1
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Fitzgerald S, O'Shea DF. Continuous Flow Bioconjugations of NIR‐AZA Fluorophores via Strained Alkyne Cycloadditions with Intra‐Chip Fluorogenic Monitoring**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104111. [PMID: 34979050 PMCID: PMC9305252 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of bioconjugation reactions continues to grow for cell specific targeting and dual therapeutic plus diagnostic medical applications. This necessitates the development of new bioconjugation chemistries, in‐flow synthetic and analytical methods. With this goal, continuous flow bioconjugations were readily achieved with short residence times for strained alkyne substituted carbohydrate and therapeutic peptide biomolecules in reaction with azide and tetrazine substituted fluorophores. The strained alkyne substrates included substituted 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranose, and the linear and cyclic peptide sequences QIRQQPRDPPTETLELEVSPDPAS‐OH and c(RGDfK) respectively. The catalyst and reagent‐free inverse electron demand tetrazine cycloadditions proved more favourable than the azide 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. Reaction completion was achieved with residence times of 5 min at 40 °C for tetrazine versus 10 min at 80 °C for azide cycloadditions. The use of a fluorogenic tetrazine fluorophore, in a glass channelled reactor chip, allowed for intra‐chip reaction monitoring by recording fluorescence intensities at various positions throughout the chip. As the Diels‐Alder reactions proceeded through the chip, the fluorescence intensity increased accordingly in real‐time. The application of continuous flow fluorogenic bioconjugations could offer an efficient translational access to theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donal F. O'Shea
- Chemistry Department, RCSI 123 St. Stephen's Green Dublin 2 Ireland
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2
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Harding MJ, Feng B, Lopez-Rodriguez R, O'Connor H, Dowling D, Gibson G, Girard KP, Ferguson S. Concentric annular liquid–liquid phase separation for flow chemistry and continuous processing. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost, modular, robust, and easily customisable continuous liquid–liquid phase separator has been developed that uses a tubular membrane and annular channels to allow high fluidic throughputs while maintaining rapid, surface wetting dominated, phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bin Feng
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rafael Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Heather O'Connor
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Denis Dowling
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocess Research and Training, 24 Foster's Ave, Belfield, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
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3
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von Keutz T, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Organomagnesium Based Flash Chemistry: Continuous Flow Generation and Utilization of Halomethylmagnesium Intermediates. Org Lett 2020; 22:7537-7541. [PMID: 32914630 PMCID: PMC7586391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The generation of
highly unstable chloromethylmagnesium chloride
in a continuous flow reactor and its reaction with aldehydes and ketones
is reported. With this strategy, chlorohydrins and epoxides were synthesized
within a total residence time of only 2.6 s. The outcome of the reaction
can be tuned by simply using either a basic or an acidic quench. Very
good to excellent isolated yields, up to 97%, have been obtained for
most cases (30 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Colella M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Recent Update on the Flow Synthesis of Indoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143242. [PMID: 32708643 PMCID: PMC7397031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are among the most useful and interesting heterocycles employed in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In addition, flow chemistry and flow technology are changing the synthetic paradigm in the field of modern synthesis. In this review, the role of flow technology in the preparation of indole derivatives is showcased. Selected examples have been described with the aim to provide readers with an overview on the tactics and technologies used for targeting indole scaffolds.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Riccardo Piccardi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
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6
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Yu M, Strotman NA, Savage SA, Leung S, Ramirez A. A Practical and Robust Multistep Continuous Process for Manufacturing 5-Bromo- N-( tert-butyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Scott A. Savage
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Simon Leung
- Research and Development External Manufacturing, Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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7
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Crifar C, Dücker FL, Nguyen Thanh S, Kairouz V, Lubell WD. Heumann Indole Flow Chemistry Process. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10929-10937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Crifar
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Fenja L. Dücker
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sacha Nguyen Thanh
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vanessa Kairouz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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8
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Beillard A, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7529-7609. [PMID: 31059243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a round-bottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scale-up. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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9
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Anionic Polymerization Using Flow Microreactors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24081532. [PMID: 31003462 PMCID: PMC6514773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow microreactors are expected to make a revolutionary change in chemical synthesis involving various fields of polymer synthesis. In fact, extensive flow microreactor studies have opened up new possibilities in polymer chemistry including cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization. This review provides an overview of flow microreactors in anionic polymerization and their various applications.
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10
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Ziegler DS, Wei B, Knochel P. Improving the Halogen–Magnesium Exchange by using New Turbo‐Grignard Reagents. Chemistry 2018; 25:2695-2703. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée S. Ziegler
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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11
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Pedersen MJ, Born S, Neuenschwander U, Skovby T, Mealy MJ, Kiil S, Dam-Johansen K, Jensen KF. Optimization of Grignard Addition to Esters: Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Model Phthalide Using Flow Chemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pedersen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen Born
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulrich Neuenschwander
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tommy Skovby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Kiil
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Wu D, O'Shea DF. Fluorogenic NIR-probes based on 1,2,4,5-tetrazine substituted BF 2-azadipyrromethenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:10804-10807. [PMID: 28920988 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine integrated near infrared (NIR) fluorophores based on the BF2 azadipyrromethene (NIR-AZA) class has been synthesised and their ability to modulate emission from low to high in response to Diels-Alder cycloaditions has been assessed. Substituents on the tetrazine component of the probe (Cl, OMe, p-NO2C6H4O) were seen to strongly influence quantum yields, fluorescence enhancement factors, and rates of cycloadditions. Cycloadditions between tetrazine-NIR-AZA constructs and a strained alkyne substrate were seen to be highly efficient in organic or aqueous solutions and in gels with high fluorescence enhancements of up to 48-fold observed. Real-time demonstration of the cycloaddition mediated fluorogenic property was achieved by imaging the "turn-on" reaction within a continous flow micro-reactor. Preliminary evidence indicates that excited state quenching involves a photoinduced electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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13
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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14
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Yang L, Weeranoppanant N, Jensen KF. Characterization and Modeling of the Operating Curves of Membrane Microseparators. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Alimi I, Remy R, Bochet CG. Photochemical C-H Activation: Generation of Indole and Carbazole Libraries, and First Total Synthesis of Clausenawalline D. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isak Alimi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; 9 Chemin du Musée 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Richard Remy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; 9 Chemin du Musée 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Bochet
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; 9 Chemin du Musée 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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16
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Goldbach M, Danieli E, Perlo J, Kaptein B, Litvinov VM, Blümich B, Casanova F, Duchateau AL. Preparation of Grignard reagents from magnesium metal under continuous flow conditions and on-line monitoring by NMR spectroscopy. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Li-Yuan Bao R, Zhao R, Shi L. Progress and developments in the turbo Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: a ten-year journey. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6884-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural and kinetic perspectives of i-PrMgCl·LiCl help to rationalize the trends of its unique reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Li-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
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18
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Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Preparation and Use of Organolithium and Organomagnesium Species in Flow. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Wu J, Yang X, He Z, Mao X, Hatton TA, Jamison TF. Continuous flow synthesis of ketones from carbon dioxide and organolithium or Grignard reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8416-20. [PMID: 24961600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe an efficient continuous flow synthesis of ketones from CO2 and organolithium or Grignard reagents that exhibits significant advantages over conventional batch conditions in suppressing undesired symmetric ketone and tertiary alcohol byproducts. We observed an unprecedented solvent-dependence of the organolithium reactivity, the key factor in governing selectivity during the flow process. A facile, telescoped three-step-one-flow process for the preparation of ketones in a modular fashion through the in-line generation of organometallic reagents is also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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20
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Wu J, Yang X, He Z, Mao X, Hatton TA, Jamison TF. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Ketones from Carbon Dioxide and Organolithium or Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Yoshida JI, Takahashi Y, Nagaki A. Flash chemistry: flow chemistry that cannot be done in batch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9896-904. [PMID: 24042967 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Flash chemistry based on high-resolution reaction time control using flow microreactors enables chemical reactions that cannot be done in batch and serves as a powerful tool for laboratory synthesis of organic compounds and for production in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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22
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Dalla-Vechia L, Reichart B, Glasnov T, Miranda LSM, Kappe CO, de Souza ROMA. A three step continuous flow synthesis of the biaryl unit of the HIV protease inhibitor Atazanavir. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:6806-13. [PMID: 24175328 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41464g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of multistep continuous flow reactions for the synthesis of important intermediates for the pharmaceutical industry is still a significant challenge. In the present contribution the biaryl-hydrazine unit of Atazanavir, an important HIV protease inhibitor, was prepared in a three-step continuous flow sequence in 74% overall yield. The synthesis involved Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, followed by hydrazone formation and a subsequent hydrogenation step, and additionally incorporates a liquid–liquid extraction step.
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23
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He Z, Jamison TF. Continuous-flow synthesis of functionalized phenols by aerobic oxidation of Grignard reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3353-7. [PMID: 24554581 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are important compounds in chemical industry. An economical and green approach to phenol preparation by the direct oxidation of aryl Grignard reagents using compressed air in continuous gas-liquid segmented flow systems is described. The process tolerates a broad range of functional groups, including oxidation-sensitive functionalities such as alkenes, amines, and thioethers. By integrating a benzyne-mediated in-line generation of arylmagnesium intermediates with the aerobic oxidation, a facile three-step, one-flow process, capable of preparing 2-functionalized phenols in a modular fashion, is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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24
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He Z, Jamison TF. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Functionalized Phenols by Aerobic Oxidation of Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Delville MME, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Ethyl diazoacetate synthesis in flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1813-8. [PMID: 24062847 PMCID: PMC3778378 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl diazoacetate is a versatile compound in organic chemistry and frequently used on lab scale. Its highly explosive nature, however, severely limits its use in industrial processes. The in-line coupling of microreactor synthesis and separation technology enables the synthesis of this compound in an inherently safe manner, thereby making it available on demand in sufficient quantities. Ethyl diazoacetate was prepared in a biphasic mixture comprising an aqueous solution of glycine ethyl ester, sodium nitrite and dichloromethane. Optimization of the reaction was focused on decreasing the residence time with the smallest amount of sodium nitrite possible. With these boundary conditions, a production yield of 20 g EDA day−1 was achieved using a microreactor with an internal volume of 100 μL. Straightforward scale-up or scale-out of microreactor technology renders this method viable for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle M E Delville
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Protasova LN, Bulut M, Ormerod D, Buekenhoudt A, Berton J, Stevens CV. Latest Highlights in Liquid-Phase Reactions for Organic Synthesis in Microreactors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Protasova
- Department of Separation and
Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - J. Berton
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - C. V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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Snead DR, Jamison TF. End-to-end continuous flow synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine hydrochloride featuring atom economy, in-line separation, and flow of molten ammonium salts. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50859e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nagaki A, Takahashi Y, Akahori K, Yoshida JI. Living Anionic Polymerization of tert-
Butyl Acrylate in a Flow Microreactor System and Its Applications to the Synthesis of Block Copolymers. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nagaki A, Takahashi Y, Yamada S, Matsuo C, Haraki S, Moriwaki Y, Kim S, Yoshida JI. Generation and Reactions of Vinyllithiums Using Flow Microreactor Systems. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nagaki A, Takabayashi N, Moriwaki Y, Yoshida JI. Flash Generation of a Highly Reactive Pd Catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling by Using a Flow Microreactor. Chemistry 2012; 18:11871-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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O'Brien AG, Horváth Z, Lévesque F, Lee JW, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Seeberger PH. Continuous Synthesis and Purification by Direct Coupling of a Flow Reactor with Simulated Moving-Bed Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7028-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Brien AG, Horváth Z, Lévesque F, Lee JW, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Seeberger PH. Kontinuierliche Synthese und Aufreinigung durch direkte Kopplung eines Durchflussreaktors mit “Simulated-Moving-Bed”- Chromatographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nagaki A, Matsuo C, Kim S, Saito K, Miyazaki A, Yoshida JI. Lithiation of 1,2-Dichloroethene in Flow Microreactors: Versatile Synthesis of Alkenes and Alkynes by Precise Residence-Time Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nagaki A, Matsuo C, Kim S, Saito K, Miyazaki A, Yoshida JI. Lithiation of 1,2-Dichloroethene in Flow Microreactors: Versatile Synthesis of Alkenes and Alkynes by Precise Residence-Time Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3245-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chinnusamy T, Yudha SS, Hager M, Kreitmeier P, Reiser O. Application of metal-based reagents and catalysts in microstructured flow devices. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:247-55. [PMID: 22275318 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, organic synthesis has witnessed several improvements through the development of new chemical transformations or more efficient reagents for known processes. Likewise, technological advances, aiming at speeding up reactions and facilitating their work-up, have established themselves in academic as well as in industrial laboratories. In this Minireview, we highlight very recent developments in flow chemistry, focusing on organometallic reagents and catalysts. First, we describe reactions with homogeneous catalysts immobilized on different support materials using the concept of packed bed reactors. In the last chapter, we will discuss applications that utilize organometallic reagents.
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Wegner J, Ceylan S, Kirschning A. Flow Chemistry – A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wegner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Sascha Ceylan
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
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Nagaki A, Moriwaki Y, Yoshida JI. Flow synthesis of arylboronic esters bearing electrophilic functional groups and space integration with Suzuki–Miyaura coupling without intentionally added base. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11211-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Controlled Polymerization in Flow Microreactor Systems. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Maurya RA, Park CP, Kim DP. Triple-channel microreactor for biphasic gas-liquid reactions: Photosensitized oxygenations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1158-63. [PMID: 21915221 PMCID: PMC3170200 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A triple-channel microreactor fabricated by means of a soft-lithography technique was devised for efficient biphasic gas–liquid reactions. The excellent performance of the microreactor was demonstrated by carrying out photosensitized oxygenations of α-terpinene, citronellol, and allyl alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Awatar Maurya
- National Creative Research Center of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea, www.camc.re.kr
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Nagaki A, Uesugi Y, Tomida Y, Yoshida JI. Homocoupling of aryl halides in flow: Space integration of lithiation and FeCl(3) promoted homocoupling. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1064-9. [PMID: 21915209 PMCID: PMC3170206 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of FeCl3 resulted in a fast homocoupling of aryllithiums, and this enabled its integration with the halogen–lithium exchange reaction of aryl halides in a flow microreactor. This system allows the homocoupling of two aryl halides bearing electrophilic functional groups, such as CN and NO2, in under a minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Tomida Y, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Asymmetric Carbolithiation of Conjugated Enynes: A Flow Microreactor Enables the Use of Configurationally Unstable Intermediates before They Epimerize. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3744-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110898s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tomida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Agostino FJ, Evenhuis CJ, Krylov SN. Milli-free flow electrophoresis: I. Fast prototyping of mFFE devices. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:556-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nagaki A, Tokuoka S, Yamada S, Tomida Y, Oshiro K, Amii H, Yoshida JI. Perfluoroalkylation in flow microreactors: generation of perfluoroalkyllithiums in the presence and absence of electrophiles. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7559-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06350b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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