1
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Attar GS, Kumar M, Bhalla V. Targeting sub-cellular organelles for boosting precision photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39320942 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02702g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Among various cancer treatment methods, photodynamic therapy has received significant attention due to its non-invasiveness and high efficiency in inhibiting tumour growth. Recently, specific organelle targeting photosensitizers have received increasing interest due to their precise accumulation and ability to trigger organelle-mediated cell death signalling pathways, which greatly reduces the drug dosage, minimizes toxicity, avoids multidrug resistance, and prevents recurrence. In this review, recent advances and representative photosensitizers used in targeted photodynamic therapy on organelles, specifically including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes, have been comprehensively reviewed with a focus on organelle structure and organelle-mediated cell death signalling pathways. Furthermore, a perspective on future research and potential challenges in precision photodynamic therapy has been presented at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh Attar
- Department of chemistry UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of chemistry UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of chemistry UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India.
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2
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Zhou A, Sun Z, Sun L. Stable organic radical qubits and their applications in quantum information science. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100662. [PMID: 39091459 PMCID: PMC11292369 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The past century has witnessed the flourishing of organic radical chemistry. Stable organic radicals are highly valuable for quantum technologies thanks to their inherent room temperature quantum coherence, atomic-level designability, and fine tunability. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the potential of stable organic radicals as high-temperature qubits and explore their applications in quantum information science, which remain largely underexplored. Firstly, we summarize known spin dynamic properties of stable organic radicals and examine factors that influence their electron spin relaxation and decoherence times. This examination reveals their design principles and optimal operating conditions. We further discuss their integration in solid-state materials and surface structures, and present their state-of-the-art applications in quantum computing, quantum memory, and quantum sensing. Finally, we analyze the primary challenges associated with stable organic radical qubits and provide tentative insights to future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhecheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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3
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Zhang W, Fan W, Wang X, Li P, Zhang W, Wang H, Tang B. Uncovering Endoplasmic Reticulum Superoxide Regulating Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Dynamic Reversible Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8367-8375. [PMID: 37200499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a relatively common complication of liver resection and transplantation that is intimately connected to oxidative stress. The superoxide anion radical (O2•-), as the first reactive oxygen species produced by organisms, is an important marker of HIRI. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential site for O2•- production, especially ER oxidative stress, which is closely linked to HIRI. Thus, dynamic variations in ER O2•- may accurately indicate the HIRI extent. However, there is still a lack of tools for the dynamic reversible detection of ER O2•-. Therefore, we designed and prepared an ER-targeted fluorescent reversible probe DPC for real-time tracing of O2•- fluctuations. We successfully observed a marked increase in ER O2•- levels in HIRI mice. A potential NADPH oxidase 4-ER O2•--SERCA2b-caspase 4 signaling pathway in HIRI mice was also revealed. Attractively, DPC was successfully used for precise fluorescent navigation and excision of HIRI sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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4
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Cardoso MA, Gonçalves HMR, Davis F. Reactive oxygen species in biological media are they friend or foe? Major In vivo and In vitro sensing challenges. Talanta 2023; 260:124648. [PMID: 37167678 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on biological media has been shifting over the years, as the knowledge on the complex mechanism that lies in underneath their production and overall results has been growing. It has been known for some time that these species are associated with a number of health conditions. However, they also participate in the immunoactivation cascade process, and can have an active role in theranostics. Macrophages, for example, react to the presence of pathogens through ROS production, potentially allowing the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, their short lifetime and limited spatial distribution of ROS have been limiting factors to the development and understanding of this phenomenon. Even though, ROS have shown successful theranostic applications, e.g., photodynamic therapy, their wide applicability has been hampered by the lack of effective tools for monitoring these processes in real time. Thus the development of innovative sensing strategies for in vivo monitoring of the balance between ROS concentration and the resultant immune response is of the utmost relevance. Such knowledge could lead to major breakthroughs towards the development of more effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Within this review we will present the current understanding on the interaction mechanisms of ROS with biological systems and their overall effect. Additionally, the most promising sensing tools developed so far, for both in vivo and in vitro tracking will be presented along with their main limitations and advantages. This review focuses on the four main ROS that have been studied these are: singlet oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita A Cardoso
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena M R Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Biosensor NTech - Nanotechnology Services, Lda, Avenida da Liberdade, 249, 1° Andar, 1250-143, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Frank Davis
- Department of Engineering and Applied Design University of Chichester, Bognor Regis, West Sussex, PO21 1HR, UK
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5
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Fluorogenic toolbox for facile detecting of hydroxyl radicals: From designing principles to diagnostics applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Cui X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Li S, Lee C. Organic radical materials in biomedical applications: State of the art and perspectives. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210264. [PMID: 37323877 PMCID: PMC10190988 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their unique chemical reactivities and paramagnetism, organic radicals with unpaired electrons have found widespread exploration in physical, chemical, and biological fields. However, most radicals are too short-lived to be separated and only a few of them can maintain stable radical forms via stereochemical strategies. How to utilize these raw radicals for developing stable radical-containing materials have long been a research hotspot for many years. This perspective introduces fundamental characteristics of organic radical materials and highlights their applications in biomedical fields, particularly for bioimaging, biosensing, and photo-triggered therapies. Molecular design of these radical materials is considered with reference to their outstanding imaging and therapeutic performances. Various challenges currently limiting the wide applications of these organic radical materials and their future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yuliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Sing Lee
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
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7
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Lu X, Su H, Zhang J, Wang N, Wang H, Liu J, Zhao W. Resorufin-based fluorescent probe with elevated water solubility for visualizing fluctuant peroxynitrite in progression of inflammation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120620. [PMID: 34802934 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a significant protective response in biological systems and associated with various diseases. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) as a highly active oxidant participates in the inflammatory process of organisms. Thus, it is necessary to construct novel fluorescent probes for exploring inflammation-related diseases through detecting endogenous ONOO-. Resorufin-based fluorescent probes for testing ONOO- were rare and suffered from poor water solubility. In this work, we elaborately designed three resorufin-based incorporating isatin derivatives probes RF-ITs and successfully obtained two highly selective probes RF-IT-OC and RF-IT-EG for ONOO-. Comparing the other two probes, RF-IT-EG containing triethylene glycol monomethyl ether on isatin moiety displayed better water solubility (3.2 mg/L), faster response rate (60 s), larger signal-to-noise ratio (103-fold) and lower detection limit (87 nM) for monitoring ONOO-. The cells imaging results manifested that probe RF-IT-EG could be applied to trace endogenous ONOO- with inappreciable cytotoxicity. Moreover, the RF-IT-EG was capable of tracking the fluctuation of endogenous ONOO- in LPS-stimulated inflamed mouse leg models. This work will provide a faithful and promising probe for illustrating the roles of ONOO- in various inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Su
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Nannan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jinying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Weili Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China; School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.
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8
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Wu C, Mao Y, Wang X, Li P, Tang B. Deep-Tissue Fluorescence Imaging Study of Reactive Oxygen Species in a Tumor Microenvironment. Anal Chem 2021; 94:165-176. [PMID: 34802229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the survival environment for tumor cells to proliferate and metastasize in deep tissue. TME contains tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells and a variety of active molecules including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inside the TME, ROS regulate the oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis and promote oxidative stress. Due to the rapid proliferation ability and specific metabolic patterns of the TME, ROS pervade virtually all complex physiological processes and play irreplaceable roles in protein modification, signal transduction, metabolism, and energy production in various tumors. Therefore, measurements of the dynamically, multicomponent simultaneous changes of ROS in the TME are of great significance to reveal the detailed proliferation and metastasis mechanisms of the tumor. Near-infrared (NIR) and two-photon (TP) fluorescence imaging techniques possess real-time, dynamic, highly sensitive, and highly signal-to-noise ratios with deep tissue penetration abilities. With the rationally designed probes, the NIR and TP fluorescence imaging techniques have been widely used to reveal the mechanisms of how ROS regulates and constructs complex signals and metabolic networks in TME. Therefore, we summarize the design principles and performances of NIR and TP fluorescence imaging of ROS in the TME in the last four years, as well as discuss the advantages and potentials of these works. This Review can provide guidance and prospects for future research work on TME and facilitate the development of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuantao Mao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ji W, Tang X, Du W, Lu Y, Wang N, Wu Q, Wei W, Liu J, Yu H, Ma B, Li L, Huang W. Optical/electrochemical methods for detecting mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:71-127. [PMID: 34792041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the biological importance of mitochondrial energy metabolism and the applications of multiple optical/electrochemical approaches to determine energy metabolites. Mitochondria, the main sites of oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis, provide the majority of energy required by aerobic cells for maintaining their physiological activity. They also participate in cell growth, differentiation, information transmission, and apoptosis. Multiple mitochondrial diseases, caused by internal or external factors, including oxidative stress, intense fluctuations of the ionic concentration, abnormal oxidative phosphorylation, changes in electron transport chain complex enzymes and mutations in mitochondrial DNA, can occur during mitochondrial energy metabolism. Therefore, developing accurate, sensitive, and specific methods for the in vivo and in vitro detection of mitochondrial energy metabolites is of great importance. In this review, we summarise the mitochondrial structure, functions, and crucial energy metabolic signalling pathways. The mechanism and applications of different optical/electrochemical methods are thoroughly reviewed. Finally, future research directions and challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Nanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Haidong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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10
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Zhou Y, Dong H, Gu Z, Yang S, Ouyang M, Qing Z, Ma X, Hu S, Li J, Yang R. Self-Immolative Dye-Doped Polymeric Probe for Precisely Imaging Hydroxyl Radicals by Avoiding Leakage. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12944-12953. [PMID: 34523923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For sensing low abundance of biomarkers, utilizing nanocarriers to load dyes is an efficient method to amplify the detected signal. However, the non-specific leak of the internal dyes in this approach is accompanied by false positive signals, resulting in inaccurate signal acquirement. To address this issue, in this work, we reported a novel signal amplification strategy with dye as a scaffold to construct a self-immolative dye-doped polymeric probe (SDPP). In our proposed approach, the dyes were covalently integrated into the main chain of a polymer, which can avoid the non-specific leak of the dye when used in a rigorous biological environment, thus evading the false positive signal. As a prototype of this concept, a SDPP, which responds to hydroxyl radicals (•OH), was rationally fabricated. Upon being activated by •OH, SDPP will liberate the dye through a self-immolative reaction to bind with protein for amplifying the fluorescence signal. Compared with a dye-loaded nanoprobe, SDPP can precisely track intracellular basal •OH levels and visualize the •OH associated with myocarditis in vivo. More importantly, the attempt in this work not only provides an effective molecular tool to investigate the role of •OH in cardiopathy, but also puts forward a new direction to current signal-amplifying strategies for precisely and reliably acquiring the intracellular molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Hao Dong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxuan Gu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Minzhi Ouyang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P. R. China
| | - Zhihe Qing
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Shan Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - JunBin Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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11
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Yokoi T, Murata K, Ishii K. Photochemistry of phthalocyanine based on spin angular momenta: a kinetic study of fluorescent probes for ascorbic acid. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ascorbic acid, i.e., vitamin C, is a well-known essential nutrient, and has attracted considerable attention as a new candidate for cancer therapy. Previously, R2c consisting of silicon tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine (SiPc) and two 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) radicals has been encapsulated into the hydrophobic cavity of dimeric bovine serum albumin (BSA), i.e., R2c@(BSA)2, and the system was found to behave as a highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for detecting ascorbic acid not only in aqueous solutions but also in vivo. In this study, kinetics of the reaction of R2c@(BSA)2 with ascorbic acid have been studied based on the temporal evolution of fluorescence. Global fitting of the concentration dependence using the Runge-Kutta method revealed the existence of stepwise two proton-coupled electron transfer processes. The rate constants for the reactions with ascorbic acid (k
AA
) and ascorbate radical (k
AR
) were 3 × 10 and 1 × 105 min−1 M−1, respectively, suggesting that the reaction with ascorbate radical was much faster than that with ascorbic acid. These results were further corroborated by theoretical calculations of the Gibbs free energy differences and by spin statistical factors. The analysis presented herein will aid in understanding the two proton-coupled electron transfer processes in the reaction with ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yokoi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku , Tokyo , 153-8505 , Japan
| | - Kei Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku , Tokyo , 153-8505 , Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku , Tokyo , 153-8505 , Japan
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12
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Xu F, Ge H, Xu N, Yang C, Yao Q, Long S, Sun W, Fan J, Xu X, Peng X. Radical induced quartet photosensitizers with high 1O2 production for in vivo cancer photodynamic therapy. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Nguyen VN, Yan Y, Zhao J, Yoon J. Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers: From Molecular Design to Applications in the Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:207-220. [PMID: 33289536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality that has shown great potential for the treatment of cancers owing to its excellent spatiotemporal selectivity and inherently noninvasive nature. However, PDT has not reached its full potential, partly due to the lack of ideal photosensitizers. A common molecular design strategy for effective photosensitizers is to incorporate heavy atoms into photosensitizer structures, causing concerns about elevated dark toxicity, short triplet-state lifetimes, poor photostability, and the potentially high cost of heavy metals. To address these drawbacks, a significant advance has been devoted to developing advanced smart photosensitizers without the use of heavy atoms to better fit the clinical requirements of PDT. Over the past few years, heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers have emerged as an innovative alternative class of PSs due to their superior photophysical and photochemical properties and lower expense. Heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers have been widely explored for PDT purposes and have shown great potential for clinical oncologic applications. Although many review articles about heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on porphyrinoid structure have been published, no specific review articles have yet focused on the heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers.In this account, the specific concept related to heavy-atom-free photosensitizers and the advantageous properties of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for cancer theranostics will be briefly introduced. In addition, recent progress in the development of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers, ranging from molecular design approaches to recent innovative types of heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers, emphasizing our own research, will be presented. The main molecular design approaches to efficient heavy-atom-free PSs can be divided into six groups: (1) the approach based on traditional tetrapyrrole structures, (2) spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), (3) reducing the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST), (4) the thionation of carbonyl groups of conventional fluorophores, (5) twisted π-conjugation system-induced intersystem crossing, and (6) radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. The innovative types of heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers and their applications in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics will be discussed in detail in the third section. Finally, the challenges that need to be addressed to develop optimal heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for oncologic photodynamic therapy and a perspective in this research field will be provided. We believe that this review will provide general guidance for the future design of innovative photosensitizers and spur preclinical and clinical studies for PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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14
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Xu Z, Huang Y, Cao Y, Jin T, Miller KA, Kaledin AL, Musaev DG, Lian T, Egap E. Enhanced intersystem crossing of boron dipyrromethene by TEMPO radical. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:154201. [PMID: 33092372 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) of organic chromophores is an important approach to generate a long-lived triplet state for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, structural factors and design rules to promote EISC are not entirely clear. In this work, we report a series of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives covalently linked with a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) radical with varying distances and topologies. We show that the incorporation of the TEMPO radical to BODIPY results in strong fluorescence quenching by up to 85% as a result of EISC and enhanced internal conversion. In BDP-2AR [2-(4-methyleneamino-TEMPO) BODIPY], a dyad with the shortest BODIPY-TEMPO through-bond distance, we observe the fastest EISC rate (τisc = 1.4 ns) and the longest triplet excited state lifetime (τT = 32 µs) compared to other distance and geometry variations. Contrary to previous reports and a general presumption, the BODIPY-TEMPO through-bond distance in this system does not play a significant role on the triplet formation rate and yield. Density functional theory suggests a folding of the TEMPO radical to form a sandwich-like structure with a BODIPY ring that leads to a decrease in the through-space distance, providing a new and an interesting insight for the radical enhanced intersystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Yulei Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kristen A Miller
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Alexey L Kaledin
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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15
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Hou JT, Zhang M, Liu Y, Ma X, Duan R, Cao X, Yuan F, Liao YX, Wang S, Xiu Ren W. Fluorescent detectors for hydroxyl radical and their applications in bioimaging: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Niu H, Zhang Y, Tang J, Zhu X, Ye Y, Zhao Y. A bifunctional fluorescent sensor for CCCP-induced cancer cell apoptosis imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12423-12426. [PMID: 32936131 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04200e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The detailed mechanism and the extent of pH/SO2 changes during apoptosis remain unknown. The developed sensor NPCF for SO2 and pH dual detection illustrates that SO2 can reduce the inflammation caused by LPS and the acidification of the environment. The levels of SO2 and pH change during carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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17
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Chen K, Dong Y, Zhao X, Imran M, Tang G, Zhao J, Liu Q. Bodipy Derivatives as Triplet Photosensitizers and the Related Intersystem Crossing Mechanisms. Front Chem 2019; 7:821. [PMID: 31921760 PMCID: PMC6920128 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently varieties of Bodipy derivatives showing intersystem crossing (ISC) have been reported as triplet photosensitizers, and the application of these compounds in photocatalysis, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photon upconversion are promising. In this review we summarized the recent development in the area of Bodipy-derived triplet photosensitizers and discussed the molecular structural factors that enhance the ISC ability. The compounds are introduced based on their ISC mechanisms, which include the heavy atom effect, exciton coupling, charge recombination (CR)-induced ISC, using a spin converter and radical enhanced ISC. Some transition metal complexes containing Bodipy chromophores are also discussed. The applications of these new triplet photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, and photon upconversion are briefly commented on. We believe the study of new triplet photosensitizers and the application of these novel materials in the abovementioned areas will be blooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Geliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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18
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Zhou Y, Yang S, Xiao Y, Zou Z, Qing Z, Liu J, Yang R. Cytoplasmic Protein-Powered In Situ Fluorescence Amplification for Intracellular Assay of Low-Abundance Analyte. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15179-15186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zou
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Zhihe Qing
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ronghua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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19
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Hussain M, Taddei M, Bussotti L, Foggi P, Zhao J, Liu Q, Di Donato M. Intersystem Crossing in Naphthalenediimide-Oxoverdazyl Dyads: Synthesis and Study of the Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:15615-15627. [PMID: 31596003 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxoverdazyl (Vz) radical units were covalently linked to the naphthalenediimide (NDI) chromophore to study the effect of the radical on the photophysical properties, especially the radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC), which is a promising approach to develop heavy-atom-free triplet photosensitizers. Rigid phenyl or ethynylphenyl linkers between the two moieties were used, thus REISC and formation of doublet (D1 , total spin quantum number S=1/2) and quartet states (Q1 , S=3/2) are anticipated. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady-state and femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopies and DFT computations. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show a fast electron transfer (<150 fs), and ISC (ca. 1.4-1.85 ps) is induced by charge recombination (CR, in toluene). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra demonstrated a biexponential decay of the triplet state of the NDI moiety. The fast component (lifetime: 50 ns; population ratio: 80 %) is assigned to the D1 →D0 decay, and the slow decay component (2.0 μs; 20 %) to the Q1 →D0 ISC. DFT computations indicated ferromagnetic interactions between the radical and chromophore (J=0.07-0.13 eV). Reversible formation of the radical anion of the NDI moiety by photoreduction of the radical-NDI dyads in the presence of sacrificial electron donor triethanolamine (TEOA) is achieved. This work is useful for design of new triplet photosensitizers based on the REISC effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushraf Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Largo Enrico, Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Largo Enrico, Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy
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20
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Gao P, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Boosting Cancer Therapy with Organelle-Targeted Nanomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26529-26558. [PMID: 31136142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of cancer therapy is to eliminate malignant tumors while causing no damage to normal tissues. In the past decades, numerous nanoagents have been employed for cancer treatment because of their unique properties over traditional molecular drugs. However, lack of selectivity and unwanted therapeutic outcomes have severely limited the therapeutic index of traditional nanodrugs. Recently, a series of nanomaterials that can accumulate in specific organelles (nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus) within cancer cells have received increasing interest. These rationally designed nanoagents can either directly destroy the subcellular structures or effectively deliver drugs into the proper targets, which can further activate certain cell death pathways, enabling them to boost the therapeutic efficiency, lower drug dosage, reduce side effects, avoid multidrug resistance, and prevent recurrence. In this Review, the design principles, targeting strategies, therapeutic mechanisms, current challenges, and potential future directions of organelle-targeted nanomaterials will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
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21
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Bai X, Ng KKH, Hu JJ, Ye S, Yang D. Small-Molecule-Based Fluorescent Sensors for Selective Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems. Annu Rev Biochem 2019; 88:605-633. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass a collection of intricately linked chemical entities characterized by individually distinct physicochemical properties and biological reactivities. Although excessive ROS generation is well known to underpin disease development, it has become increasingly evident that ROS also play central roles in redox regulation and normal physiology. A major challenge in uncovering the relevant biological mechanisms and deconvoluting the apparently paradoxical roles of distinct ROS in human health and disease lies in the selective and sensitive detection of these transient species in the complex biological milieu. Small-molecule-based fluorescent sensors enable molecular imaging of ROS with great spatial and temporal resolution and have thus been appreciated as excellent tools for aiding discoveries in modern redox biology. We review a selection of state-of-the-art sensors with demonstrated utility in biological systems. By providing a systematic overview based on underlying chemical sensing mechanisms, we wish to highlight the strengths and weaknesses in prior sensor works and propose some guiding principles for the development of future probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Jacob Hu
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China;, , , ,
| | - Sen Ye
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China;, , , ,
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China;, , , ,
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22
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A ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of endogenous hydroxyl radicals in living cells. Talanta 2019; 196:317-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Wang X, Li P, Ding Q, Wu C, Zhang W, Tang B. Illuminating the Function of the Hydroxyl Radical in the Brains of Mice with Depression Phenotypes by Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Qi Ding
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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24
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Wang X, Li P, Ding Q, Wu C, Zhang W, Tang B. Illuminating the Function of the Hydroxyl Radical in the Brains of Mice with Depression Phenotypes by Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4674-4678. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Qi Ding
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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25
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Natarajan V, Thirumalaivasan N, Wu SP, Sivan V. A far-red to NIR emitting ultra-sensitive probe for the detection of endogenous HOCl in zebrafish and the RAW 264.7 cell line. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3538-3544. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a far-red to NIR emitting probe for its application to the endogenous fluorescence imaging of HOCl in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Natarajan
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli - 620 015
- India
| | | | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan-300
| | - Velmathi Sivan
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli - 620 015
- India
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26
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Kinetic and Mechanistic Study on Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide on Carbon-Nanodots/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composite. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The metal-free CDots/g-C3N4 composite, normally used as the photocatalyst in H2 generation and organic degradation, can also be applied as an environmental catalyst by in-situ production of strong oxidant hydroxyl radical (HO·) via catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) without light irradiation. In this work, CDots/g-C3N4 composite was synthesized via an electrochemical method preparing CDots followed by the thermal polymerization of urea. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and pore width distribution were carried out for characterization. The intrinsic catalytic performance, including kinetics and thermodynamic, was studied in terms of catalytic decomposition of H2O2 without light irradiation. The second-order rate constant of the reaction was calculated to be (1.42 ± 0.07) × 10−9 m·s−1 and the activation energy was calculated to be (29.05 ± 0.80) kJ·mol−1. Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) was selected to probe the produced HO· during the decomposing of H2O2 as well as to buffer the pH of the solution. The composite was shown to be base-catalyzed and the optimal performance was achieved at pH 8.0. A detailed mechanism involving the adsorb-catalyze double reaction site was proposed. Overall, CDots/g-C3N4 composite can be further applied in advanced oxidation technology in the presence of H2O2 and the instinct dynamics and the mechanism can be referred to further applications in related fields.
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27
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Yokoi T, Ishii K. Dependence of phthalocyanine-based fluorescence on albumin structure: A fluorescent probe for ascorbic acid. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Cheng P, Zhang J, Huang J, Miao Q, Xu C, Pu K. Near-infrared fluorescence probes to detect reactive oxygen species for keloid diagnosis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6340-6347. [PMID: 30310562 PMCID: PMC6115726 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01865k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of molecular probes for the detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is important for the pathology and diagnosis of diseases. Although an abnormally high RONS level has been identified in keloids - a benign dermal tumour developed after lesion, the ability of employing RONS probes for keloid detection has not yet been exploited. Herein, we report two near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes (CyTF and CyBA) that can specifically distinguish keloid fibroblasts from normal dermal fibroblasts. Both CyTF and CyBA show a 15-fold NIR fluorescence enhancement at 717 nm upon reaction with RONS. However, because CyTF has higher specificity towards ONOO- than CyBA, CyTF can detect stimulated fibroblasts in a more sensitive way, showing 3.76 and 2.26-fold fluorescence increments in TGF-β1 stimulated dermal fibroblasts and keloid fibroblasts, respectively. Furthermore, CyTF permits specific detection of implanted keloid fibroblasts in a xenograft live mouse model. Our work thus developed a new optical imaging approach that has the potential for early diagnosis and drug screening of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Cheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637457 Singapore .
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637457 Singapore .
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaguo Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637457 Singapore .
| | - Qingqing Miao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637457 Singapore .
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637457 Singapore .
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637457 Singapore .
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29
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Xu J, Wise JTF, Wang L, Schumann K, Zhang Z, Shi X. Dual Roles of Oxidative Stress in Metal Carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2018; 36:345-376. [PMID: 29431065 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2017025229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that environmental and occupational exposure to heavy metal causes cancer in several organs. Although the exact mechanism of heavy metal carcinogenesis remains elusive, metal-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential. ROS can play two roles in metal carcinogenesis; two stages in the process of metal carcinogenesis differ in the amounts of ROS activating a dual redox-mediated mechanism. In the early stage of metal carcinogenesis, ROS acts in an oncogenic role. However, in the late stage of metal carcinogenesis, ROS plays an antioncogenic role. Similarly, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) also has two different roles, which makes it a key molecule for separating metal carcinogenesis into two different stages. In the early stage, inducible Nrf2 fights against elevated ROS to decrease cell transformation by its antioxidant protection property. In the late stage, constitutively activated Nrf2 manipulates reduced ROS to perform a comfortable environment for apoptosis resistance through an oncogenic role. Interestingly, a cunning carcinogenic mechanism takes advantage of the dual role of Nrf2 to implement the dual role of ROS through a series of redox adaption mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the paradox in the rationales behind the two opposite ROS roles and focus on their potential pharmacological application. The dual role of ROS represents a 'double-edged sword' with many possible novel ROS-mediated strategies in cancer therapy in metal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - James T F Wise
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kortney Schumann
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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30
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Xu K, Sukhanov AA, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Ji W, Peng X, Escudero D, Jacquemin D, Voronkova VK. Unexpected Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of BODIPY: Preparation of the BODIPY-TEMPO Triad Showing Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. 116024 Dalian China
| | - Andrey A. Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute; FIC KazanSC; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sibirsky trakt 10/7 420029 Kazan Russia
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. 116024 Dalian China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. 116024 Dalian China
| | - Wei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. 116024 Dalian China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. 116024 Dalian China
| | - Daniel Escudero
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1, rue Descartes 75005 Paris Cedex 5 France
| | - Violeta K. Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute; FIC KazanSC; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sibirsky trakt 10/7 420029 Kazan Russia
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31
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Hai X, Guo Z, Lin X, Chen X, Wang J. Fluorescent TPA@GQDs Probe for Sensitive Assay and Quantitative Imaging of Hydroxyl Radicals in Living Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5853-5861. [PMID: 29350900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe TPA@GQDs is fabricated by the conjugation of terephthalic acid (TPA) on the surface of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The TPA@GQDs probe not only has favorable dispersibility but also exhibits excellent fluorescence stability over a wide pH range and high ionic strength and favorable antiphotobleaching ability. The great fluorescence enhancement of TPA@GQDs induced by the reaction between TPA and hydroxyl radicals makes the TPA@GQDs a powerful probe for the sensitive assay of hydroxyl radicals, giving rise to a low detection limit down to 12 nmol L-1. Meanwhile, the obtained fluorescent TPA@GQDs probe shows low cytotoxicity and favorable biocompatibility. Its potential in bioimaging is demonstrated by the quantitative fluorescent imaging of hydroxyl radicals in living HeLa cells under different circumstances, which enables the opportunities to study hydroxyl radicals dynamics in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
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32
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In vivo fluorescence bioimaging of ascorbic acid in mice: Development of an efficient probe consisting of phthalocyanine, TEMPO, and albumin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1560. [PMID: 29367703 PMCID: PMC5784034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
After a groundbreaking study demonstrated that a high dose of ascorbic acid selectively kills cancer cells, the compound has been tested in the clinic against various forms of cancers, with some success. However, in vivo tracing of intravenously injected ascorbic acid has not been achieved. Herein, we successfully imaged ascorbic acid intravenously injected into mice based on the discovery of a novel, highly sensitive, and appropriately selective fluorescent probe consisting of silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) and two 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) radicals, i.e., R2c. The radicals in this R2c were encapsulated in dimeric bovine serum albumin, and the sensitivity was >100-fold higher than those of other R2c-based probes. Ascorbic acid intravenously injected into mice was efficiently transported to the liver, heart, lung, and cholecyst. The present results provide opportunities to advance the use of ascorbic acid as cancer therapy.
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33
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Jiao L, Song F, Cui J, Peng X. A near-infrared heptamethine aminocyanine dye with a long-lived excited triplet state for photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9198-9201. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04582h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble near-infrared aminocyanine dye has been developed with a long triplet-state lifetime (τ = 9.16 μs in deaerated ethanol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Fengling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
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34
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Zeng L, Xia T, Hu W, Chen S, Chi S, Lei Y, Liu Z. Visualizing the Regulation of Hydroxyl Radical Level by Superoxide Dismutase via a Specific Molecular Probe. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1317-1324. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education),
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tian Xia
- College of
Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education),
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Siyu Chi
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education),
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yidi Lei
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education),
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education),
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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35
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Miyamoto A, Nakano S, Nagai K, Kishikawa N, Ohyama K, Aoyama T, Matsumoto Y, Kuroda N. Development of an Evaluation Method for Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activities Using Sequential Injection Analysis with Chemiluminescence Detection. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:697-701. [PMID: 28603188 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for evaluating hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging activities using sequential injection analysis (SIA) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed. In this system, CL was produced by the reaction of luminol with ·OH generated from the Fenton reaction. The scavenging activity was expressed as a diminution rate of the CL due to the scavenging of ·OH by a sample. The SIA system allows the automation of a series of experimental procedures including Fenton's reaction, scavenging of ·OH, and luminol CL reaction. The evaluation of scavenging activities in one sample (n = 3) was completed within 3.0 min. Relative standard deviations (n = 3) of scavenging activity with 700 μM L-ascorbic acid were 2.6% (intraday) and 3.7% (interday). The SIA-CL system was applied to measure ·OH scavenging activities of several antioxidants and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saori Nakano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Kaishu Nagai
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Naoya Kishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Kaname Ohyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | | | | | - Naotaka Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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36
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Wang Z, Zhao J, Barbon A, Toffoletti A, Liu Y, An Y, Xu L, Karatay A, Yaglioglu HG, Yildiz EA, Hayvali M. Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in New Bodipy Derivatives and Application for Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7831-7842. [PMID: 28524657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglin An
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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37
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Miao F, Lim ZL, Hu P, Dong S, Qi Q, Zhang X, Wu J. BODIPY blocked anthroxyl radicals: the substituent effect on reactivity and fluorescence turn-on detection of a hydroxyl radical. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3188-3191. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00586e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stable BODIPY-substituted anthroxyl radicals were obtained, which can be used for selective fluorescence turn-on detection of a hydroxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Miao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Zheng Long Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Qingbiao Qi
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Innovis
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38
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Al-Karmi S, Albu SA, Vito A, Janzen N, Czorny S, Banevicius L, Nanao M, Zubieta J, Capretta A, Valliant JF. Preparation of an18F-Labeled Hydrocyanine Dye as a Multimodal Probe for Reactive Oxygen Species. Chemistry 2016; 23:254-258. [PMID: 27768812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Al-Karmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Silvia A. Albu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Laura Banevicius
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Max Nanao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Grenoble Outstation; 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Jon Zubieta
- Department of Chemistry; Syracuse University; Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Alfredo Capretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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39
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Zhou XH, Jiang YR, Zhao XJ, Guo D. A naphthalene-based two-photon fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive detection of endogenous hypochlorous acid. Talanta 2016; 160:470-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Zhou L, Lu DQ, Wang Q, Hu S, Wang H, Sun H, Zhang X. A high-resolution mitochondria-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probe for detection of the endogenous hypochlorous acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 166:129-134. [PMID: 27236136 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorite anion, one of the biologically important reactive oxygen species, plays an essential role in diverse normal biochemical functions and abnormal pathological processes. Herein, an efficient high-resolution mitochondria-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid detection has been designed, synthesized and characterized. It is easily synthesized by the condensation reaction (CC) of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one fluorophore and a cyanine group (mitochondria-targeting), which made the whole molecular a large Stokes shift (210nm) and the two well-resolved emission peaks separated by 140nm. As a result, it is considered as a good candidate for high resolution hypochlorous acid imaging in live cells. The ratiometric fluorescent probe exhibited outstanding features of high sensitivity, high selectivity, rapid response time (within 50s), and excellent mitochondria-targeting ability. Moreover, the probe can also be successfully applied to imaging endogenously hypochlorous acid in the mitochondria of living cells with low cytotoxicity, and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Zhou
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Hunan 412007, PR China; Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Dan-Qing Lu
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shunqin Hu
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Hunan 412007, PR China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Hunan 412007, PR China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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41
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Salimi R, Yener N, Safari R. Use and Evaluation of Newly Synthesized Fluorescence Probes to Detect Generated OH• Radicals in Fibroblast Cells. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:919-24. [PMID: 26983614 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pro-oxidant molecules synthesized in body with various functions and are essential for life. Increasing in reactive oxygen species or decreasing in antioxidants level cause oxidative stress which is very harmful. OH• radical is one of ROS's, with tendency to bind to lipids, DNA and proteins which cause irreversible damage in cells. The most devastating consequences related to excess OH• radicals occur via direct binding to nucleic acids and proteins. Quantification of this high reactive radical with short life time is difficult. Electron Spin Resonance, Fluorescence, and Luminescence Spectroscopy are commonly used to determine the level of ROS. Fluorescence Probes have higher specificity and sensitivity with their excellent sensors to detect ROS's compare to the other methods. Also, there are different probes specifically designed for each radical. The purpose of this study was to identify the probe better suiting for detection of OH• radical levels. The two most recommended fluorescence probes, 2-[6-(4 V-Hydroxy) phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (HPF) and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (3-CCA) to determine OH• radical levels were compared. Following the formation of OH• radical with Fenton reaction, HPF and 3-CCA probes were added to cells and spectrofluorometric measurements were performed in their respective wavelengths. The mean amplitude of fluorescence for HPF was 32.72 ± 2.37 F.I (n = 40) and for 3-CCA was 52.11 ± 0.5 F.I (n = 40). This difference was statistically significant. 3-CCA also demonstrated more stable measurements at different days compered to HPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Dokuz Eylul, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Yener
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Roghaiyeh Safari
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome center, University of Dokuz Eylul, Izmir, Turkey
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42
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Fernández A, Vendrell M. Smart fluorescent probes for imaging macrophage activity. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1182-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Smart fluorescent probes for macrophage activity make use of a broad range of chemical architectures to target different molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernández
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research
- Queen's Medical Research Institute
- The University of Edinburgh
- EH16 4TJ Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research
- Queen's Medical Research Institute
- The University of Edinburgh
- EH16 4TJ Edinburgh
- UK
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43
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Liu F, Du J, Song D, Xu M, Sun G. A sensitive fluorescent sensor for the detection of endogenous hydroxyl radicals in living cells and bacteria and direct imaging with respect to its ecotoxicity in living zebra fish. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4636-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MPT-Cy2exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward ˙OH over other ROS and showed a high potential for the imaging of endogenous ˙OH in living cells and various types of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
- Guangzhou 510070
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
- Guangzhou 510070
- P. R. China
| | - Da Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
- Guangzhou 510070
- P. R. China
| | - Meiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
- Guangzhou 510070
- P. R. China
| | - Guoping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
- Guangzhou 510070
- P. R. China
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44
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Żamojć K, Zdrowowicz M, Jacewicz D, Wyrzykowski D, Chmurzyński L. Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Monitoring Hydroxyl Radical under Biological Conditions. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:160-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1045118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Macia N, Heyne B. Using photochemistry to understand and control the production of reactive oxygen species in biological environments. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Challenges and advances in quantum dot fluorescent probes to detect reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 862:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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47
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Palao E, de la Moya S, Agarrabeitia AR, Esnal I, Bañuelos J, López-Arbeloa Í, Ortiz MJ. Selective Lateral Lithiation of Methyl BODIPYs: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Electrochemistry of New Meso Derivatives. Org Lett 2014; 16:4364-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501945v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Palao
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R. Agarrabeitia
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ixone Esnal
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad del Pais Vasco-EHU, Apartado
644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad del Pais Vasco-EHU, Apartado
644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Íñigo López-Arbeloa
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad del Pais Vasco-EHU, Apartado
644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - María J. Ortiz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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48
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You Y, Nam W. Designing photoluminescent molecular probes for singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and iron–oxygen species. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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49
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Zhuang M, Ding C, Zhu A, Tian Y. Ratiometric fluorescence probe for monitoring hydroxyl radical in live cells based on gold nanoclusters. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1829-36. [PMID: 24383624 DOI: 10.1021/ac403810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Determination of hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) with high sensitivity and accuracy in live cells is a challenge for evaluating the role that (•)OH plays in the physiological and pathological processes. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescence biosensor for (•)OH was developed, in which gold nanocluster (AuNC) protected by bovine serum albumin was employed as a reference fluorophore and the organic molecule 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (HPF) acted as both the response signal and specific recognition element for (•)OH. In the absence of (•)OH, only one emission peak at 637 nm ascribed to AuNCs was observed, because HPF was almost nonfluorescent. However, fluorescence emission at 515 nm attributed to the HPF product after reaction with (•)OH--dianionic fluorescein--gradually increased with the continuous addition of (•)OH, while the emission at 637 nm stays constant, resulting in a ratiometric determination of (•)OH. The developed fluorescent sensor exhibited high selectivity for (•)OH over other reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), metal ions, and other biological species, as well as high accuracy and sensitivity with low detection limit to ∼0.68 μM, which fulfills the requirements for detection of (•)OH in a biological system. In addition, the AuNC-based inorganic-organic probe showed long-term stability against light illumination and pH, good cell permeability, and low cytotoxicity. As a result, the present ratiometric sensor was successfully used for bioimaging and monitoring of (•)OH changes in live cells upon oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University , Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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50
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Meng L, Wu Y, Yi T. A ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of hydroxyl radicals in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4843-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A naphthalimide–naphthyridine derivative is reported for the selective detection of hydroxyl radicals in both solution and living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Meng
- Department of Chemistry & Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Chemistry & Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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