1
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Mukherjee S, Iyyappan E, Satheesh K, Maria Jordi E, Saranya S, Samuel Justin SJ, Reuben Jonathan D, Vijay Solomon R, Wilson P. Hydroxyapatite as a bifunctional nanocatalyst for solventless Henry reaction: a demonstration of morphology-dependent catalysis. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanorods are catalytically active while nanoplates are inactive towards Henry reaction due to the differences in the exposed surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - E. Iyyappan
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - Keerthi Satheesh
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - Elsa Maria Jordi
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - S. Saranya
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - S. J. Samuel Justin
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - D. Reuben Jonathan
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
| | - P. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai – 600 059, India
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3
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Trifunctional covalent triazine and carbonyl based polymer as a catalyst for one-pot multistep organic transformation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Motokura K, Ding S, Usui K, Kong Y. Enhanced Catalysis Based on the Surface Environment of the Silica-Supported Metal Complex. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Siming Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Usui
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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5
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Hu Y, Zhang J, Huo H, Wang Z, Xu X, Yang Y, Lin K, Fan R. One-pot synthesis of bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as acid–base bifunctional catalysts for tandem reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic MIL-101(Al/Fe)–NH2 exhibits enhanced acid–base bifunctional catalytic activity due to its synergistic mechanism and hierarchical pore system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Hu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jian Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Hang Huo
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Zhe Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Xianzhu Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yulin Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Ruiqing Fan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
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6
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Sobhani S, Chahkamali FO, Sansano JM. A new bifunctional heterogeneous nanocatalyst for one-pot reduction-Schiff base condensation and reduction–carbonylation of nitroarenes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1362-1372. [PMID: 35518036 PMCID: PMC9059666 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, synthesis of Pd–NHC-γ-Fe2O3-n-butyl-SO3H and its activity as a bifunctional heterogeneous nanocatalyst containing Pd–NHC and acidic functional groups, are described. This newly synthesized nanomagnetic catalyst is fully characterized by different methods such as FT-IR, XPS, TEM, VSM, ICP and TG analysis. At first, the catalytic activity of Pd–NHC-γ-Fe2O3-n-butyl-SO3H is evaluated for the reduction of nitroarenes in aqueous media using NaBH4 as a clean source of hydrogen generation at ambient temperature. Using the promising results obtained from the nitroarene reduction, this catalytic system is used for two one-pot protocols including reduction-Schiff base condensation and reduction–carbonylation of various nitroarenes. In these reactions the in situ formed amines are further reacted with aldehydes to yield imines or carbonylated to amides. The desired products are obtained in good to high yields in the presence of Pd–NHC-γ-Fe2O3-n-butyl-SO3H as a bifunctional catalyst. The catalyst is reused with the aid of a magnetic bar for up to six consecutive cycles without any drastic loss of its catalytic activity. This paper presents synthesis of Pd–NHC-γ-Fe2O3-n-butyl-SO3H and its activity as bifunctional heterogeneous nanocatalyst containing Pd–NHC and acidic functional groups.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sobhani
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- University of Birjand
- Birjand
- Iran
| | | | - José Miguel Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO)
- Universidad de Alicante
- 03080-Alicante
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials; Shanghai Normal University; No.100 Guilin Rd Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Dongsong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials; Shanghai Normal University; No.100 Guilin Rd Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials; Shanghai Normal University; No.100 Guilin Rd Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials; Shanghai Normal University; No.100 Guilin Rd Shanghai P.R. China
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8
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Takenaka Y, Fukaya N, Choi SJ, Mori G, Kiyosu T, Yasuda H, Choi JC. Synthesis of Cyclic Thiocarbonates from Thiiranes and CS 2 with Silica-Immobilized Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Takenaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Bioplastic
Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihisa Fukaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Seong Jib Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Goro Mori
- Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633 Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kiyosu
- Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633 Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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9
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Puthiaraj P, Chung YM, Ahn WS. Dual-functionalized porous organic polymer as reusable catalyst for one-pot cascade C C bond-forming reactions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Li P, Liu Y, Cao J, Tao M, Zhang W. Tuning the Catalytic Activity of Tertiary-Amine Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Fibers by Adjusting the Surface Microenvironment. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Minli Tao
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Wenqin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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11
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Motokura K, Maeda K, Chun WJ. SiO2-Supported Rh Catalyst for Efficient Hydrosilylation of Olefins Improved by Simultaneously Immobilized Tertiary Amines. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kyogo Maeda
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Wang-Jae Chun
- Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
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12
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Motokura K. Development of Multiactive Site Catalysts for Surface Concerted Catalysis Aimed at One-Pot Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Motokura K. Concerted Catalysis on Surface: Acceleration of Organic Reactions by Bifunctional Catalysts Possessing Metal Complex, Metal Cation, and Organic Molecules. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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14
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Surmiak SK, Doerenkamp C, Selter P, Peterlechner M, Schäfer AH, Eckert H, Studer A. Palladium Nanoparticle Loaded Bifunctional Silica Hybrid Material: Preparation and Applications as Catalyst in Hydrogenation Reactions. Chemistry 2016; 23:6019-6028. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K. Surmiak
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Carsten Doerenkamp
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Martin Peterlechner
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Institut für Materialphysik; Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | | | - Hellmut Eckert
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
- Instituto de Física em Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400 Sao Carlos, S.P. 13560-590 Brazil
| | - Armido Studer
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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15
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Noda H, Motokura K, Wakabayashi Y, Sasaki K, Tajiri H, Miyaji A, Yamaguchi S, Baba T. Direct Estimation of the Surface Location of Immobilized Functional Groups for Concerted Catalysis Using a Probe Molecule. Chemistry 2016; 22:5113-7. [PMID: 26853075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The location of active sites during concerted catalysis by a metal complex and tertiary amine on a SiO2 surface is discussed based on the interaction between the functionalized SiO2 surface and a probe molecule, p-formyl phenylboronic acid. The interactions of the probe molecule with the surface functionalities, diamine ligand, and tertiary amine, were analyzed by FT-IR and solid-state (13)C and (11)B MAS NMR. For the catalyst exhibiting high 1,4-addition activity, the diamine ligand and tertiary amine base exist in closer proximity than in the catalyst with low activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Noda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wakabayashi
- Division of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kaori Sasaki
- Division of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tajiri
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Miyaji
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihide Baba
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan.
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16
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Destino JF, Gatley CM, Craft AK, Detty MR, Bright FV. Probing nanoscale chemical segregation and surface properties of antifouling hybrid xerogel films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3510-3517. [PMID: 25738416 DOI: 10.1021/la504993p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been significant development in hybrid polymer coatings exhibiting tunable surface morphology, surface charge, and chemical segregation-all believed to be key properties in antifouling (AF) coating performance. While a large body of research exists on these materials, there have yet to be studies on all the aforementioned properties in a colocalized manner with nanoscale spatial resolution. Here, we report colocalized atomic force microscopy, scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy on a model AF xerogel film composed of 1:9:9 (mol:mol:mol) 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), n-octyltriethoxysilane (C8), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) formed on Al2O3. This AF film is found to consist of three regions that are chemically and physically unique in 2D and 3D across multiple length scales: (i) a 1.5 μm thick base layer derived from all three precursors; (ii) 2-4 μm diameter mesa-like features that are enriched in free amine (from APTES), depleted in the other species and that extend 150-400 nm above the base layer; and (iii) 1-2 μm diameter subsurface inclusions within the base layer that are enriched in hydrogen-bonded amine (from APTES) and depleted in the other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel F Destino
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Gatley
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Andrew K Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Michael R Detty
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Frank V Bright
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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17
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Vernekar D, Jagadeesan D. Tunable acid–base bifunctional catalytic activity of FeOOH in an orthogonal tandem reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00361j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have explored the acid–base bifunctional catalytic activity of iron oxohydroxides (FeOOH) by catalyzing deacetalization and Henry condensation reactions successively in a single pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Vernekar
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411 008
- India
| | - D. Jagadeesan
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411 008
- India
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18
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El Kadib A. Chitosan as a sustainable organocatalyst: a concise overview. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:217-244. [PMID: 25470553 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased demand for more sustainable materials and chemical processes has tremendously advanced the use of polysaccharides, which are natural biopolymers, in domains such as adsorption, catalysis, and as an alternative chemical feedstock. Among these biopolymers, the use of chitosan, which is obtained by deacetylation of natural chitin, is on the increase due to the presence of amino groups on the polymer backbone that makes it a natural cationic polymer. The ability of chitosan-based materials to form open-network, macroporous, high-surface-area hydrogels with accessible basic surface sites has enabled their use not only as macrochelating ligands for active metal catalysts and as a support to disperse nanosized particles, but also as a direct organocatalyst. This review provides a concise overview of the use of native and modified chitosan, possessing different textural properties and chemical properties, as organocatalysts. Organocatalysis with chitosan is primarily focused on carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, multicomponent heterocycle formation reactions, biodiesel production, and carbon dioxide fixation through [3+2] cycloaddition. Furthermore, the chiral, helical organization of the chitosan skeleton lends itself to use in enantioselective catalysis. Chitosan derivatives generally display reactivity similar to homogeneous bases, ionic liquids, and organic and inorganic salts. However, the introduction of cooperative acid-base interactions at active sites substantially enhances reactivity. These functional biopolymers can also be easily recovered and reused several times under solvent-free conditions. These accomplishments highlight the important role that natural biopolymers play in furthering more sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkrim El Kadib
- Euro-Med Research Institute, Engineering Division, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), Fès Shore, Route de Sidi Hrazem, 30070 Fès (Morocco).
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19
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North M, Urwin S. Kinetics and mechanism of base catalysed ethyl cyanoformate addition to aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Goyal R, Sarkar B, Lucus N, Bordoloi A. Acid-Base Cooperative Catalysis over Mesoporous Nitrogen-Rich Carbon. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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An Z, He J, Dai Y, Yu C, Li B, He J. Enhanced heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis via the acid–base cooperation between achiral silanols of mesoporous supports and immobilized chiral amines. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Motokura K, Ito Y, Noda H, Miyaji A, Yamaguchi S, Baba T. Surface Functionalization for Synergistic Catalysis: Silica-Alumina-Supported Cationic Indium and Organic Base for Cyanoethoxycarbonylation. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Naveen T, Maity S, Sharma U, Maiti D. A Predictably Selective Nitration of Olefin with Fe(NO3)3 and TEMPO. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5949-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400598p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Togati Naveen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Soham Maity
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Dickschat AT, Behrends F, Surmiak S, Weiß M, Eckert H, Studer A. Bifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles as cooperative catalysts for the Tsuji–Trost reaction – tuning the reactivity of silica nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2195-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Gianotti E, Diaz U, Velty A, Corma A. Designing bifunctional acid–base mesoporous hybrid catalysts for cascade reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dickschat AT, Behrends F, Bühner M, Ren J, Weiß M, Eckert H, Studer A. Preparation of Bifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles by Orthogonal Click Reactions and Their Application in Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2012; 18:16689-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Díaz U, García T, Velty A, Corma A. Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Hybrid Mesoporous Materials Assembled from Polyhedral and Bridged Silsesquioxane Monomers. Chemistry 2012; 18:8659-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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North M, Omedes-Pujol M, Young C. Kinetics and mechanism of the racemic addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes catalysed by Lewis bases. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4289-98. [PMID: 22544042 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which four Lewis bases, triethylamine, tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate, tetrabutylammonium azide and tetrabutylammonium cyanide, catalyse the addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes is studied by a combination of kinetic and spectroscopic methods. The reactions can exhibit first or second order kinetics corresponding to three different reaction mechanisms. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of hypervalent silicon species is obtained for reaction between all of the tetrabutylammonium salts and trimethylsilyl cyanide. The reactions are accelerated by the presence of water in the reaction mixture, an effect which is due to a change in the reaction mechanism from Lewis to Brønsted base catalysis. Tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate is shown to be an excellent catalyst for the synthesis of cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers on a preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael North
- School of Chemistry and University Research Centre in Catalysis and Intensified Processing, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE1 7RU.
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30
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Shiju NR, Alberts AH, Khalid S, Brown DR, Rothenberg G. Mesoporous silica with site-isolated amine and phosphotungstic acid groups: a solid catalyst with tunable antagonistic functions for one-pot tandem reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9615-9. [PMID: 21919160 PMCID: PMC3303888 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Raveendran Shiju
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Albert H Alberts
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Syed Khalid
- Materials and Catalysis Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of HuddersfieldQueensgate HD1 3DH (UK)
| | - David R Brown
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
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Shiju NR, Alberts AH, Khalid S, Brown DR, Rothenberg G. Mesoporous Silica with Site-Isolated Amine and Phosphotungstic Acid Groups: A Solid Catalyst with Tunable Antagonistic Functions for One-Pot Tandem Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Shang F, Liu H, Sun J, Liu B, Wang C, Guan J, Kan Q. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of bifunctional catalyst: Al-MCM-41-NH2. CATAL COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Shang F, Sun J, Wu S, Liu H, Guan J, Kan Q. Direct synthesis of acid–base bifunctionalized hexagonal mesoporous silica and its catalytic activity in cascade reactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 355:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Motokura K, Yoneda H, Miyaji A, Sakamoto Y, Baba T. Catalytic synthesis of homoallyloxyalcohols and 1,2-bis(homoallyloxy)ethanes through ring-opening allylation of cyclic acetals with allylsilanes over solid acids. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cy00040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shylesh S, Thiel WR. Bifunctional Acid-Base Cooperativity in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions: Advances in Silica Supported Organic Functional Groups. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Huang Y, Xu S, Lin VSY. Bifunctionalized Mesoporous Materials with Site-Separated Brønsted Acids and Bases: Catalyst for a Two-Step Reaction Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:661-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Huang Y, Xu S, Lin VSY. Bifunctionalized Mesoporous Materials with Site-Separated Brønsted Acids and Bases: Catalyst for a Two-Step Reaction Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Shylesh S, Wagener A, Seifert A, Ernst S, Thiel WR. Bifunctional Mesoporous Materials with Coexisting Acidic and Basic Sites for CC Bond Formation in Co-operative Catalytic Reactions. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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El Kadib A, Molvinger K, Bousmina M, Brunel D. Improving catalytic activity by synergic effect between base and acid pairs in hierarchically porous chitosan@titania nanoreactors. Org Lett 2010; 12:948-51. [PMID: 20121161 DOI: 10.1021/ol9029319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of the bifunctional character of the chitosan@titania hybrid in heterogeneous catalysis was elucidated: considering a prototypical Henry condensation, Michael addition, and Jasminaldehyde synthesis, the cohabitation of a basic site (NH(2)) and an acidic site (Ti) in the same reactor provided clear activity and selectivity enhancements, with respect to the monofunctional acidic titania and basic chitosan counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkrim El Kadib
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Shylesh S, Wagener A, Seifert A, Ernst S, Thiel WR. Mesoporous Organosilicas with Acidic Frameworks and Basic Sites in the Pores: An Approach to Cooperative Catalytic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:184-7. [PMID: 19957253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Shylesh S, Wagener A, Seifert A, Ernst S, Thiel W. Mesoporöse Organokieselgele mit sauren Wänden und basischen Gruppen im Poreninneren: ein Ansatz für die kooperative Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Shylesh S, Wagner A, Seifert A, Ernst S, Thiel WR. Cooperative acid-base effects with functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles: applications in carbon-carbon bond-formation reactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:7052-62. [PMID: 19569138 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acid-base bifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were prepared by a one-step synthesis by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and silanes possessing amino and/or sulfonic acid groups. Both the functionality and morphology of the particles can be controlled. The grafted functional groups were characterized by using solid-state (29)Si and (13)C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and elemental analysis, whereas the structural and the morphological features of the materials were evaluated by using XRD and N(2) adsorption-desorption analyses, and SEM imaging. The catalytic activities of the mono- and bifunctional mesoporous hybrid materials were evaluated in carbon-carbon coupling reactions like the nitroaldol reaction and the one-pot deacetalization-nitroaldol and deacetalization-aldol reactions. Among all the catalysts evaluated, the bifunctional sample containing amine and sulfonic acid groups (MSN-NNH(2)-SO(3)H) showed excellent catalytic activity, whereas the homogeneous catalysts were unable to initiate the reaction due to their mutual neutralization in solution. Therefore a cooperative acid-base activation is envisaged for the carbon-carbon coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankaranarayanapillai Shylesh
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Motokura K, Tada M, Iwasawa Y. Organofunctionalized catalyst surfaces highly active and selective for carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Motokura K, Tanaka S, Tada M, Iwasawa Y. Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysis of Silica-Alumina-Supported Tertiary Amines with Controlled Acid-Base Interactions for Efficient 1,4-Addition Reactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:10871-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Motokura K, Tada M, Iwasawa Y. Layered materials with coexisting acidic and basic sites for catalytic one-pot reaction sequences. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7944-5. [PMID: 19456152 DOI: 10.1021/ja9012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acidic montmorillonite-immobilized primary amines (H-mont-NH(2)) were found to be excellent acid-base bifunctional catalysts for one-pot reaction sequences, which are the first materials with coexisting acid and base sites active for acid-base tamdem reactions. For example, tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation proceeded successfully with the H-mont-NH(2), affording the corresponding condensation product in a quantitative yield. The acidity of the H-mont-NH(2) was strongly influenced by the preparation solvent, and the base-catalyzed reactions were enhanced by interlayer acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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46
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Ray S, Shaikh MM, Ghosh P. Nickel Complexes ofN/O-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Precatalysts for Michael Reactions in Air at Room Temperature Under the Much Preferred Base-Free Conditions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200801060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Michael Reactions Catalyzed by Basic Alkylamines and Dialkylaminopyridine Immobilized on Acidic Silica–Alumina Surfaces. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Samantaray MK, Shaikh MM, Ghosh P. Rare [(NHC)2Ni-OH]-Type Terminal Nickel Hydroxo and [(NHC)2Ni]-Type Complexes of N/O-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Precatalysts for Highly Desirable Base-Free Michael Reactions in Air at Ambient Temperature. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om801186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoja K. Samantaray
- Department of Chemistry and National Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Mobin M. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry and National Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and National Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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49
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Creation of acid–base bifunctional catalysis for efficient CC coupling reactions by amines immobilization on SiO2, silica-alumina, and nano-H-ZSM-5. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Puglisi A, Annunziata R, Benaglia M, Cozzi F, Gervasini A, Bertacche V, Sala MC. Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Materials Carrying Tertiary Amine and Thiourea Residues Tethered on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Co-Operative Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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