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Fachini LG, Baptistella GB, Postal K, Santana FS, de Souza EM, Ribeiro RR, Nunes GG, Sá EL. A new approach to study semi-coordination using two 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole copper(ii) complexes of biological interest as a model system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27997-28007. [PMID: 37736565 PMCID: PMC10510761 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel copper(ii) complexes [Cu(2mni)2(H2O)2](NO3)2·2H2O (1) and [Cu(2mni)2(NO3)2] (2), where 2mni is 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, were prepared and characterized in the solid state using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses, EPR, electronic and vibrational spectroscopies (FTIR and Raman), and thermogravimetric methods. Both products present an elongated distorted octahedral geometry with axial Cu-O bond lengths of 2.606(14) and 2.593(15) Å, indicating semi-coordination. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ theory level were used to study the electronic properties of 1 and 2. The Independent Gradient Model (IGM) was employed to determine the Intrinsic Bond Strength Index (IBSI) of the semi-coordination and to plot δg isosurfaces for the electronic sharing between the metal center and ligands. A moderate to weak antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli cultures was found for 1 with a 50% growth inhibition (GI50) value of 0.25 mmol L-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the semi-coordination analysis using IGM was carried out for a copper(ii) complex with axial elongation, finding a good correlation between the bond length and the IBSI, and the study was extended for a series of analogous complexes described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Fachini
- Departamento de Química, UFPR Curitiba PR Brazil +55 41 3361 3300
| | | | - Kahoana Postal
- Departamento de Química, UFPR Curitiba PR Brazil +55 41 3361 3300
| | | | - Emanuel M de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Ronny R Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, UFPR Curitiba PR Brazil +55 41 3361 3300
| | - Giovana G Nunes
- Departamento de Química, UFPR Curitiba PR Brazil +55 41 3361 3300
| | - Eduardo L Sá
- Departamento de Química, UFPR Curitiba PR Brazil +55 41 3361 3300
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2
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Yang Y, Liang J, Li W, Yang W, Wang C, Zhang X, Fang WH, Guo Z, Chen X. Mechanistic Understanding and Reactivity Analyses for the Photochemistry of Disubstituted Tetrazoles. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4115-4124. [PMID: 37133205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of tetrazoles has undergone extensive research. However, there are still some problems to be solved in terms of mechanistic understanding and reactivity analyses, which leaves room for theoretical calculations. Herein, multiconfiguration perturbation theory at the CASPT2//CASSCF level was employed to account for electron correction effects involved in the photolysis of four disubstituted tetrazoles. Based on calculations of vertical excitation properties and evaluations of intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies in the Frank-Condon region, the combination of space and electronic effects is found in maximum-absorption excitation. Two types of ISC (1ππ* → 3nπ*, 1ππ* → 3ππ*) are determined in disubstituted tetrazoles, and the obtained rates follow the El-Sayed rule. Through mapping three representative types of minimum energy profiles for the photolysis of 1,5-, and 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles, a conclusion can be drawn that the photolysis of tetrazoles exhibits reactivity characteristic of bond-breaking selectivity. Kinetic evaluations show that the photogeneration of singlet imidoylnitrene operates predominately over that in the triplet state, which can be confirmed by a double-well model in the triplet potential energy surface of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole. Similar mechanistic explorations and reactivity analyses were also applied to the photolysis of 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole to unveil fragmentation patterns of nitrile imine generation. All computational efforts allow us to better understand the photoreactions of disubstituted tetrazoles and to provide useful strategies for regulating their unique reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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3
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Rösch M, Gruhne MS, Lommel M, Endraß SMJ, Stierstorfer J. The Adjustability of Physicochemical Properties: Comparison of 1-Vinyl-5H-tetrazole and 1-Allyl-5H-tetrazole as Ligands in 3d Metal Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1488-1507. [PMID: 36633927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) show promising properties to be used as potential substitutes for highly toxic lead-containing primary explosives. The concept is to combine the three building blocks: (i) ligand, (ii) transition metal, and (iii) anion, acting as (i) fuel, (ii) matrix, and (iii) oxidizer (e.g., ClO4-, NO3-, ClO3-) or energetic component (e.g., DN-, N3-, picrate, styphnate, trinitrophloroglucinate). By variation of the ligands, the complexes' properties can be adjusted toward their desired performance and sensitivities. In the present study, 1-vinyl-5H-tetrazole (1-VTZ, 1) and 1-allyl-5H-tetrazole (1-ATZ, 2) were used as nitrogen-rich endothermic ligands to form 3d metal (Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+)-based ECCs. The influence of the introduction of an unsaturated C-C bond (1-ETZ vs 1-VTZ and 1-PTZ vs 1-ATZ) on the performance and sensitivity of the complexes is discussed, as is the lengthening of the alkenyl chain (1-VTZ vs 1-ATZ). For further insights, the novel complexes were compared to literature-known complexes based on N1-substituted C2- and C3-derived tetrazole ligands, respectively. The ligand 1-VTZ (1) was prepared by elimination of hydrogen chloride from 1-(2-chloroethyl)-5H-tetrazole in methanolic KOH solution. 1-ATZ (2) was obtained by a heterocyclization reaction of allylamine with triethyl orthoformate and sodium azide in an acetic acid medium. All compounds were intensively characterized with analytical methods such as XRD, IR, EA, DTA, TGA, and sensitivity measurements (IS and FS). The energetic performances were visibly evaluated in fast heating experiments. Furthermore, PETN initiation and laser ignition experiments were carried out for promising ECCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rösch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Michael S Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Simon M J Endraß
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
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4
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Sukhanov GT, Bosov KK, Filippova YV, Sukhanova AG, Krupnova IA, Pivovarova EV. New 5-Aminotetrazole-Based Energetic Polymers: Synthesis, Structure and Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6936. [PMID: 36234276 PMCID: PMC9572200 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An N-glycidyl-5-aminotetrazole homopolymer was synthesized herein by nucleophilic substitution of 5-aminotetrazole heterocycles for chlorine atoms in poly-(epichlorohydrin)-butanediol. Copolymers of N-glycidyl-5-aminotetrazole and glycidyl azide with a varied ratio of energetic elements were synthesized by simultaneously reacting the 5-aminotetrazole sodium salt and the azide ion with the starting polymeric matrix. The 5-aminotetrazole-based homopolymer was nitrated to furnish a polymer whose macromolecule is enriched additionally with energy-rich terminal ONO2 groups and nitrate anions. The structures of the synthesized polymers were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and gel-permeation chromatography. The densities were experimentally measured, and thermal stability data were acquired by differential scanning calorimetry. The insertion of aminotetrazole heterocycles into the polymeric chain and their modification via nitration provides an acceptable thermal stability and a considerable enhancement in density and nitrogen content compared to azide homopolymer GAP. By the 1.3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, we demonstrated the conceptual possibility of preparing spatially branched, energy-rich polymeric binders bearing 5-aminotetrazole and 1,2,3-triazole heterocycles starting from the plasticized azide copolymers. The presence of the aforesaid advantages makes the reported polymers attractive candidates for use as a scaffold of energetic binders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yulia V. Filippova
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Technology of High-Energy Azoles, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), Biysk 659322, Russia
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5
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Benz M, Klapötke TM, Lenz T, Stierstorfer J. Tuning the Properties of 5‐Azido and 5‐Nitramino‐tetrazoles by Diverse Functionalization – General Concepts for Future Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200772. [PMID: 35416343 PMCID: PMC9325492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
5‐Azido and 5‐nitraminotetrazole backbones are established heterocyclic motifs in the research field of energetic materials synthesis. Despite the high energy content of the compounds, the problem with many derivatives is that their sensitivities are far too high. Functionalization of one of the ring nitrogen atoms is the aim of this study to adjust the sensitivity by inserting nitratoethyl, azidoethyl and methyl groups. In this context, derivatives of 2‐(2‐azidoethyl)‐5‐nitraminotetrazoles (2, 2
a–2
d), as well as 1‐nitrato and 1‐azidoethyl substituted 5‐azidotetrazole (7 and 10) and the methylation products of 5‐azidotetrazole (5‐azido‐1‐methyl‐tetrazole, 11 and 5‐azido‐2‐methyl‐tetrazole, 12) were prepared. The obtained nitrogen‐rich compounds were extensively characterized through multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. The structural confinement was checked by X‐ray diffraction experiments. The pure samples (verified by elemental analysis) were investigated regarding their behavior toward friction, impact (BAM methods) and electrostatic discharge as well as heating (DTA and DSC). For all metal‐free compounds the detonation properties were computed with the EXPLO5 code using their density and heat of formation, calculated based on CBS‐4 M level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81337 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81337 Munich Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81337 Munich Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81337 Munich Germany
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6
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Luo Y, Zheng W, Wang X, Shen F. Nitrification Progress of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Energetic Compounds: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051465. [PMID: 35268569 PMCID: PMC8911595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Luo
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fei Shen
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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7
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Benz M, Gruhne MS, Klapötke TM, Krüger N, Lenz T, Lommel M, Stierstorfer J. Evolving the Scope of 5,5’‐Azobistetrazoles in the Search for High Performing Green Energetic Materials. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
| | - Michael S. Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
| | - Nina Krüger
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 München Germany
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8
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Gruhne MS, Lenz T, Rösch M, Lommel M, Wurzenberger MHH, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Nitratoethyl-5H-tetrazoles: improving the oxygen balance through application of organic nitrates in energetic coordination compounds. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10811-10825. [PMID: 34291271 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01898a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1- and 2-Nitratoethyl-5H-tetrazole (1-NET and 2-NET) were prepared through nitration of the respective alkyl alcohol using 100% nitric acid. A mixture of 1- and 2-hydroxyethyl-5H-tetrazole was obtained after alkylation of 1,5H-tetrazole. Also, a one-pot synthesis of 1-hydroxyethyl-5H-tetrazole was developed enabling the selective preparation of 1-NET. Both organic nitrates were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 1H-15N HMBC NMR spectroscopy. In addition, calculations using the Hirshfeld method and the EXPLO5 code were performed. Principally, 20 energetic coordination compounds involving the d-metals Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ag, each structurally characterized by low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction, were prepared based on 1-NET and 2-NET. Of these complexes, 18 were obtained as pure bulk materials, and therefore, characterized for impact, friction, and ball drop impact sensitivity, as well as electrostatic discharge and thermal stability using differential thermal analysis. Hot plate and hot needle tests were performed mostly showing strong deflagrations making the complexes candidates for green combustion catalysts. Furthermore, successful PETN initiation experiments were carried out for several complexes and all ECCs were investigated by laser ignition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Rösch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian H H Wurzenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
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9
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Jharapla PK, Mondal S, Vaitheeswaran G. Comparative DFT study of vibrational, electronic, and optical properties of energetic alkali metal salts based on nitrogen-rich 5-aminotetrazole. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:180-191. [PMID: 33135252 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a thorough density functional theory based comparative study on nitrogen-rich 5-aminotetrazole alkali metal salts M 5-At (M = Li, K, Rb, Cs). The calculated structural parameters using plane-wave pseudopotential method are consistent with the experimental results. The computed vibrational frequencies at ambient pressure show that vibrational modes in high energy region are due the NH bond of NH2 group. Pressure variation IR spectra of these materials show clear frequency shifts where Li 5-At shows an overall red shift below 900 cm-1 contrary to the blue shift seen in other materials in this range. The born effective charge values reveal the presence of strong covalency between N, H, and C atoms whereas an increased ionic nature is seen as the atomic number of metal atoms increases. Furthermore, we used full potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method for calculating electronic structure and optical properties with TB-mBJ potential which provides an enhanced band gap for all materials compared to standard GGA functional. Electronic structure calculation reveals that all the compounds are indirect band gap insulators with the exception of Li 5-At. The computed partial density of states show mixed ionic-covalent nature in metal-N/C bonds and covalent nature in NC bonds. In addition, we are also presenting the optical properties such as real and imaginary dielectric constant, absorption, refraction, reflection, loss spectrum as functions of photon energy. From the optical properties we can conclude that all the studied compounds are optically anisotropic in nature and are good absorbers in the ultraviolet (UV) region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Kumar Jharapla
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Subrata Mondal
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
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10
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Ma J, Chinnam AK, Cheng G, Yang H, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Bridges: A Strategy to Improve Energetics at the Molecular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5497-5504. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
- Biomaterials Center Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhuhai 519003 China
| | | | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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11
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Ma J, Chinnam AK, Cheng G, Yang H, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Bridges: A Strategy to Improve Energetics at the Molecular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
- Biomaterials Center Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhuhai 519003 China
| | | | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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12
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Ganesh D, Narsimha Rao E, Venkatesh M, Nagarjuna K, Vaitheeswaran G, Sahoo AK, Chaudhary AK. Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Studies of Nitro/Nitrogen-Rich Aryl-Tetrazole Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2541-2551. [PMID: 32095678 PMCID: PMC7033662 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports the time-domain THz spectroscopy studies of noncentrosymmetric energetic nitro/nitrogen-rich aryl-tetrazole high-energy molecules. The fingerprint spectra in the THz domain reveal the role of different functional groups attached to position "1" of the tetrazole moiety, which controls the energetic properties. These responses are deliberated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The synthesized aryl-tetrazoles exhibit high positive heat of formation (369-744 kJ/mol), high detonation velocities, and pressures (D v: 7734-8298 m·s-1; D p: 24-28 GPa) in comparison to the noncentrosymmetric 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). These compounds exhibit variation in the refractive indices and absorption between 0.1 and 2.2 THz range. The DFT studies at the molecular and single-crystal level (using plane wave pseudo potential method) endorse in detecting these bands (with ∼1% deviation). The calculated vibrational frequencies and linear optical properties are found to have good agreement with the experimental data in UV-visible and THz regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damarla Ganesh
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Elaprolu Narsimha Rao
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Mottamchetty Venkatesh
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
- The
Guo China-US Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied
Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Kommu Nagarjuna
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Ganapathy Vaitheeswaran
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Akhila K. Sahoo
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Anil K. Chaudhary
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), School of Physics, and School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
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Ismael A, Abe M, Fausto R, Cristiano MLS. Insights into the photochemistry of 5-aminotetrazole derivatives with applications in coordination chemistry. Effect of the saccharyl moiety on the photostability. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The properties and applications of 2-methyl-(2H)-tetrazole-5-amino-saccharinate (2MTS) in catalysis and chelant-based chemotherapy stimulated investigations on its photostability. The photochemistry of monomeric 2MTS in solid argon (15 K) was compared with those of 2-methyl-(2H)-tetrazole-5-amine (2MT) and 1-methyl-(2H)-tetrazole-5-amine (1MT). Compounds were subjected to in situ narrowband UV-irradiation at different wavelengths. Reactions were followed by infrared spectroscopy, supported by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. Photochemical pathways for 2MT and 2MTS proved similar but photodegradation of 2MTS was 20× slower, unraveling the photostabilizing effect of the saccharyl moiety that extends into the nitrilimine formed from 2MTS and its antiaromatic 1H-diazirene isomer, which proved photostable at 290 nm, unlike the 1H-diazirene formed from 2MT. Analysis of the photochemistries of 2MTS/2MT (250 nm) and 1MT (222 nm), including energy trends calculated for the isomeric C2H5N3 species postulated/observed from photolysis and EPR results, enabled a deeper insight into the photodegradation mechanisms of 1,5-substituted and 2,5-substituted tetrazoles. We postulate a pivotal singlet state imidoylnitrene species,
sN1, as common intermediate, which undergoes a Wolff-type isomerization to a stable carbodiimide. Photo-extrusion of N2 from 1,5-substituted tetrazoles generates
sN1 directly but from 2,5-substituted tetrazoles it originates a nitrilimine, then a diazirene, which finally leads to
sN1. Selective formation of cyanamide from 1MT requires photoisomerization between
sN1 and
sN2, accessible at 222 nm. EPR studies enabled the detection of methyl nitrene, arising from photolysis of 1H-diazirene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ismael
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, F.C.T. , University of Algarve , P-8005-039 Faro , Portugal
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Rui Fausto
- Departmento de Química , Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga , P-3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
- CQC, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , P-3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve , P-8005-039 Faro , Portugal
- CCMAR, F.C.T. , University of Algarve , P-8005-039 Faro , Portugal
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14
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Yang R, Dong Z, Ye Z. Tetrazolium Nitrate Anion Based Salts as Potential Melt‐Castable Explosives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R.China
| | - Zhen Dong
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R.China
| | - Zhiwen Ye
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R.China
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15
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Ternikova TV, Pokhvisneva GV, Luk’yanov OA. Synthesis of 4- and 6-(tetrazolylmethyl)pentanitrohexaazaisowurtzitanes. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. The effect of nitro groups on N2 extrusion from aromatic azide-based energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ortho nitroaromatic azides extrude N2 through cyclization to a benzofuroxan derivative. DFT calculations show that steric and electronic factors influence the activation barriers for extrusion in energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Old Dominion University
- Norfolk
- USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Old Dominion University
- Norfolk
- USA
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17
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18
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Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. Trigger bond analysis of nitroaromatic energetic materials using wiberg bond indices. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1236-1248. [PMID: 29464739 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of trigger bonds, bonds that break to initiate explosive decomposition, using computational methods could help direct the development of novel, "green" and efficient high energy density materials (HEDMs). Comparing bond densities in energetic materials to reference molecules using Wiberg bond indices (WBIs) provides a relative scale for bond activation (%ΔWBIs) to assign trigger bonds in a set of 63 nitroaromatic conventional energetic molecules. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions enhance contributions of resonance structures that strengthen, or deactivate, the CNO2 trigger bonds and reduce the sensitivity of nitroaniline-based HEDMs. In contrast, unidirectional hydrogen bonding in nitrophenols strengthens the bond to the hydrogen bond acceptor, but the phenol lone pairs repel and activate an adjacent nitro group. Steric effects, electron withdrawing groups and greater nitro dihedral angles also activate the CNO2 trigger bonds. %ΔWBIs indicate that nitro groups within an energetic molecule are not all necessarily equally activated to contribute to initiation. %ΔWBIs generally correlate well with impact sensitivity, especially for HEDMs with intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and are a better measure of trigger bond strength than bond dissociation energies (BDEs). However, the method is less effective for HEDMs with significant secondary effects in the solid state. Assignment of trigger bonds using %ΔWBIs could contribute to understanding the effect of intramolecular interactions on energetic properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529
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19
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Huang H, Shi Y, Yu Y, Yang J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Energetic Compounds Based on a CH2
-Bridged Dinitromethyl Explosophore. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yameng Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yao Yu
- Hubei Sanjiang Space Rivers Chemical Technology Co., LTD; 444200 Yuanan, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
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20
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Li X, Yang Q, Wei Q, Xie G, Chen S, Gao S. Axial substitution of a precursor resulted in two high-energy copper(ii) complexes with superior detonation performances. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12893-12900. [PMID: 28920977 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of explosives with high performance, good thermal stability, and low sensitivity is an important subject for the development of energetic materials. Energetic complexes have recently emerged as a promising energetic material form. As one of the representatives, [Cu(Htztr)2(H2O)2]n (H2tztr = 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-triazole) was previously reported with good energetic performance, outstanding thermostability (Tdec = 345 °C) and low sensitivity to impact and friction stimuli. However, due to the existence of water molecules, its effective energy density is remarkably decreased, resulting in a diminished detonation performance. In order to further improve the detonation performance, using [Cu(Htztr)2(H2O)2]n as a precursor, {[Cu(Htztr)(H2O)]NO3}n (1) and [Cu(H2tztr)2(HCOO)2]n (2) were synthesized by the axial substitution reaction with NO3- and HCOO-. The structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both of them exhibit high thermal stabilities and insensitivities to impact and friction. Moreover, the same DFT calculation methodology shows that the heat of detonation of 2 (3.5663 kcal g-1) is significantly higher than that of the precursor [Cu(Htztr)2(H2O)2]n (2.1281 kcal g-1). Meanwhile, the empirical Kamlet-Jacobs equations were used to theoretically predict the detonation properties of the title complexes, and the results show that 1 and 2 have excellent detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
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21
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Zhang R, Tong WC, Wang YL, Liu JC, Yang L. Semicarbazide as capable ligand for mutual transformation between MOF and chelate. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-160227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Lan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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22
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Klapötke TM, Stiasny B, Stierstorfer J. Synthesis and Investigation of 1,3-Bis(5-nitraminotetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol and its Salts. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University; 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Benedikt Stiasny
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University; 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University; 81377 Munich Germany
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23
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Zhou T, Wang X, Xu K, Song J, Zhao F. Two new complexes based on 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane (DNDZ): Synthesis, crystal structure and properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Jafari M, Keshavarz MH, Noorbala MR, Kamalvand M. A Reliable Method for Prediction of the Condensed Phase Enthalpy of Formation of High Nitrogen Content Materials through their Gas Phase Information. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafari
- Department of Chemistry; Malek-ashtar University of Technology; Shahin-shahr, P.O. Box 83145/115 Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz
- Department of Chemistry; Malek-ashtar University of Technology; Shahin-shahr, P.O. Box 83145/115 Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Noorbala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Yazd University; Yazd, P.O. Box 89195/741 Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalvand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Yazd University; Yazd, P.O. Box 89195/741 Islamic Republic of Iran
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25
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He P, Zhang JG, Yin X, Wu JT, Wu L, Zhou ZN, Zhang TL. Energetic Salts Based on Tetrazole N
-Oxide. Chemistry 2016; 22:7670-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piao He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Le Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Zun-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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26
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Borba A, Cabral L, Fausto R, Cristiano M. Structure, vibrational spectroscopy, and photochemistry of 5-phenoxy-1-phenyltetrazole in argon and nitrogen cryomatrices. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure, infrared spectra, and photochemistry of 5-phenoxy-1-phenyltetrazole (5PPT) isolated in argon and N2 cryogenic matrices were investigated by infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations (DFT(B3LYP)/6-311++G(d,p)). Calculations yield two dissimilar minima on the potential energy surface of the molecule, both being eightfold degenerate by symmetry and belonging to the C1 symmetry point group. Extensive analysis of the potential energy landscape of the molecule was performed. Upon consideration of the zero-point vibrational correction to the energy, the calculations predict that the higher energy minimum shall relax barrierlessly to the lower energy form, leading to conclude that the compound exists in a single conformer in the gas phase. Accordingly, a single conformer was observed and fully characterized spectroscopically upon isolation of the monomer of the compound in argon and nitrogen cryomatrices. UV-laser irradiation (λ = 250 nm) of matrix-isolated 5PPT leads to photocleavage of the tetrazole ring, with release of N2 and formation of the corresponding carbodiimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Borba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L.I.L. Cabral
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, F.C.T., University of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
| | - R. Fausto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M.L.S. Cristiano
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, F.C.T., University of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
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27
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Fehlhammer WP, Beck W. Azide Chemistry - An Inorganic Perspective, Part II[‡][3+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions of Metal Azides and Related Systems. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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29
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Quantum chemical studies on three novel 1,2,4-triazole N-oxides as potential insensitive high explosives. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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31
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Genesis of rare molecules using light-induced reactions of matrix-isolated tetrazoles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Amination of nitroazoles--a comparative study of structural and energetic properties. Molecules 2014; 19:896-910. [PMID: 24424403 PMCID: PMC6272014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1) and 3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (2) were C-aminated and N-aminated using different amination agents, yielding their respective C-amino and N-amino products. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 15N), IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and delivered insight into structural characteristics as well as inter- and intramolecular interactions of the products. Their impact sensitivities were measured by using standard BAM fallhammer techniques and their explosive performances were computed using the EXPLO 5.05 program. A comparative study on the influence of those different amino substituents on the structural and energetic properties (such as density, stability, heat of formation, detonation performance) is presented. The results showed that the incorporation of an N-amino group into a nitroazole ring can improve nitrogen content, heat of formation and impact sensitivity, while the introduction of a C-amino group can enhance density, detonation velocity and pressure. The potential of N-amino and C-amino moieties for the design of next generation energetic materials is explored.
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33
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Srinivas D, Ghule VD, Muralidharan K. Synthesis of nitrogen-rich imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole and tetrazole-based compounds. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47227b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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34
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Gao H, Shreeve JM. Trinitroethyl – a functionality leading to energetic compounds with high nitro content. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Portius P, Davis M, Campbell R, Hartl F, Zeng Q, Meijer AJHM, Towrie M. Dinitrogen Release from Arylpentazole: A Picosecond Time-Resolved Infrared, Spectroelectrochemical, and DFT Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12759-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4077454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Portius
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF United Kingdom
| | - Martin Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF United Kingdom
| | - Rory Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF United Kingdom
| | - František Hartl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. H. M. Meijer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central
Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX United Kingdom
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36
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Gao Z, Huang J, Xu KZ, Zhang WT, Song JR, Zhao FQ. Synthesis, structural characterization, and thermal properties of a new energetic zinc-FOX-7 complex. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.848276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Kang-Zhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Wan-Tao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ji-Rong Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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37
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Syntheses and characterizations of two new energetic copper–amine-DNANT complexes and their effects on thermal decomposition of RDX. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Dong L, He L, Liu H, Tao G, Nie F, Huang M, Hu C. Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Ionic Liquids Based on the
N
,
N
‐Bis(1
H
‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)amine Anion – Syntheses, Structures, and Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Lin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Hang‐Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Guo‐Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
| | - Fu‐De Nie
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Chang‐Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, http://chem.scu.edu.cn/professor/taoguohong/index.htm
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39
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Fehlhammer WP, Beck W. Azide Chemistry - An Inorganic Perspective, Part I Metal Azides: Overview, General Trends and Recent Developments. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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40
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Xiang F, Zhu W, Xiao H. Theoretical studies of energetic nitrogen-rich ionic salts composed of substituted 5-nitroiminotetrazolate anions and various cations. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3103-18. [PMID: 23605137 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have performed density functional theory and volume-based thermodynamics calculations to study the effects of different combinations of energetic anions and cations on the crystal densities, heats of formation, energetic properties, and thermodynamics of formation for a series of 5-nitroiminotetrazolate-based ionic salts. The results show that the substitution of the -NO2, -NF2, -N3, or -C(NO2)3 group is helpful for increasing the densities of the salts. Incorporating every substituent (-NH2, -NO2, -NF2, -N3, or -C(NO2)3) into the salt is favorable for improving its HOF and detonation performance. Incorporating the cation B1, B2, B10, or B11 into the salts is helpful for improving its detonation properties. Increasing negative charge for the 5-nitroiminotetrazolate-based salts is unfavorable for enhancing the density and detonation performance, but is helpful for increasing the HOFs. Many salts present comparable detonation performance with commonly used explosives RDX or HMX. Among them, 21 salts have near or better properties than HMX. The thermodynamics of formation of the salts show that the majority of the 5-nitroiminotetrazolate salts with the cation B1, B3, B9, B10, B12 could be synthesized by the proposed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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41
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He F, Xu KZ, Zhang H, Qiu QQ, Song JR, Zhao FQ. Two new copper-FOX-7 complexes: synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal behavior. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.771182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , China
| | - Kang-Zhen Xu
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , China
| | - Hang Zhang
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , China
| | - Qian-Qian Qiu
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , China
| | - Ji-Rong Song
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- b Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute , Xi’an , China
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42
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Wu Q, Pan Y, Zhu W, Xiao H. Computational study of energetic nitrogen-rich derivatives of 1,4-bis(1-azo-2,4-dinitrobenzene)-iminotetrazole. J Mol Model 2013; 19:1853-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Zhu W, Yan Q, Li J, Cheng B, Shao Y, Xia X, Xiao H. Prediction of the properties and thermodynamics of formation for energetic nitrogen-rich salts composed of triaminoguanidinium cation and 5-nitroiminotetrazolate-based anions. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1781-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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44
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Tao GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Nitrogen-Rich 5-(1-Methylhydrazinyl)tetrazole and its Copper and Silver Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5305-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hong Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho,
83844-2343, United States
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook
Ave, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho,
83844-2343, United States
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45
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Delalu H, Sabaté CM. Synthesis and Characterization of Two Formyl 2-Tetrazenes. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:715-24. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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47
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Tymtsunik AV, Bilenko VA, Kokhan SO, Grygorenko OO, Volochnyuk DM, Komarov IV. 1-Alkyl-5-((di)alkylamino) tetrazoles: building blocks for peptide surrogates. J Org Chem 2011; 77:1174-80. [PMID: 22171684 DOI: 10.1021/jo2022235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An approach to the synthesis of 1-alkyl-5-((di)alkylamino)tetrazoles by nucleophilic substitution in 1-alkyl-5-sulfonyltetrazoles with anions generated from the primary or secondary amines was developed. Tolerance of the method to the presence of some functional groups (i.e., protected amine) in both components of the reaction was demonstrated. Obtained tetrazoles are promising building blocks for the design of peptide surrogates, in particular, for replacement approaches of alkyl urea derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy V Tymtsunik
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Volodymyrska Street 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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Huang H, Zhou Z, Liang L, Song J, Wang K, Cao D, Bian C, Sun W, Xue M. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Dianionic Salts of 3, 4-Bis(1H-5-tetrazolyl)furoxan with Excellent Thermal Stability. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Klapötke TM, Martin FA, Stierstorfer J. N-Bound Primary Nitramines Based on 1,5-Diaminotetrazole. Chemistry 2011; 18:1487-501. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Pagacz-Kostrzewa M, Krupa J, Olbert-Majkut A, Podruczna M, Bronisz R, Wierzejewska M. Conformational properties and photochemistry of tetrazolylpyridines in low temperature matrices. Spectroscopic evidence for the photochemical carbon-to-nitrogen rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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