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Costa AM. Actin-Interacting Amphidinolides: Syntheses and Mechanisms of Action of Amphidinolides X, J, and K. Molecules 2023; 28:5249. [PMID: 37446910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphidinolides are a family of more than forty macrolides of varying sizes and complex structures isolated from dinoflagellates of the genus Amphidinium. Although all of them display potent-to-moderate cytotoxicity, their full bioactivity profile and mode of action have not been fully investigated. Access to enough material is needed for these studies, but samples of these compounds are limited due to the minute amounts that can only be obtained by either large-scale cultivation of the organism that produces them or by total synthesis. Of all the amphidinolides known to date, only the targets of five of them (B1, H1, J, K, and X) have been examined and all have been found to interact with actin, a crucial cytoskeletal protein. This paper reviews what is currently known about actin-interacting amphidinolides, with a focus on the research of our group. Amphidinolides J and X are F-actin destabilizers, whereas Amphidinolides H1 and K stabilize actin filaments, likely via different mechanisms. More precise details of the interaction between amphidinolides and actin are missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Costa
- Organic Chemistry Section, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Chatterjee B, Mondal D, Bera S. Macrocyclization Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Amphidinolide Natural Products. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry Nabadwip Vidyasagar College 741302 Nabadwip West Bengal India
| | - Dhananjoy Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat 382030 Gandhinagar Gujarat (India
| | - Smritilekha Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat 382030 Gandhinagar Gujarat (India
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Dragutan V, Dragutan I, Demonceau A, Delaude L. Combining enyne metathesis with long-established organic transformations: a powerful strategy for the sustainable synthesis of bioactive molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:738-755. [PMID: 32362948 PMCID: PMC7176922 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This account surveys the current progress on the application of intra- and intermolecular enyne metathesis as main key steps in the synthesis of challenging structural motifs and stereochemistries found in bioactive compounds. Special emphasis is placed on ruthenium catalysts as promoters of enyne metathesis to build the desired 1,3-dienic units. The advantageous association of this approach with name reactions like Grignard, Wittig, Diels–Alder, Suzuki–Miyaura, Heck cross-coupling, etc. is illustrated. Examples unveil the generality of such tandem reactions in providing not only the intricate structures of known, in vivo effective substances but also for designing chemically modified analogs as valid alternatives for further therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian Dragutan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 060023, Romania
| | - Ileana Dragutan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 060023, Romania
| | - Albert Demonceau
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Institut de Chimie (B6a), Allée du six Août 13, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Institut de Chimie (B6a), Allée du six Août 13, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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4
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Wang M, Khan S, Miliordos E, Chen M. Enantioselective Syntheses of Homopropargylic Alcohols via Asymmetric Allenylboration. Org Lett 2018; 20:3810-3814. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Shahriar Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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5
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Synthesis of five natural butanolides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K. Mishra
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P. C. Ravikumar
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin E. Maier
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Valot G, Mailhol D, Regens CS, O'Malley DP, Godineau E, Takikawa H, Philipps P, Fürstner A. Concise Total Syntheses of Amphidinolides C and F. Chemistry 2014; 21:2398-408. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Fürstner A. Catalysis for Total Synthesis: A Personal Account. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8587-98. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Valot G, Regens CS, O'Malley DP, Godineau E, Takikawa H, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Amphidinolide F. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Valot G, Regens CS, O'Malley DP, Godineau E, Takikawa H, Fürstner A. Total synthesis of amphidinolide F. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9534-8. [PMID: 23610047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Valot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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Micoine K, Persich P, Llaveria J, Lam MH, Maderna A, Loganzo F, Fürstner A. Total Syntheses and Biological Reassessment of Lactimidomycin, Isomigrastatin and Congener Glutarimide Antibiotics. Chemistry 2013; 19:7370-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lorente A, Lamariano-Merketegi J, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Tetrahydrofuran-containing macrolides: a fascinating gift from the deep sea. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4567-610. [PMID: 23506053 DOI: 10.1021/cr3004778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lorente
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Lu L, Zhang W, Nam S, Horne DA, Jove R, Carter RG. Amphidinolide B: total synthesis, structural investigation, and biological evaluation. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2213-47. [PMID: 23406192 PMCID: PMC3631602 DOI: 10.1021/jo3026077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of amphidinolide B1 and the proposed structure of amphidinolide B2 have been accomplished. Key aspects of this work include the development of a practical, non-transition-metal-mediated method for the construction of the C13-C15 diene, the identification of α-chelation and dipole minimization models for diastereoselective methyl ketone aldol reactions, the discovery of a spontaneous Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons macrocyclization strategy, and the development of a novel late stage method for construction of an allylic epoxide moiety. The originally proposed structure for amphidinolide B2 and diastereomers thereof display potent antitumor activities with IC50 values ranging from 3.3 to 94.5 nM against human solid and blood tumor cells. Of the different stereoisomers, the proposed structure of amphidinolide B2 is over 12-fold more potent than the C8,9-epimer and C18-epimer in human DU145 prostate cancer cells. These data suggest that the epoxide stereochemistry is a significant factor for anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Sangkil Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David A. Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Richard Jove
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Rich G. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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16
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Schmid F, Jessen HJ, Burch P, Gademann K. Truncated militarinone fragments identified by total chemical synthesis induce neurite outgrowth. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Short analogs of militarinone D were prepared that omit the configurationally unstable triene side chain bearing stereogenic centers and cut down the number of synthetic steps by 12. These short natural product fragments induce neuritogenesis at markedly lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schmid
- University of Basel
- Department of Chemistry
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Burch
- University of Basel
- Department of Chemistry
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- University of Basel
- Department of Chemistry
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
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18
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Seidel G, Fürstner A. Suzuki reactions of extended scope: the ‘9-MeO-9-BBN variant’ as a complementary format for cross-coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2055-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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19
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Gagnepain J, Moulin E, Nevado C, Waser M, Maier A, Kelter G, Fiebig HH, Fürstner A. Molecular Editing and Assessment of the Cytotoxic Properties of Iejimalide and Progeny. Chemistry 2011; 17:6973-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gagnepain J, Moulin E, Fürstner A. Gram-Scale Synthesis of Iejimalide B. Chemistry 2011; 17:6964-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fürstner A. From Total Synthesis to Diverted Total Synthesis: Case Studies in the Amphidinolide Series. Isr J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Larivée A, Unger JB, Thomas M, Wirtz C, Dubost C, Handa S, Fürstner A. The Leiodolide B Puzzle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:304-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Larivée
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - John B. Unger
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Mikaël Thomas
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Conny Wirtz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Christophe Dubost
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Shinya Handa
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
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Larivée A, Unger JB, Thomas M, Wirtz C, Dubost C, Handa S, Fürstner A. The Leiodolide B Puzzle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Larivée
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - John B. Unger
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Mikaël Thomas
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Conny Wirtz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Christophe Dubost
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Shinya Handa
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2994
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Snaddon TN, Buchgraber P, Schulthoff S, Wirtz C, Mynott R, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Berkelic Acid. Chemistry 2010; 16:12133-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Micoine K, Fürstner A. Concise Total Synthesis of the Potent Translation and Cell Migration Inhibitor Lactimidomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14064-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107141p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Micoine
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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26
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Moulin E, Nevado C, Gagnepain J, Kelter G, Fiebig HH, Fürstner A. Synthesis and evaluation of an Iejimalide-archazolid chimera. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nagano T, Pospísil J, Chollet G, Schulthoff S, Hickmann V, Moulin E, Herrmann J, Müller R, Fürstner A. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of the cytotoxic resin glycosides ipomoeassin A-F and analogues. Chemistry 2010; 15:9697-706. [PMID: 19697385 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A multitasking C-silylation strategy using the readily available compound 26 as a surrogate for cinnamic acid represents the key design element of a total synthesis of all known members of the ipomoeassin family of resin glyosides. This protecting group maneuver allows the unsaturated acids decorating the glucose subunit of the targets to be attached at an early phase of the synthesis, prevents their participation in the ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis (RCM) used to form the macrocyclic ring, and protects them against reduction during the hydrogenation of the resulting cycloalkene over Wilkinson's catalyst. As the C-silyl group can be concomitantly removed with the O-TBS substituent using tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate (TASF) in acetonitrile, no separate protecting group manipulations were necessary in the final stages, thus contributing to a favorable overall "economy of steps". In addition to the naturally occurring ipomoeassins, a small set of synthetic analogues has also been prepared by "diverted total synthesis". The cytotoxicity of these compounds was assayed with two different cancer cell lines. The recorded data confirm previous findings that the acylation- and oxygenation pattern of these amphiphilic glycoconjugates is highly correlated with their biological activity profile. Ipomoeassin F turned out to be the most promising member of the series, showing IC(50) values in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagano
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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Benson S, Collin MP, O'Neil G, Ceccon J, Fasching B, Fenster M, Godbout CÃ, Radkowski K, Goddard R, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolideâ
F Methyl EsterâPartâ
2: Macrocyclization and Completion of the Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9946-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Benson S, Collin MP, O'Neil G, Ceccon J, Fasching B, Fenster M, Godbout C, Radkowski K, Goddard R, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide F Methyl Ester-Part 2: Macrocyclization and Completion of the Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Bindl M, Jean L, Herrmann J, Müller R, Fürstner A. Preparation, Modification, and Evaluation of Cruentaren A and Analogues. Chemistry 2009; 15:12310-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fürstner A, Flügge S, Larionov O, Takahashi Y, Kubota T, Kobayashi J. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of amphidinolide V and analogues. Chemistry 2009; 15:4011-29. [PMID: 19241434 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The awesome power of metathesis is illustrated by a concise synthesis of the extremely scarce marine natural product amphidinolide V, which hinges on a sequence of ring-closing alkyne metathesis followed by intermolecular enyne metathesis with ethylene (see scheme). As a complete set of conceivable stereoisomers was prepared, the constitution and absolute configuration of this macrolide could be established and first insights into structure-activity relationships governing its cytotoxicity were obtained.A sequence of ring-closing alkyne metathesis followed by an intermolecular enyne metathesis of the resulting cycloalkyne with ethene was used to forge the macrocyclic skeleton and to set the vicinal exo-methylene branches characteristic for the cytotoxic marine natural product amphidinolide V (1). Comparison of the synthetic material with an authentic sample of this extremely scarce metabolite isolated from a dinoflagellate of the Amphidinium sp. eliminated any doubts about its structure and allowed the absolute configuration of amphidinolide V to be determined as 8R,9S,10S,13R. Moreover, the flexibility inherent to the underlying synthesis blueprint also opened access to a comprehensive set of diastereomers of 1 as well as to synthetic analogues differing from the natural lead in the lipophilic chains appended to the macrocyclic core. This set of designed analogues gave first insights into structure-activity relationships, which revealed that the stereostructure of the macrolactone is a highly critical parameter, whereas the examined alterations of the side chain did not diminish the cytotoxicity of the compounds to any notable extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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33
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Total Syntheses of Amphidinolides B1, B4, G1, H1 and Structure Revision of Amphidinolide H2. Chemistry 2009; 15:3983-4010. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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