, L- (1) and D-tyrosine-modified β-cyclodextrin (2), were synthesized and fully characterized. Their inclusion modes, binding abilities, and molecular selectivities with four steroid guests, that is, cholic acid sodium salt (CA), deoxycholic acid sodium salt (DCA), glycochoic acid sodium salt (GCA), and taurocholic acid sodium salt (TCA), were investigated by the circular dichroism, 2D NMR, and isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC). The results obtained from the circular dichroism and 2D NMR showed that two hosts adopted the different binding geometry, and these differences subsequently resulted in the significant differences of molecular binding abilities and selectivities. As compared with native β-cyclodextrin and tryptophan-modified β-cyclodextrin, host 2 showed the enhanced binding abilities for CA and DCA but the decreased binding abilities for GCA and TCA; however, host 1 showed the decreased binding abilities for all four bile salts. The best guest selectivity and the best host selectivity were K(S)(2-DCA)/K(S)(2-TCA) = 12.6 and K(S)(2-CA)/K(S)(1-CA) = 10, respectively, both exhibiting great enhancement as compared with the corresponding values of the previously reported L- and D-tryptophan-modified β-cyclodextrins. Thermodynamically, it was the favorable enthalpic gain that led to the high guest selectivity and host selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Faiz JA, Kyllonen LEP, Contreras-Carballada P, Williams RM, De Cola L, Pikramenou Z. Photoinduced energy transfer across non-covalent bonds in the nanoscale: cyclodextrin hosts with enhanced luminescent properties for guest communication. Dalton Trans 2009:3980-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b821923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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