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Kou X. Mechanistic Insight Into the Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Liquid-State NMR Studies. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38446616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2324299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been widely investigated as promising catalysts due to their metal-free feature and ability to activate small molecules. Over the last few years, the structure, dynamics and interactions between the Lewis centers and their effects on the reactivity with different substrates have been studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in studying the reaction intermediates, kinetics and mechanism of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Various NMR experiments have been applied to precisely determine the association or cooperativity of FLPs and one or two-dimensional spectra were obtained. Herein, insights coming from NMR spectroscopy for FLPs are presented, the structure and reactivity of FLPs in solution are described, and their effects on the kinetics and mechanism of different substrates are also illustrated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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2
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Hazin K, Patrick BO, Gates DP. Ammonium and Potassium Salts of a Hexacoordinate Phosphorus(V) Anion Featuring P–O and P–C Bonds. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:188-198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khatera Hazin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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3
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Mayer RJ, Hampel N, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Amino-Substituted Benzhydrylium Ions - A Link between Ordinary Carbocations and Neutral Electrophiles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Nathalie Hampel
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
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4
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Pregosin PS. Applications of NMR diffusion methods with emphasis on ion pairing in inorganic chemistry: a mini-review. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:405-413. [PMID: 26888228 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review provides a brief overview of the use of NMR diffusion methods in connection with estimating molecular weights in solution, recognizing hydrogen bonding and encapsulation processes and, primarily, identifying and estimating the varying degrees of ion pairing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Pregosin
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, ETHZ HCI, Hönggerberg, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Reinscheid F, Schmidt M, Abromeit H, Liening S, Scriba G, Reinscheid U. Structural and chiroptical analysis of naturally occurring (–)-strychnine. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Ruiz-Muelle AB, Oña-Burgos P, Ortuño MA, Oltra JE, Rodríguez-García I, Fernández I. Unprecedented Spectroscopic and Computational Evidence for Allenyl and Propargyl Titanocene(IV) Complexes: Electrophilic Quenching of Their Metallotropic Equilibrium. Chemistry 2016; 22:2427-39. [PMID: 26786999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of allenyl titanocene(IV) [TiClCp2 (CH=C=CH2 )] 3 and propargyl titanocene(IV) [TiClCp2 (CH2 -C≡C-(CH2 )4 CH3 )] 9 have been described for the first time. Advanced NMR methods including diffusion NMR methods (diffusion pulsed field gradient stimulated spin echo (PFG-STE) and DOSY) have been applied and established that these organometallics are monomers in THF solution with hydrodynamic radii (from the Stokes-Einstein equation) of 3.5 and 4.1 Å for 3 and 9, respectively. Full (1) H, (13) C, Δ(1) H, and Δ(13) C NMR data are given, and through the analysis of the Ramsey equation, the first electronic insights into these derivatives are provided. In solution, they are involved in their respective metallotropic allenyl-propargyl equilibria that, after quenching experiments with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, and protonating agents, always give the propargyl products P (when carbonyls are employed), or allenyl products A (when a proton source is added) as the major isomers. In all the cases assayed, the ratio of products suggests that the metallotropic equilibrium should be faster than the reactions of 3 and 9 with electrophiles. Indeed, DFT calculations predict lower Gibbs energy barriers for the metallotropic equilibrium, thus confirming dynamic kinetic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Ruiz-Muelle
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Manuel A Ortuño
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n, Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455-0431, USA
| | - J Enrique Oltra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez-García
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, ceiA3, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain. .,BITAL, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, Spain.
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7
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Pregosin PS. NMR diffusion: an update. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:1433-6. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113029661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR diffusion methods continue to attract increasing attention from practising chemists. This short article summarizes some of the more recent developments and highlights the areas in which these methods are finding application, specifically: estimating molecular volumes; investigating the degree of aggregation (especially in salts); studying host–guest interactions; recognizing hydrogen bonds; and directly proving the presence and extent of ion pairing.
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8
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Nishikawa M, Kume S, Nishihara H. Stimuli-responsive pyrimidine ring rotation in copper complexes for switching their physical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10549-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Nishikawa M, Nomoto K, Kume S, Nishihara H. Solvated-Ion-Pairing-Sensitive Molecular Bistability Based on Copper(I)-Coordinated Pyrimidine Ring Rotation. Inorg Chem 2012; 52:369-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302141z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Nomoto
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoko Kume
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Chen NC, Chuang CJ, Wang LY, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Weakly Associated TFPB Anions Are Superior to PF6 Anions When Preparing (Pseudo)Rotaxanes from Crown Ethers and Secondary Dialkylammonium Ions. Chemistry 2012; 18:1896-900. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Wang Y, Limon-Petersen JG, Compton RG. Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ and [Ru(NH3)6]2+ in aqueous solution using microelectrode double potential step chronoamperometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Salvi N, Belpassi L, Zuccaccia D, Tarantelli F, Macchioni A. Ion pairing in NHC gold(I) olefin complexes: A combined experimental/theoretical study. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Moreno A, Pregosin PS, Fuentes B, Veiros LF, Albinati A, Rizzato S. Ion Pairing and Allyl Dynamics in a Series of [Pd(η3-allyl)(N,N-chelate)](anion) Salts. On the Influence of the BPh4− Anion. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Fuentes
- IU CINQUIMA/Quimica Inorganica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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