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Li J, Gu A, Nong XM, Zhai S, Yue ZY, Li MY, Liu Y. Six-Membered Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocyclic Anti-Tumor Agents: Synthesis and Applications. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300293. [PMID: 38010365 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stands as a serious malady, posing substantial risks to human well-being and survival. This underscores the paramount necessity to explore and investigate novel antitumor medications. Nitrogen-containing compounds, especially those derived from natural sources, form a highly significant category of antitumor agents. Among these, antitumor agents with six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles have consistently attracted the attention of chemists and pharmacologists. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies and clinical implications of these compounds in this review. This entails an in-depth analysis of synthesis pathways for pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and quinazoline. Additionally, we explore the historical progression, targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical effectiveness of small molecule inhibitors possessing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shuyang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
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2
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Chen F, Liu L, Zeng W. Synthetic strategies to access silacycles. Front Chem 2023; 11:1200494. [PMID: 37398981 PMCID: PMC10313416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison with all-carbon parent compounds, the incorporation of Si-element into carboskeletons generally endows the corresponding sila-analogues with unique biological activity and physical-chemical properties. Silacycles have recently shown promising application potential in biological chemistry, pharmaceuticals industry, and material chemistry. Therefore, the development of efficient methodology to assemble versatile silacycles has aroused increasing concerns in the past decades. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis of silacycle-system are briefly summarized, including transition metal-catalytic and photocatalytic strategies by employing arylsilanes, alkylsilane, vinylsilane, hydrosilanes, and alkynylsilanes, etc. as starting materials. Moreover, a clear presentation and understanding of the mechanistic aspects and features of these developed reaction methodologies have been high-lighted.
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3
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Cai J, Zhang J, Zhou X. Selective Si-C(sp 3) bond cleavage of a silyl-bridged amido alkyl ligand in an yttrium complex. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3807-3814. [PMID: 36866686 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Compared with Si-C(sp2 and sp) bonds bearing neighboring π-bond hyperconjugative interactions, the activation of robust Si-C(sp3) bonds has proved to be a challenge. Herein, two distinct Si-C(sp3) bond cleavages have been realized by rare-earth-mediated and nucleophilic addition of unsaturated substrates. The reactions of TpMe2Y[κ2-(C,N)-CH(SiH2Ph)SiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (1) with CO or CS2 gave two endocyclic Si-C bond cleavage products, TpMe2Y[κ2-(O,N)-OCCH(SiH2Ph)SiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (2) and TpMe2Y[κ2-(S,N)-SSiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (3), respectively. However, 1 reacted with nitriles such as PhCN and p-R'C6H4CH2CN in a 1 : 1 molar ratio to yield the exocyclic Si-C bond products TpMe2Y[κ2-(N,N)-N(SiH2Ph)C(R)CHSiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (R = Ph (4); R = C6H5CH2 (6H); R = p-F-C6H4CH2 (6F); and R = p-MeO-C6H4CH2 (6MeO)), respectively. Moreover, complex 4 can continuously react with an excess of PhCN to form a TpMe2-supported yttrium complex with a novel pendant silylamido-substituted β-diketiminato ligand, TpMe2Y[κ3-(N,N,N)-N(SiH2Ph)C(Ph)CHC(Ph)N-SiMe2NSiMe3](PhCN) (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xigeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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4
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Xie Y, Huang L, Feng H, Qi Y, Van der Eycken EV, Feng H. Regio- and Chemoselective Copper-Catalyzed Formal [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Primary Amines with Arylacetylenes to 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Pyridines. Org Lett 2022; 24:6346-6350. [PMID: 36005451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disclosed herein is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyridines via CuI/NBS-catalyzed formal intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of easily available primary amines and nonactivated terminal alkynes. Moreover, this given reaction features a new mode of cycloaddition with high regio- and chemoselectivity, good atom- and step-economy, broad substrate scope, and wide functional group compatibility. Further mechanism studies indicate that this transformation starts with oxidative alkynylation of the amine to form a propargylamine intermediate, followed by radical addition to the alkyne and intramolecular cycloaddition, delivering the pharmacologically interesting multisubstituted pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huihui Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yayu Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
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5
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Reza AI, Iwai K, Nishiwaki N. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Multiply Arylated/Alkylated Pyridines. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200099. [PMID: 35701177 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiply aryl/alkyl-substituted pyridines are some of the untapped synthetic targets because of the challenge in regioselectively introducing less polar aryl/alkyl groups at the desired positions in the pyridine framework. Interestingly, the importance of this family of compounds has increased annually, particularly in biological and materials engineering applications. The syntheses of such pyridines have been extensively reported, but there is a lack of comprehensive review articles. Hence, this review discusses recent advances by grouping reaction patterns that generally deliver tri-, tetra-, and penta-aryl/alkyl pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annisa Indah Reza
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Kento Iwai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Developments in synthetic chemistry are increasingly driven by improvements in the selectivity and sustainability of transformations. Bifunctional reagents, either as dual coupling partners or as a coupling partner in combination with an activating species, offer an atom-economic approach to chemical complexity, while suppressing the formation of waste. These reagents are employed in organic synthesis thanks to their ability to form complex organic architectures and empower novel reaction pathways. This Review describes several key bifunctional reagents by showcasing selected cornerstone research areas and examples, including radical reactions, C-H functionalization, cross-coupling, organocatalysis and cyclization reactions.
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7
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8
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Xiao J, Ren S, Liu Q. Atom-efficient synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines via Fe-catalyzed cyclization of aldehydes with NH 4I as the sole nitrogen source. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22230-22233. [PMID: 35516622 PMCID: PMC9054497 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03323e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An atom-efficient, straightforward method for the synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl-1,3,5-triazines via iron-catalyzed cyclization of aldehydes with NH4I as the sole nitrogen source is demonstrated. This strategy works smoothly under air atmosphere, and affords symmetrical 2,4,6-trisubstituted and unsymmetrical 1,3,5-triazines with yields from 18% to 72%. Compared to other methods, the present protocol provides a straightforward and atom-efficient approach to 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines using an inexpensive, easily available ammonium salt as the sole nitrogen source. Research into the preliminary mechanism indicates that N-benzylidenebenzimidamides are involved in this cyclization reaction. An atom-efficient, straightforward method for the synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl-1,3,5-triazines via iron-catalyzed cyclization of aldehydes with NH4I as the sole nitrogen source is demonstrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P.R. China
| | - Shuang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P.R. China
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9
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Huang Z, Tan G, Chen C, Zhang WX, Wang X, Xi Z. Selective reduction of 1,5-diazacyclooctatetraenes: synthesis and structures of aromatic diazacyclooctatetraenyl dianions and a 2,6-bipyrrolinyl dianionic Co( ii) complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2648-2651. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00075e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The first structurally well-defined aromatic 1,5-diazacyclooctatetraenyl dianion and a 2,6-bipyrrolinyl dianionic Co(ii) complex were obtained selectively via reduction of 1,5-diazacyclooctatetraenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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10
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Yang Q, Ouyang K, Xi Z. Synthesis of chrysenosiloles via Mallory photocyclization. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Lui EKJ, Hergesell D, Schafer LL. N-Silylenamines as Reactive Intermediates: Hydroamination for the Modular Synthesis of Selectively Substituted Pyridines. Org Lett 2018; 20:6663-6667. [PMID: 30351966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A modular and selective synthesis of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentasubstituted pyridines is reported. Hydroamination of alkynes with N-silylamine using a bis(amidate)bis(amido)titanium(IV) precatalyst furnishes the regioselective formation of N-silylenamines. Addition of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls to the crude mixtures followed by oxidation affords 47 examples of pyridines in yields of up to 96%. This synthetic route allows for the synthesis of diverse pyridines containing variable substitution patterns, including pharmaceutically relevant 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyridines, using this one-pot protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K J Lui
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Daniel Hergesell
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
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12
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Pardeshi SD, Sathe PA, Pawar BV, Vadagaonkar KS, Chaskar AC. Transition Metal-Free sp3
C-H Functionalization of Arylacetic Acids for the Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazines. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin D. Pardeshi
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai; 400098 Mumbai India
| | - Pratima A. Sathe
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai; 400098 Mumbai India
| | - Balu V. Pawar
- Arts, Commerce and Science College; Jawhar Dist.: Palghar India
| | - Kamlesh S. Vadagaonkar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology; 400019 Mumbai India
| | - Atul C. Chaskar
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai; 400098 Mumbai India
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13
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Yao W, Li R, Jiang H, Han D. An Additive-Free, Base-Catalyzed Protodesilylation of Organosilanes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2250-2255. [PMID: 29370696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an additive-free, base-catalyzed C-, N-, O-, and S-Si bond cleavage of various organosilanes in mild conditions. The novel catalyst system exhibits high efficiency and good functional group compatibility, providing the corresponding products in good to excellent yields with low catalyst loadings. Overall, this transition-metal-free process may offer a convenient and general alternative to current employing excess bases, strong acids, or metal-catalyzed systems for the protodesilylation of organosilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubing Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University , Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University , Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Huajiang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University , Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Deman Han
- Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University , Jiaojiang 318000, China
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14
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Huang Z, Zhan M, Zhang S, Luo Q, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Synthesis of dibromo- and tetrabromo-bipyrrolines and their corresponding 2,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Δ1-dipyrrolines with NBS afforded α,α′-dibromo-Δ1-bipyrrolines and α,α,α′,α′-tetrabromo-Δ1-bipyrrolines, which were efficiently transformed into 2,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives via reduction with lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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15
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Wei B, Li H, Yin J, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Reaction of Dilithio Reagents with PhSiH3: Formation of Siloles and 3-Silacyclopentenes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:8758-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Heng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianhao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Zhang S, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Semibullvalene and diazasemibullvalene: recent advances in the synthesis, reaction chemistry, and synthetic applications. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1823-31. [PMID: 26061608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semibullvalene (SBV) and its aza analogue 2,6-diazasemibullvalene (NSBV) are theoretically interesting and experimentally challenging organic molecules because of four unique features: highly strained ring systems, intramolecular skeletal rearrangement, extremely rapid degenerate (aza-)Cope rearrangement, and the predicted existence of neutral homoaromatic delocalized structures. SBV has received much attention in the past 50 years. In contrast, after NSBV was predicted in 1971 and the first in situ synthesis was realized in 1982, no progress on NSBV chemistry was made until our results in 2012. We have been interested in the reaction chemistry of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes (dilithio reagents for short), especially for their applications in the synthesis of SBV and NSBV, because (i) the cyclodimerization of dilithio reagents could provide the potential eight-carbon skeleton of SBV from four-carbon butadiene units and (ii) the insertion reaction of dilithio reagents with C≡N bonds of two nitriles could provide a 6C + 2N skeleton that might be a good precursor for the synthesis of NSBV. Therefore, we initiated a journey into the synthesis and reaction chemistry of SBV and NSBV starting from dilithio reagents that has been ongoing since 2006. In this Account, we outline mainly our recent achievements in the synthesis, structural characterization, reaction chemistry, synthetic application, and theoretical/computational analysis of NSBV. Two efficient strategies for the synthesis of NSBV from dilithio reagents and nitriles via oxidant-induced C-N bond formation are described. Structural investigations of NSBV, including X-ray crystal structure analysis, determination of the activation barrier for the aza-Cope rearrangement, and theoretical analysis, show that the localized structure of NSBV is the predominant form and that the homoaromatic delocalized structure exists as a minor component in the equilibrium. We also discuss the reaction chemistry and synthetic applications of NSBV. Several novel reaction patterns have been explored, including thermolysis, C-N bond insertion, rearrangement-cycloaddition, oxidation, and nucleophilic ring-opening reactions. Diverse and interesting N-containing polycyclic skeletons can be constructed, such as nickelaazetidine, 1,5-diazatriquinacenes, and triazabrexadienes, which are not available by other means. Our results show that NSBV not only features a rapid aza-Cope rearrangement with a low activation barrier but also acts as unique synthetic reagent that is significantly different from aziridine. The strained rigid ring systems as a whole can be involved in the reactions. Our achievements highlight two significant advances: (i) the well-established efficient synthesis and isolation of NSBV has greatly accelerated the development of NSBV chemistry, and (ii) the previously unattainable molecules have become "normal" and routine starting materials for the synthesis of otherwise unavailable but interesting structures. We expect that our pursuits will inspire and help direct future chemical and physical research on NSBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Zhan M, Zhang S, Huang Z, Xi Z. Synthesis of α,α,α′,α′-Tetrachloro-Δ1-bipyrrolines and 4,8-Dichloro-2,6-diazasemibuvallenes. Org Lett 2015; 17:1026-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhan
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Xu L, Zhang S, Li P. Synthesis of silafluorenes and silaindenes via silyl radicals from arylhydrosilanes: intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular annulation with alkynes. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective synthetic methods, involving silyl radical intermediates and furnishing silafluorenes and silaindenes via direct Si–H and C–H cleavage in one step, have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Center for Organic Chemistry
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) and Frontier Institute of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Center for Organic Chemistry
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) and Frontier Institute of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center for Organic Chemistry
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) and Frontier Institute of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
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19
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Zhan M, Zhang S, Huang Z, Xi Z. Efficient synthesis of aza-triquinacene derivatives via cycloaddition of 2,6-diazasemibullvalenes with nitroso compounds. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:862-4. [PMID: 25393100 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between 2,6-diazasemibullvalenes and nitroso compounds was investigated. Aza-triquinacene derivatives of interesting structural and synthetic chemistry were generated highly selectively in good to excellent isolated yields. This reaction, which was rarely found between common aziridine derivatives and nitroso compounds, could be attributed to the rigid polycyclic ring system and the substitution patterns of 2,6-diazasemibullvalenes. Δ(1) -Bipyrroline derivatives were formed in excellent yields when these aza-triquinacene derivatives were treated with SmI2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China), Fax: (+86) 10-6275-1708
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20
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Zhang S, Zhan M, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions of 2,6-Diazasemibullvalenes for the Synthesis of Diverse Functionalized Δ1-Bipyrroline Derivatives. Chemistry 2014; 20:9744-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Aromatic compounds, such as benzene and its derivatives, porphyrins, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have numerous applications in biomedicine, materials science, energy science, and environmental science. Metalla-aromatics are analogues of conventional organic aromatic molecules in which one of the (hydro)carbon segments is formally replaced by an isolobal transition-metal fragment. Researchers have studied these transition-metal-containing aromatic molecules for the past three decades, particularly the synthesis and reactivity of metallabenzenes. Another focus has been the preparation and characterization of other metalla-aromatics such as metallafurans, metallapyridines, metallabenzynes, and more. Despite significant advances, remaining challenges in this field include the limited number of convenient and versatile synthetic methods to construct stable and fully characterized metalla-aromatics, and the relative shortage of new topologies. To address these challenges, we have developed new methods for preparing metalla-aromatics, especially those possessing new topologies. Our synthetic efforts have led to a large family of closely related metalla-aromatics known as aromatic osmacycles. This Account summarizes the synthesis and reactivity of these compounds, with a focus on features that are different from those of compounds developed by other groups. These osmacycles can be synthesized from simple precursors under mild conditions. Using these efficient methods, we have synthesized aromatic osmacycles such as osmabenzene, osmabenzyne, isoosmabenzene, osmafuran, and osmanaphthalene. Furthermore, these methods have also created a series of new topologies, such as osmabenzothiazole and osmapyridyne. Our studies of the reactivity of these osma-aromatics revealed unprecedented reaction patterns, and we demonstrated the interconversion of several osmacycles. Like other metalla-aromatics, osma-aromatics have spectroscopic features of aromaticity, such as ring planarity and the characteristic bond lengths between a single and double bond, but the osma-aromatics we have prepared also exhibit good stability towards air, water, and heat. Indeed, some seemingly unstable species proved stable, and their stability made it possible to study their optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties. The stability of these compouds results from their aromaticity and the phosphonium substituents on the aromatic plane: most of our osma-aromatics carry at least one phosphonium group. The phosphonium group offers stability via both electronic and steric mechanisms. The phosphonium acts as an electron reservoir, allowing the circulation of electron pairs along metallacycles and lowering the electron density of the aromatic rings. Meanwhile, the bulky phosphonium groups surrounding the aromatic metallacycle prevent most reactions that could decompose the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qianyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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Zhang WX, Xi Z. Organometallic intermediate-based organic synthesis: organo-di-lithio reagents and beyond. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal-mediated organic reactions have become one of the great frontiers of organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Yu Z, Lan Y. Mechanism of Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbon–Silicon Bond Cleavage for the Synthesis of Benzosilole Derivatives: A Computational Study. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11501-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402070f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
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24
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Li H, Wei B, Xu L, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Barium Dibenzopentalenide as a Main-Group Metal η8Complex: Facile Synthesis from 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-butadienes and Ba[N(SiMe3)2]2, Structural Characterization, and Reaction Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Barium Dibenzopentalenide as a Main-Group Metal η8Complex: Facile Synthesis from 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-butadienes and Ba[N(SiMe3)2]2, Structural Characterization, and Reaction Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10822-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Zhao F, Zhan M, Zhang WX, Xi Z. DFT Studies on the Reaction Mechanisms of 1,4-Dilithio 1,3-Dienes with Nitriles. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om300869t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s
Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, People’s
Republic of China
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27
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28
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Onoe M, Baba K, Kim Y, Kita Y, Tobisu M, Chatani N. Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbon–Silicon Bond Activation for Synthesis of Benzosilole Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19477-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3096174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Onoe
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Baba
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoonjoo Kim
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kita
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic
and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Liu B, Zhao Q, Wang H, Chen J, Cao X, Cao Z, Xia H. Synthesis of Osmapyridiniums by [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction between Osmium Alkenylcarbyne and Nitriles. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Wang L, Duan Z. Formation of silacycles via metal-mediated or catalyzed Si-C bond cleavage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Zhang S, Wei J, Zhan M, Luo Q, Wang C, Zhang WX, Xi Z. 2,6-Diazasemibullvalenes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Reaction Chemistry, and Theoretical Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11964-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Chao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
- State Key Laboratory
of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Liang Y, Geng W, Wei J, Xi Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Coupling of 2-Silylaryl Bromides with Alkynes: Synthesis of Benzosiloles and Heteroarene-Fused Siloles by Catalytic Cleavage of the C(sp3)Si Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Liang Y, Geng W, Wei J, Xi Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Coupling of 2-Silylaryl Bromides with Alkynes: Synthesis of Benzosiloles and Heteroarene-Fused Siloles by Catalytic Cleavage of the C(sp3)Si Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1934-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Wu W, Gu D, Wang S, Ning Y, Mao G. Recent developments in homobimetallic reagents and catalysts for organic synthesis. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Liang Y, Zhang S, Xi Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzosilolo[2,3-b]indoles via Cleavage of a C(sp3)–Si Bond and Consequent Intramolecular C(sp2)–Si Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9204-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2024959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China
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36
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Shirakawa E, Masui S, Narui R, Watabe R, Ikeda D, Hayashi T. Iron-catalyzed aryl- and alkenyllithiation of alkynes and its application to benzosilole synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9714-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Abstract
The development of organometallic reagents remains one of the most important frontiers in synthetic chemistry. Commonly used organometallic reagents (such as RLi and RMgBr) are typically monometallic compounds, although they aggregate in many cases. When two carbon-metal bonds are in the same molecule in close proximity, however, these two carbon-metal moieties may exhibit novel reactivity. In this Account, we outline our work on new reactions and synthetic applications of the organo-dilithio reagents 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes. The 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes can be accessed readily in high efficiency with a wide variety of substitution patterns on the butadienyl skeleton. The configuration has been predicted and demonstrated to favor a double dilithium bridging structure in both solution and solid states. The two Li atoms are bridged by a butadiene moiety and are in close proximity. By taking advantage of this unique configuration, we have developed useful and interesting synthetic methodologies. Three types of reactions of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes, termed dilithio reagents here, have been developed and are discussed. An intramolecular reaction is introduced in the first section. The reaction is a result of the intracooperative effect among the two C-Li moieties, the butadienyl bridge, and the substituents. A useful transformation from silylated 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes to α-lithio siloles is described. Second, we discuss an intermolecular reaction that results from the intercooperative effect of the two C-Li moieties toward substrates. As an example of the formation of functionalized cyclic dianions from the linear dianions of the dilithio reagents and organic substrates, we describe the isolation and structural characterization of a novel type of cyclic dianion; that is, fully substituted oxy-cyclopentadienyl dilithium formed via the reaction of dilithio reagents with CO. We also describe diverse reactions of dilithio reagents with nitriles to form substituted pyridines, tricyclic 1-bipyrrolines, and siloles, demonstrating the remarkable effect of substituents on the butadienyl skeleton. Third, we discuss transmetalation of dilithio reagents to generate other organo-dimetallic compounds. This section focuses on organo-dicopper compounds and their reactivity toward the synthesis of strained ring systems, such as semibullvalenes and twisted four-membered rings, with the metal-mediated C-C bond-forming approach. In addition to these three representative reactions, other useful applications are also briefly introduced. The dimetallic 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes and their transmetalated derivatives provide unique synthetic organometallic reagents that are very different from monometallic reagents, both in terms of reactivity and synthetic application. These organo-dimetallic reagents provide access to interesting and useful compounds that are not available by other means. Moreover, given the possibilities afforded, the study of organo-dimetallic and organo-polymetallic compounds should yield further synthetic applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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38
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Ananikov VP, Hazipov OV, Beletskaya IP. 1,4-Diiodo-1,3-dienes: Versatile Reagents in Organic Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:306-23. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Nakao Y, Takeda M, Matsumoto T, Hiyama T. Cross-Coupling Reactions through the Intramolecular Activation of Alkyl(triorgano)silanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4447-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Nakao Y, Takeda M, Matsumoto T, Hiyama T. Cross-Coupling Reactions through the Intramolecular Activation of Alkyl(triorgano)silanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Wrackmeyer B, Tok OL, Klimkina EV, Milius W. Fused Silacarbacycles Containing a Silole Unit: 1,2‐Hydroboration and 1,1‐Organoboration of Alkynyl(vinyl)silanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wrackmeyer
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
| | - Oleg L. Tok
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
| | - Elena V. Klimkina
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
| | - Wolfgang Milius
- Anorganische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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42
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Liu L, Zhang WX, Luo Q, Li H, Xi Z. Isolation and X-ray Structure of a Trimeric 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-butadiene and a Dimeric Me3Si-Substituted 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-butadiene. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900872u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lantao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organo-metallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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43
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Wang T, Li S, Zhang H, Lin R, Han F, Lin Y, Wen TB, Xia H. Annulation of metallabenzenes: from osmabenzene to osmabenzothiazole to osmabenzoxazole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6453-6. [PMID: 19637266 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongdao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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Khan E, Bayer S, Kempe R, Wrackmeyer B. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Silole Derivatives Bearing Functional Groups on Silicon: 1,1‐Organoboration of Dialkynylsilanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat Khan
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
| | - Stefan Bayer
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
| | - Bernd Wrackmeyer
- Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: +49‐921‐552157
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45
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Wang T, Li S, Zhang H, Lin R, Han F, Lin Y, Wen T, Xia H. Annulation of Metallabenzenes: From Osmabenzene to Osmabenzothiazole to Osmabenzoxazole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Liu B, Wang H, Xie H, Zeng B, Chen J, Tao J, Wen T, Cao Z, Xia H. Osmapyridine and Osmapyridinium from a Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5430-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Liu B, Wang H, Xie H, Zeng B, Chen J, Tao J, Wen T, Cao Z, Xia H. Osmapyridine and Osmapyridinium from a Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tobisu M, Onoe M, Kita Y, Chatani N. Rhodium-Catalyzed Coupling of 2-Silylphenylboronic Acids with Alkynes Leading to Benzosiloles: Catalytic Cleavage of the Carbon−Silicon Bond in Trialkylsilyl Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7506-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9022978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tobisu
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onoe
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kita
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Hopper DW, Crombie AL, Clemens JJ, Kwon S. Chapter 6.1: Six-Membered Ring Systems: Pyridine and Benzo Derivatives. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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