1
|
Elfgen R, Hollóczki O, Kirchner B. A Molecular Level Understanding of Template Effects in Ionic Liquids. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2949-2957. [PMID: 29131941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure-directing or template effect has been invoked several times for ionic liquids to explain the different outcome in material synthesis, namely, different scaffolds or geometrical arrangements with varying ionic liquids. It is obvious to assume that such an effect can originate from the most likely complex microstructure, being present within the ionic liquid itself. In that regard, ionic liquids have already been shown to undergo a nanosegregation into polar and nonpolar phases, which is commonly known and denoted as microheterogeneity. In order to provide detailed insight on the molecular level and to understand the effects rising from this structuring, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on selected very simple model systems composed of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, considering ethyl, butyl, hexyl, and octyl side chains attached to the cations, mixed with either n-dodecanol or n-butanol. By analyzing snapshots of the simulation boxes and calculating spatial distribution functions, we can visualize that with increasing side chains, the systems show considerable nanosegregation into polar and nonpolar domains. Combined angular and distance distribution functions show that in case of the nanosegregating systems the side chains of the cations are preferentially arranged in a parallel fashion, which indicates a micelle-like structure for the ionic liquids. The alcohol molecules participate in and are, therefore, influenced by this microheterogeneity. It can be shown that in the case of the short IL alkyl side chains, the self-aggregation of the nonpolar units of the alcohols is much stronger, while for the long chain cations, the nonpolar entities of the alcohols are most often connected to the nonpolar units of the ionic liquids. Using our domain analysis tool, we can quantify these observations by tracking the number, size, and shape of the polar and nonpolar entities present in the different investigated systems. The aforementioned combined angular-distance distribution functions reveal a structure-directing effect of the ionic liquids on the alcohol molecules within our simple model systems. The ionic liquids act as template and order the alcohol molecules according to their own structure, resulting in a parallel alignment of the alkyl side chains of the alcohols and ionic liquid cations, with both polar groups being at the same side. These observations show that the microheterogeneous structure of ionic liquids can indeed be applied to order substrates with respect to each other or, for example, to catalysts in a predetermined fashion, opening new possibilities for explaining or enhancing selectivities of chemical reactions in ionic liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Elfgen
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue M, Yang Y, Chi X, Yan X, Huang F. Development of Pseudorotaxanes and Rotaxanes: From Synthesis to Stimuli-Responsive Motions to Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7398-501. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Čobeljić B, Pevec A, Stepanović S, Spasojević V, Milenković M, Turel I, Swart M, Gruden-Pavlović M, Adaila K, Anđelković K. Experimental and theoretical investigation of octahedral and square-planar isothiocyanato complexes of Ni(II) with acylhydrazones of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
Malberg F, Brandenburg JG, Reckien W, Hollóczki O, Grimme S, Kirchner B. Substitution effect and effect of axle's flexibility at (pseudo-)rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1299-307. [PMID: 24991282 PMCID: PMC4077404 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of substitution with different functional groups and of molecular flexibility by changing within the axle from a single C-C bond to a double C=C bond. Therefore, we present static quantum chemical calculations at the dispersion-corrected density functional level (DFT-D3) for several Leigh-type rotaxanes. The calculated crystal structure is in close agreement with the experimental X-ray data. Compared to a stiffer axle, a more flexible one results in a stronger binding by 1-3 kcal/mol. Alterations of the binding energy in the range of 5 kcal/mol could be achieved by substitution with different functional groups. The hydrogen bond geometry between the isophtalic unit and the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the axle exhibited distances in the range of 2.1 to 2.4 Å for six contact points, which shows that not solely but to a large amount the circumstances in the investigated rotaxanes are governed by hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the complex with the more flexible axle is usually more unsymmetrical than the one with the stiff axle. The opposite is observed for the experimentally investigated axle with the four phenyl stoppers. Furthermore, we considered an implicit continuum solvation model and found that the complex binding is weakened by approximately 10 kcal/mol, and hydrogen bonds are slightly shortened (by up to 0.2 Å).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Malberg
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Reckien
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaufmann L, Traulsen NL, Springer A, Schröder HV, Mäkelä T, Rissanen K, Schalley CA. Evaluation of multivalency as an organization principle for the efficient synthesis of doubly and triply threaded amide rotaxanes. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00077c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Dzyuba EV, Poppenberg J, Richter S, Troff RW, Schalley CA. Mass Spectrometry and Gas-Phase Chemistry of Supermolecules: A Primer. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Löw NL, Dzyuba EV, Brusilowskij B, Kaufmann L, Franzmann E, Maison W, Brandt E, Aicher D, Wiehe A, Schalley CA. Synthesis of multivalent host and guest molecules for the construction of multithreaded diamide pseudorotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:234-245. [PMID: 22423290 PMCID: PMC3302084 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of di-, tri- and tetravalent axles and wheels for the synthesis of pseudorotaxanes bearing the tetralactam macrocycle/diamide axle binding motif was prepared. Starting from iodinated monovalent precursors, Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions were utilized to couple the binding sites to appropriate spacer groups. Through this "Lego" or "toolbox" approach, the convergent synthesis of host and guests with a well-defined number of the binding sites is possible. In addition, the spatial arrangement of the binding sites can be controlled through the quite rigid connections between linker and binding sites. Although a quantitative assessment of binding strengths was not possible by NMR titration experiments, typical and significant shifts of the signals of the diamide moiety indicate qualitatively the formation of pseudorotaxanes from the axle and wheel precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Löw
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Egor V Dzyuba
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Brusilowskij
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Kaufmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Franzmann
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily Brandt
- Biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin, International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Aicher
- Biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
- WITEGA Laboratorien Berlin-Adlershof GmbH, Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Wiehe
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaufmann L, Dzyuba EV, Malberg F, Löw NL, Groschke M, Brusilowskij B, Huuskonen J, Rissanen K, Kirchner B, Schalley CA. Substituent effects on axle binding in amide pseudorotaxanes: comparison of NMR titration and ITC data with DFT calculations. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5954-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Dzyuba EV, Baytekin B, Sattler D, Schalley CA. Phenanthroline- and Terpyridine-Substituted Tetralactam Macrocycles: A Facile Route to Rigid Di- and Trivalent Receptors and Interlocked Molecules. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Dzyuba EV, Kaufmann L, Löw NL, Meyer AK, Winkler HDF, Rissanen K, Schalley CA. CH···O hydrogen bonds in "clicked" diketopiperazine-based amide rotaxanes. Org Lett 2011; 13:4838-41. [PMID: 21846084 DOI: 10.1021/ol201915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two amide [2]rotaxanes were synthesized in high yields using a novel N,N'-dipropargyl diketopiperazine axle centerpiece as the template to which the stoppers are attached through "click chemistry". (1)H and 2D NMR spectra provide evidence for two different H-bonding motifs, in one of which the triazole CH groups form C-H···O═C bonds with the wheel carbonyl O atoms. This motif can be controlled and switched reversibly by competitive anion binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egor V Dzyuba
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kirchner B, Spickermann C, Reckien W, Schalley CA. Uncovering Individual Hydrogen Bonds in Rotaxanes by Frequency Shifts. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:484-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902628n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kirchner
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Wilhelm-Ostwald Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Organische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takusstrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Spickermann
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Wilhelm-Ostwald Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Organische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takusstrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Reckien
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Wilhelm-Ostwald Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Organische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takusstrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Wilhelm-Ostwald Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Organische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takusstrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lehmann SBC, Spickermann C, Kirchner B. Quantum Cluster Equilibrium Theory Applied in Hydrogen Bond Number Studies of Water. 1. Assessment of the Quantum Cluster Equilibrium Model for Liquid Water. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:1640-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ct800310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. C. Lehmann
- Wilhelm-Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C. Spickermann
- Wilhelm-Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B. Kirchner
- Wilhelm-Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arduini A, Bussolati R, Credi A, Faimani G, Garaudée S, Pochini A, Secchi A, Semeraro M, Silvi S, Venturi M. Towards Controlling the Threading Direction of a Calix[6]arene Wheel by Using Nonsymmetric Axles. Chemistry 2009; 15:3230-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
14
|
Zahn S, Reckien W, Kirchner B, Staats H, Matthey J, Lützen A. Towards Allosteric Receptors: Adjustment of the Rotation Barrier of 2,2′-Bipyridine Derivatives. Chemistry 2009; 15:2572-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Baytekin B, Zhu SS, Brusilowskij B, Illigen J, Ranta J, Huuskonen J, Russo L, Rissanen K, Kaufmann L, Schalley CA. A modular "toolbox" approach to flexible branched multimacrocyclic hosts as precursors for multiply interlocked architectures. Chemistry 2009; 14:10012-28. [PMID: 18823055 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tetralactam macrocycles can be functionalized by a variety of cross-coupling reactions. A modular "toolbox" strategy is presented that allows 1) several tetralactam macrocycles to be covalently connected with each other or with a central spacer, 2) the macrocycles to be substituted with or connected to different chromophores, and 3) metal-coordination sites to be attached to the macrocycles. With this approach a series of different oligo-macrocyclic hosts was obtained with great structural diversity and enormous potential for further functionalization. Rotaxanes made on the basis of these macrocycles have been synthesized to demonstrate their utility in building more complex supramolecular architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Baytekin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jimenez R, Martin C, Lopez-Cornejo P. Formation of a Rotaxane from the End-Capping Process of a Pseudorotaxane. Effects of the Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11610-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804918t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Jimenez
- Departamento de Química Física. Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Sevilla, SPAIN
| | - C. Martin
- Departamento de Química Física. Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Sevilla, SPAIN
| | - P. Lopez-Cornejo
- Departamento de Química Física. Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Sevilla, SPAIN
| |
Collapse
|