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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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2
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Maeda K, Naito Y. Dynamics of flavin containing radical pairs in SDS micellar media probed by static and pulse magnetic field effect and pulse ADMR. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1580779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Naito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Sheppard DMW, Li J, Henbest KB, Neil SRT, Maeda K, Storey J, Schleicher E, Biskup T, Rodriguez R, Weber S, Hore PJ, Timmel CR, Mackenzie SR. Millitesla magnetic field effects on the photocycle of an animal cryptochrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42228. [PMID: 28176875 PMCID: PMC5296725 DOI: 10.1038/srep42228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila have been used as model organisms to explore both the biophysical mechanisms of animal magnetoreception and the possibility that weak, low-frequency anthropogenic electromagnetic fields may have biological consequences. In both cases, the presumed receptor is cryptochrome, a protein thought to be responsible for magnetic compass sensing in migratory birds and a variety of magnetic behavioural responses in insects. Here, we demonstrate that photo-induced electron transfer reactions in Drosophila melanogaster cryptochrome are indeed influenced by magnetic fields of a few millitesla. The form of the protein containing flavin and tryptophan radicals shows kinetics that differ markedly from those of closely related members of the cryptochrome-photolyase family. These differences and the magnetic sensitivity of Drosophila cryptochrome are interpreted in terms of the radical pair mechanism and a photocycle involving the recently discovered fourth tryptophan electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M. W. Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B. Henbest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. T. Neil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kiminori Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jonathan Storey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryan Rodriguez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P. J. Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Miura T, Murai H. Effect of molecular diffusion on the spin dynamics of a micellized radical pair in low magnetic fields studied by Monte Carlo simulation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5534-44. [PMID: 25942039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field effect is a powerful tool to study dynamics and kinetics of radical pairs (RPs), which are one of the most important intermediates for organic photon-energy conversion reactions. However, quantitative discussion regarding the relationship between the modulation of interelectron interactions and spin dynamics at low magnetic fields (<10 mT) is still an open question. We have studied the spin dynamics of a long-lived RP in a micelle by newly developed Monte Carlo simulation, in which fluctuations of the exchange and magnetic dipolar interactions by in-cage diffusion are directly introduced to the time-domain spin dynamics calculation. State-dependent relaxation/dephasing times of a few to a few tens of nanoseconds are obtained by simulations without hyperfine interactions (HFIs) as a function of the mutual diffusion constant (∼10(-6) cm(2)/s). Simulations with the HFIs exhibit incoherent singlet-triplet (S-T) mixings resulting from interplay between the HFIs and the fluctuating spin-spin interactions. The experimentally observed incoherent S-T mixing of ∼20 ns at 3 mT for a singlet-born RP in a sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle is reproduced by the simulation with reasonable diffusion coefficients. The computational method developed here contributes to quantitative detection of molecular motion that governs the recombination efficiency of RPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Miura
- †Department of Chemistry, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hisao Murai
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Miura T, Maeda K, Murai H, Ikoma T. Long-Distance Sequential Charge Separation at Micellar Interface Mediated by Dynamic Charge Transporter: A Magnetic Field Effect Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:267-271. [PMID: 26263461 DOI: 10.1021/jz502495u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Construction of photogenerated long-lived charge-separated states is crucial for light-energy conversion using organic molecules. For realization of cheap and easy-to-make long-distance electron transfer (ET) systems, we have developed a supramolecular donor(D)-chromophore(C)-acceptor(A) triad utilizing a micellar interface. Alkyl viologen (A(2+)) is adsorbed on the hydrophilic interface of Triton X-100 micelle, which bears D units in the hydrophobic core. Excited triplet state of a hydrophobic flavin C entrapped in the supercage gives rise to primary ET from D, which is followed by the secondary ET from C(-•) to A(2+) to give the long-lived (>10 μs) charge-separated state with negligible yield of escaped C(-•). Analysis of magnetic field effect reveals that diffusion of C(-•) from the core to the hydrophilic interface leads to long-distance ET with a low charge recombination yield of ∼20%. This novel concept of "dynamic charge transporter" has important implications for development of photon-energy conversion systems in solution phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Miura
- †Department of Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kiminori Maeda
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hisao Murai
- §Department of Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8017, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- †Department of Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- ∥Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- ⊥Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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Fedorenko SG, Burshtein AI. Kinetics of exciplex formation/dissipation in reaction following Weller Scheme II. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:114504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Fedorenko
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Richert S, Rosspeintner A, Landgraf S, Grampp G, Vauthey E, Kattnig DR. Time-resolved magnetic field effects distinguish loose ion pairs from exciplexes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15144-52. [PMID: 24041160 PMCID: PMC3797520 DOI: 10.1021/ja407052t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe the experimental investigation
of time-resolved magnetic
field effects in exciplex-forming organic donor–acceptor systems.
In these systems, the photoexcited acceptor state is predominantly
deactivated by bimolecular electron transfer reactions (yielding radical
ion pairs) or by direct exciplex formation. The delayed fluorescence
emitted by the exciplex is magnetosensitive if the reaction pathway
involves loose radical ion pair states. This magnetic field effect
results from the coherent interconversion between the electronic singlet
and triplet radical ion pair states as described by the radical pair
mechanism. By monitoring the changes in the exciplex luminescence
intensity when applying external magnetic fields, details of the reaction
mechanism can be elucidated. In this work we present results obtained
with the fluorophore-quencher pair 9,10-dimethylanthracene/N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) in solvents of
systematically varied permittivity. A simple theoretical model is
introduced that allows discriminating the initial state of quenching,
viz., the loose ion pair and the exciplex, based on the time-resolved
magnetic field effect. The approach is validated by applying it to
the isotopologous fluorophore-quencher pairs pyrene/DMA and pyrene-d10/DMA. We detect that both the exciplex and
the radical ion pair are formed during the initial quenching stage.
Upon increasing the solvent polarity, the relative importance of the
distant electron transfer quenching increases. However, even in comparably
polar media, the exciplex pathway remains remarkably significant.
We discuss our results in relation to recent findings on the involvement
of exciplexes in photoinduced electron transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Richert
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Miura T. Supramolecular control of the spin-dependent dynamics of long-lived charge-separated states at the micellar interface as studied by magnetic field effect. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6443-54. [PMID: 23651159 DOI: 10.1021/jp401725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spin selectivity in long-lived charge separation at the micellar interface is studied using the magnetic field effect (MFE). An amphiphilic viologen is complexed with a nonionic surfactant to form a supramolecular acceptor cage, of which the size is controlled by the acceptor concentration, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering measurement. Photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from a guest polyaromatic molecule to the viologen moiety is observed spin-dependently with time-resolved fluorescence (trFL) and transient absorption (TA). A negative MFE on the radical yield is successfully observed, which indicates generation of singlet-born long-lived radical pair that is realized by supramolecular control of the donor-acceptor (D-A) distances. The dominance of the singlet-precursor MFE is sensitive to the acceptor concentration, which presumably affects the D-A distance as well as the cage size. However, theoretical analysis of the MFE gives large recombination rates of ca. 10(8) s(-1), which indicate the contribution of spin-allowed recombination of the pseudocontact radical pair generated by still active in-cage diffusion. Dependence of the viologen concentration and alkyl chain length on the recombination and escape dynamics is discussed in terms of precursor spin states and the microenvironments in the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Neil SR, Maeda K, Henbest KB, Goez M, Hemmens R, Timmel CR, Mackenzie SR. Cavity enhanced detection methods for probing the dynamics of spin correlated radical pairs in solution. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268971003614368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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