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McGlinchey MJ, Nikitin K. Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Reactions En Route to Molecular Machines: Sterically Hindered Indenyl and Ferrocenyl Anthracenes and Triptycenes, and Biindenyls. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081950. [PMID: 32331469 PMCID: PMC7222022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalysed Stille and Suzuki cross-couplings were used to prepare 9-(3-indenyl)-, 6, and 9-(2-indenyl)-anthracene, 7; addition of benzyne led to the 9-Indenyl-triptycenes, 8 and 9. In 6, [4 + 2] addition also occurred to the indenyl substituent. Reaction of 6 through 9 with Cr(CO)6 or Re2(CO)10 gave their M(CO)3 derivatives, where the Cr or Re was complexed to a six- or five-membered ring, respectively. In the 9-(2-indenyl)triptycene complexes, slowed rotation of the paddlewheel on the NMR time-scale was apparent in the η5-Re(CO)3 case and, when the η6-Cr(CO)3 was deprotonated, the resulting haptotropic shift of the metal tripod onto the five-membered ring also blocked paddlewheel rotation, thus functioning as an organometallic molecular brake. Suzuki coupling of ferrocenylboronic acid to mono- or dibromoanthracene yielded the ferrocenyl anthracenes en route to the corresponding triptycenes in which stepwise hindered rotations of the ferrocenyl groups behaved like molecular dials. CuCl2-mediated coupling of methyl- and phenyl-indenes yielded their rac and meso 2,2′-biindenyls; surprisingly, however, the apparently sterically crowded rac 2,2′-Bis(9-triptycyl)biindenyl functioned as a freely rotating set of molecular gears. The predicted high rotation barrier in 9-phenylanthracene was experimentally validated via the Pd-catalysed syntheses of di(3-fluorophenyl)anthracene and 9-(1-naphthyl)-10-phenylanthracene.
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Nikitin K, O'Gara R. Mechanisms and Beyond: Elucidation of Fluxional Dynamics by Exchange NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:4551-4589. [PMID: 30421834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra- and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond-making and bond-breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution-type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan O'Gara
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Ivanov P. Performance of some DFT functionals with dispersion on modeling of the translational isomers of a solvent-switchable [2]rotaxane. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xue M, Yang Y, Chi X, Yan X, Huang F. Development of Pseudorotaxanes and Rotaxanes: From Synthesis to Stimuli-Responsive Motions to Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7398-501. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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Jones IM, Knipe PC, Michaelos T, Thompson S, Hamilton AD. Redox-dependent conformational switching of diphenylacetylenes. Molecules 2014; 19:11316-32. [PMID: 25090120 PMCID: PMC6271015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a redox-dependent single-molecule switch. Appending a ferrocene unit to a diphenylacetylene scaffold gives a redox-sensitive handle, which undergoes reversible one-electron oxidation, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry analysis. 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the partially oxidized switch and control compounds suggests that oxidation to the ferrocenium cation induces a change in hydrogen bonding interactions that results in a conformational switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Jones
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Peter C Knipe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Thoe Michaelos
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Sam Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Andrew D Hamilton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Nikitin K, Müller-Bunz H, Muldoon J. Evaluation of weak interactions in [2]pseudorotaxanes. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:139-50. [PMID: 24399801 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viologens readily thread bis-p-phenylene crown ethers to form [2]pseudorotaxanes. However, the binding of sterically hindered 3,3'-dimethylviologens is very weak. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the additional energy cost of "flattening" is substantial, 55 kJ mol(-1), and prevents the formation of a stable host-guest complex. The structures of [2]pseudorotaxanes determined by X-ray crystallography are in good agreement with the NMR characterisation and DFT results. Their association constants and thermodynamic parameters in solution were measured by using a dilution method and, for the first time, by host-guest nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) correlations. The NOE approach was subsequently applied to study the sterically hindered analogues and it was shown that the binding in 3,3'-dimethyl-N,N-dibenzyl [2]pseudorotaxane is by 8.5 kJ mol(-1) weaker than in its regular analogue. The proposed technique helps to quantify weak interactions in [2]pseudorotaxanes and can be applied to other host-guest complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 (Ireland), Fax: (+353) 01 7162127.
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Baggerman J, Haraszkiewicz N, Wiering PG, Fioravanti G, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Kay ER, Leigh DA, Brouwer AM. Induction of motion in a synthetic molecular machine: effect of tuning the driving force. Chemistry 2013; 19:5566-77. [PMID: 23564495 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rotaxane molecular shuttles were studied in which a tetralactam macrocyclic ring moves between a succinamide station and a second station in which the structure is varied. Station 2 in all cases is an aromatic imide, which is a poor hydrogen-bond acceptor in the neutral form, but a strong one when reduced with one or two electrons. When the charge density on the hydrogen-bond-accepting carbonyl groups in station 2 is reduced by changing a naphthalimide into a naphthalene diimide radical anion, the shuttling rate changes only slightly. When station 2 is a pyromellitimide radical anion, however, the shuttling rate is significantly reduced. This implies that the shuttling rate is not only determined by the initial unbinding of the ring from the first station, as previously supposed. An alternative reaction mechanism is proposed in which the ring binds to both stations in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Baggerman
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sugino H, Kawai H, Umehara T, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Effects of Axle-Core, Macrocycle, and Side-Station Structures on the Threading and Hydrolysis Processes of Imine-Bridged Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2012; 18:13722-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Nikitin K, Bothe C, Müller-Bunz H, Ortin Y, McGlinchey MJ. High and Low Rotational Barriers in Metal Tricarbonyl Complexes of 2- and 3-Indenyl Anthracenes and Triptycenes: Rational Design of Molecular Brakes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300512z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cornelia Bothe
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yannick Ortin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael J. McGlinchey
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Lestini E, Nikitin K, Stolarczyk JK, Fitzmaurice D. Electron Transfer and Switching in Rigid [2]Rotaxanes Adsorbed on TiO2 Nanoparticles. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:797-810. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Synthesis of poly[2]catenane having rigid linkage by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazido[2]catenane with 4,4′-diethynylbiphenyl. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee C, Maeng G, Kim HW, Sohlberg K. Quantum mechanical modeling of a tripodal [2]rotaxane and its binding to TiO2. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dey SK, Coskun A, Fahrenbach AC, Barin G, Basuray AN, Trabolsi A, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. A redox-active reverse donor–acceptor bistable [2]rotaxane. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00586j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
We studied rotaxanes that consisted of a molecular axle, with a photoactive 9-Aryl-9-methoxy-acridane moiety at one end, and a tetracationic ring of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBQT(4+)). The aim of the study was to deposit the axle ends onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). First, we introduced thioctic acid into the axle molecules. Then, rotaxanes were deposited on AuNPs by two methods: 1) Pseudorotaxanes were deposited on the gold surface by forming rotaxanes with the AuNP as a terminator to prevent unthreading of the ring structure; and 2) a chain containing the thioctic ester was introduced into a complete rotaxane, and then it was deposited on the AuNP with the aid of an exchange process. The photoheterolysis of the acridane unit resulted in formation of the corresponding acridinium methoxide; this, in turn, could thermally react to return to the acridane moiety. Due to the creation of a positive charge, the ring moved from the acridane station to a second, evasive station within the axle. This switching cycle could also take place when deposited on the gold surface. However, on the gold surface, the ring movement associated with the switching process was unidirectional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Duo
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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Lejeune M, Grosshans P, Berclaz T, Sidorenkova H, Besnard C, Pattison P, Geoffroy M. Role of the aromatic bridge on radical ions formation during reduction of diphosphaalkenes. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tokunaga Y, Iwamoto T, Nakashima S, Shoji E, Nakata R. Electrochemical properties of 3,5-diphenylaniline units encapsulated within a crown ether. Effects of the macrocycle’s aromatic functionality and ring size. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Nikitin K, Müller-Bunz H, Ortin Y, McGlinchey MJ. A molecular paddlewheel with a sliding organometallic latch: syntheses, X-ray crystal structures and dynamic behaviour of [Cr(CO)3{eta(6)-2-(9-triptycyl)indene}], and of [M(CO)3{eta(5)-2-(9-triptycyl)indenyl}] (M = Mn, Re). Chemistry 2009; 15:1836-43. [PMID: 19152350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In [eta(6)-2-(9-triptycyl)-indene]tricarbonylchromium (2a), the indenyl-chromium moiety is linked directly to the axis of the three-bladed triptycene paddlewheel. However, the molecular structure of 2a reveals that there is no steric interaction between these components, and the paddlewheel is free to rotate. Accordingly, its NMR spectrum indicates the full equivalence of the blades of the triptycene. Deprotonation of the indene induces a haptotropic shift of the organometallic fragment from the six-membered to the five-membered ring of the indene and, in the sodium [eta(5)-2-(9-triptycyl)-indenyl]tricarbonylchromium salt (3a), so formed, rotation of the three-bladed molecular paddlewheel is now blocked by the bulky tripod. NMR data for 3a, and also for the isostructural eta(5)-Mn(CO)(3) and eta(5)-Re(CO)(3) complexes, 3b and 3c, respectively, reveal a 2:1 splitting of the blades of the triptycyl moiety, thus breaking its original threefold symmetry. The X-ray crystal structures of the chromium complex, 2a, and of the manganese and rhenium complexes, 3b and 3c, provide pictures of the system in both its "ON" and "OFF" states, whereby the M(CO)(3) tripod has moved about 2 A towards the triptycene, thus blocking its rotation. Comparison of the rotational barriers in 2-(9-triptycyl)indene (1) and its complexes 2 and 3, suggests that rotation of the paddlewheel can be slowed by a factor of approximately 10(8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Nikitin K, Müller-Bunz H. Encapsulation of 4,4′-bipyridinium cations by two crown ether molecules: formation and structure of [3]pseudorotaxanes. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Umehara T, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Entropy- and Hydrolytic-Driven Positional Switching of Macrocycle between Imine- and Hydrogen-Bonding Stations in Rotaxane-Based Molecular Shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13981-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Umehara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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