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Murayama H, Huang QA, Yamamoto E, Tokunaga M, Ishida T, Okumura M, Honma T, Fujitani T, Isogai A. Supported Noble Metal Catalysts and Adsorbents with Soft Lewis Acid Functions. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300148. [PMID: 37417711 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous noble metal catalysts exhibit various functions. Although their redox functions have been extensively studied, we focused on their soft Lewis acid functions. Supported Au, Pt, and Pd catalysts electrophilically attack the π-electrons of soft bases such as alkynes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds to perform addition and substitution reactions. Hydroamination, intramolecular cyclization of alkynyl carboxylic acids, isomerization of allylic esters, vinyl exchange reactions, Wacker oxidation, and oxidative homocoupling of aromatics are introduced based on a discussion of the active species and reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, the adsorption of sulfur compounds, which are soft bases, onto the supported AuNPs is discussed. The adsorption and removal of 1,3-dimethyltrisulfane (DMTS), which is the compound responsible for the stale odor of "hine-ka" in alcoholic beverages, particularly Japanese sake, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruno Murayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Qi-An Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tamao Ishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Honma
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Atsuko Isogai
- National Research Institute of Brewing (NRIB), Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
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2
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Trouvé J, Youssef K, Kasemthaveechok S, Gramage-Doria R. Catalyst Complexity in a Highly Active and Selective Wacker-Type Markovnikov Oxidation of Olefins with a Bioinspired Iron Complex. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Youssef
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, FR-35000 Rennes, France
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3
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Kar S, Luo J, Rauch M, Diskin-Posner Y, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Dehydrogenative ester synthesis from enol ethers and water with a ruthenium complex catalyzing two reactions in synergy. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:1481-1487. [PMID: 35308195 PMCID: PMC8860191 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc04574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the dehydrogenative synthesis of esters from enol ethers using water as the formal oxidant, catalyzed by a newly developed ruthenium acridine-based PNP(Ph)-type complex. Mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) studies suggest that an inner-sphere stepwise coupled reaction pathway is operational instead of a more intuitive outer-sphere tandem hydration-dehydrogenation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kar
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yehoshoa Ben-David
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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4
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Eisenstein O. From the Felkin‐Anh Rule to the Grignard Reaction: an Almost Circular 50 Year Adventure in the World of Molecular Structures and Reaction Mechanisms with Computational Chemistry**. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Eisenstein
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34095 France Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
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5
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Norjmaa G, Ujaque G, Lledós A. Beyond Continuum Solvent Models in Computational Homogeneous Catalysis. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn homogeneous catalysis solvent is an inherent part of the catalytic system. As such, it must be considered in the computational modeling. The most common approach to include solvent effects in quantum mechanical calculations is by means of continuum solvent models. When they are properly used, average solvent effects are efficiently captured, mainly those related with solvent polarity. However, neglecting atomistic description of solvent molecules has its limitations, and continuum solvent models all alone cannot be applied to whatever situation. In many cases, inclusion of explicit solvent molecules in the quantum mechanical description of the system is mandatory. The purpose of this article is to highlight through selected examples what are the reasons that urge to go beyond the continuum models to the employment of micro-solvated (cluster-continuum) of fully explicit solvent models, in this way setting the limits of continuum solvent models in computational homogeneous catalysis. These examples showcase that inclusion of solvent molecules in the calculation not only can improve the description of already known mechanisms but can yield new mechanistic views of a reaction. With the aim of systematizing the use of explicit solvent models, after discussing the success and limitations of continuum solvent models, issues related with solvent coordination and solvent dynamics, solvent effects in reactions involving small, charged species, as well as reactions in protic solvents and the role of solvent as reagent itself are successively considered.
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6
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Martínez‐Prieto LM, Río D, Álvarez E, Palma P, Cámpora J. Nucleophilic Nickel and Palladium Pincer Hydroxides: A Study of Their Reactions with Dimethyl Carbonate and Other Non‐Alkylating Organic Electrophiles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Martínez‐Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla C/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092 Seville Spain
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Avda. de Los Naranjos, s/n. 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Diego Río
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla C/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla C/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Pilar Palma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla C/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Juan Cámpora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla C/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092 Seville Spain
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7
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Temkin ON. Oxidation of Olefins to Carbonyl Compounds: Modern View of the Classical Reaction. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158420050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Bumberger AE, Gordon CP, Trummer D, Copéret C. C−H Activation and Olefin Insertion in d
8
and d
0
Complexes: Same Elementary Steps, Different Electronics. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E. Bumberger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1–5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1–5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - David Trummer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1–5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1–5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Abstract
This review recounts the development by the authors of the Pd-catalyzed procedures devoted to various kinds of oxidation. Starting with reactions assisted with UV light, the research has explored reactions under light-free conditions: allylic oxidation, alcohol oxidation, etherification, Wacker oxidation and dehydrogenations with, always, accompanying efforts towards mechanism determination.
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10
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Belviso F, Claerbout VEP, Comas-Vives A, Dalal NS, Fan FR, Filippetti A, Fiorentini V, Foppa L, Franchini C, Geisler B, Ghiringhelli LM, Groß A, Hu S, Íñiguez J, Kauwe SK, Musfeldt JL, Nicolini P, Pentcheva R, Polcar T, Ren W, Ricci F, Ricci F, Sen HS, Skelton JM, Sparks TD, Stroppa A, Urru A, Vandichel M, Vavassori P, Wu H, Yang K, Zhao HJ, Puggioni D, Cortese R, Cammarata A. Viewpoint: Atomic-Scale Design Protocols toward Energy, Electronic, Catalysis, and Sensing Applications. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14939-14980. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Belviso
- Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Victor E. P. Claerbout
- Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Naresh S. Dalal
- National High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Feng-Ren Fan
- Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alessio Filippetti
- Department of Physics at University of Cagliari, and CNR-IOM, UOS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentini
- Department of Physics at University of Cagliari, and CNR-IOM, UOS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Lucas Foppa
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cesare Franchini
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 8, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Benjamin Geisler
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, Duisburg 47057, Germany
| | | | - Axel Groß
- Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz Institut Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Shunbo Hu
- Department of Physics, Materials Genome Institute, and International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jorge Íñiguez
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Physics and Materials Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Rue du Brill 41, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Steven Kaai Kauwe
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, University of Utah, 122 Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Janice L. Musfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Paolo Nicolini
- Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rossitza Pentcheva
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, Duisburg 47057, Germany
| | - Tomas Polcar
- Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Physics, Materials Genome Institute, and International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fabio Ricci
- Physique Theorique des Materiaux, Universite de Liege, Sart-Tilman B-4000, Belgium
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Chemin des Etoiles 8, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Huseyin Sener Sen
- Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan Michael Skelton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor D. Sparks
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, University of Utah, 122 Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Alessandro Stroppa
- CNR-SPIN, Department of Physical Sciences and Chemistry, Universita degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito (AQ) 67010, Italy
| | - Andrea Urru
- Department of Physics at University of Cagliari, and CNR-IOM, UOS Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, Limerick University, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science and Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Paolo Vavassori
- CIC nanoGUNE, San Sebastian E-20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Hua Wu
- Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Jian Zhao
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Physics Department and Institute for Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701,United States
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Remedios Cortese
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Antonio Cammarata
- Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Foppa L, Iannuzzi M, Copéret C, Comas-Vives A. Adlayer Dynamics Drives CO Activation in Ru-Catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Foppa
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Schroeter F, Strassner T. Understanding Anionic “Ligandless” Palladium Species in the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5159-5173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schroeter
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Martínez-Prieto LM, Palma P, Álvarez E, Cámpora J. Nickel Pincer Complexes with Frequent Aliphatic Alkoxo Ligands [( iPrPCP)Ni-OR] (R = Et, nBu, iPr, 2-hydroxyethyl). An Assessment of the Hydrolytic Stability of Nickel and Palladium Alkoxides. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13086-13099. [PMID: 28985067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of nickel pincer complexes with terminal alkoxo ligands [(iPrPCP)Ni-OR] (R = Et, nBu, iPr, CH2CH2OH; iPrPCP is the 2,6-bis(diisopropylphosphinomethyl)phenyl pincer ligand) was synthesized and fully characterized. Together with the previously reported methoxo analogues of Ni and Pd, these complexes constitute a unique series of isostructural late transition-metal alkoxides. Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data provide direct indications of the strong polarization of their covalent Ni-OR bonds. One of the most salient features of this class of compounds is their facile hydrolysis with traces of moisture, leading to equilibrium mixtures with the corresponding hydroxides [(iPrPCP)M-OH] (M = Ni or Pd) and alcohols, ROH. To compare the hydrolytic stability of nickel and palladium alkoxides, we performed NMR titrations of both hydroxides with several alcohols and determined the corresponding equilibrium constants. In general, these constants are ca. 1 order of magnitude smaller for M = Ni than Pd, indicating that Ni alkoxide complexes are more readily hydrolyzed than their Pd counterparts. For alkoxide complexes containing heteroatom-free R groups, the tendency to hydrolyze decreases as the parent alcohol ROH becomes more acidic, that is, R = Me > Et > iPr. This intuitive trend is broken for 2-methoxyethanol, the most acidic alcohol investigated. The hydroxo/2-methoxyethanol exchange equilibrium constants are comparable to those of ethanol (M = Ni) or methanol (M = Pd), showing that the corresponding 2-methoxyethoxide complexes are more prone to hydrolysis than anticipated. These experimental observations were rationalized in the light of density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Martínez-Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas. CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla . c/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Palma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas. CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla . c/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas. CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla . c/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Cámpora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas. CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla . c/Américo Vespucio, 49. 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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14
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Walker KL, Dornan LM, Zare RN, Waymouth RM, Muldoon MJ. Mechanism of Catalytic Oxidation of Styrenes with Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Cationic Palladium(II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12495-12503. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Walker
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Laura M. Dornan
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark J. Muldoon
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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15
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Darabi HR, Rastgar S, Khatamifar E, Aghapoor K, Sayahi H, Firouzi R. Practical and theoretical aspects of Wacker oxidation of tolanophanes: Synthesis and characterization of novel diketonic cyclophanes. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Reza Darabi
- Nano & Organic Synthesis Laboratory; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI); Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway Tehran 1496813151 Iran
| | - Saeed Rastgar
- Nano & Organic Synthesis Laboratory; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI); Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway Tehran 1496813151 Iran
| | - Ehsan Khatamifar
- Nano & Organic Synthesis Laboratory; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI); Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway Tehran 1496813151 Iran
| | - Kioumars Aghapoor
- Nano & Organic Synthesis Laboratory; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI); Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway Tehran 1496813151 Iran
| | - Hani Sayahi
- Nano & Organic Synthesis Laboratory; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI); Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway Tehran 1496813151 Iran
| | - Rohoullah Firouzi
- Nano & Organic Synthesis Laboratory; Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI); Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway Tehran 1496813151 Iran
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16
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Groenenboom MC, Keith JA. Explicitly Unraveling the Roles of Counterions, Solvent Molecules, and Electron Correlation in Solution Phase Reaction Pathways. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10797-10807. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C. Groenenboom
- Department
of Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - John A. Keith
- Department
of Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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17
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Imandi V, Nair NN. The Wacker oxidation of allyl alcohol along cyclic–intermediate routes: An ab initio molecular dynamics investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Vidossich P, Lledós A, Ujaque G. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Studies of Organometallic Complexes and Homogeneous Catalytic Processes. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1271-8. [PMID: 27268523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry is a valuable aid to complement experimental studies of organometallic systems and their reactivity. It allows probing mechanistic hypotheses and investigating molecular structures, shedding light on the behavior and properties of molecular assemblies at the atomic scale. When approaching a chemical problem, the computational chemist has to decide on the theoretical approach needed to describe electron/nuclear interactions and the composition of the model used to approximate the actual system. Both factors determine the reliability of the modeling study. The community dedicated much effort to developing and improving the performance and accuracy of theoretical approaches for electronic structure calculations, on which the description of (inter)atomic interactions rely. Here, the importance of the model system used in computational studies is highlighted through examples from our recent research focused on organometallic systems and homogeneous catalytic processes. We show how the inclusion of explicit solvent allows the characterization of molecular events that would otherwise not be accessible in reduced model systems (clusters). These include the stabilization of nascent charged fragments via microscopic solvation (notably, hydrogen bonding), transfer of charge (protons) between distant fragments mediated by solvent molecules, and solvent coordination to unsaturated metal centers. Furthermore, when weak interactions are involved, we show how conformational and solvation properties of organometallic complexes are also affected by the explicit inclusion of solvent molecules. Such extended model systems may be treated under periodic boundary conditions, thus removing the cluster/continuum (or vacuum) boundary, and require a statistical mechanics simulation technique to sample the accessible configurational space. First-principles molecular dynamics, in which atomic forces are computed from electronic structure calculations (namely, density functional theory), is certainly the technique of choice to investigate chemical events in solution. This methodology is well established and thanks to advances in both algorithms and computational resources simulation times required for the modeling of chemical events are nowadays accessible, though the computational requirements use to be high. Specific applications reviewed here include mechanistic studies of the Shilov and Wacker processes, speciation in Pd chemistry, hydrogen bonding to metal centers, and the dynamics of agostic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química,
Edifici C.n., Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química,
Edifici C.n., Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gregori Ujaque
- Departament de Química,
Edifici C.n., Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Coombs JR, Morken JP. Catalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2636-49. [PMID: 26764019 PMCID: PMC4913282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Terminal alkenes are readily available functional groups which appear in α-olefins produced by the chemical industry, and they appear in the products of many contemporary synthetic reactions. While the organic transformations that apply to alkenes are amongst the most studied reactions in all of chemical synthesis, the number of reactions that apply to nonactivated terminal alkenes in a catalytic enantioselective fashion is small in number. This Minireview highlights the cases where stereocontrol in catalytic reactions of 1-alkenes is high enough to be useful for asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon St., Chesnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - James P Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon St., Chesnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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20
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Stirling A, Rozgonyi T, Krack M, Bernasconi M. Prebiotic NH3 Formation: Insights from Simulations. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1934-9. [PMID: 26831570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simulations of prebiotic NH₃ synthesis from NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ on pyrite surfaces under hydrothermal conditions are reported. Ab initio metadynamics calculations have successfully explored the full reaction path which explains earlier experimental observations. We have found that the reaction mechanism can be constructed from stepwise single atom transfers which are compatible with the expected reaction time scales. The roles of the hot-pressurized water and of the pyrite surfaces have been addressed. The mechanistic picture that emerged from the simulations strengthens the theory of chemoautotrophic origin of life by providing plausible reaction pathways for the formation of ammonia within the iron-sulfur-world scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Stirling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , POB 286, Budapest, 1519, Hungary
| | - Tamás Rozgonyi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , POB 286, Budapest, 1519, Hungary
| | - Matthias Krack
- Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bernasconi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca , Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano, Italy
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21
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Imandi V, Nair NN. Can the Absence of Isotope Scrambling in the Wacker Oxidation of Allyl Alcohol Disprove Outer Sphere Hydroxypalladation? J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11176-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramana Imandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nisanth N. Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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22
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A Mechanistic Study of Direct Activation of Allylic Alcohols in Palladium Catalyzed Amination Reactions. Catalysts 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/catal5010349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Jiang YY, Zhang Q, Yu HZ, Fu Y. Mechanism of Aldehyde-Selective Wacker-Type Oxidation of Unbiased Alkenes with a Nitrite Co-Catalyst. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5018776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Huasheng Building, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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24
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Kočovský P, Bäckvall JE. The syn/anti-dichotomy in the palladium-catalyzed addition of nucleophiles to alkenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:36-56. [PMID: 25378278 PMCID: PMC4471584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review the stereochemistry of palladium-catalyzed addition of nucleophiles to alkenes is discussed, and examples of these reactions in organic synthesis are given. Most of the reactions discussed involve oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles; the Wacker oxidation of ethylene has been reviewed in detail. An anti-hydroxypalladation in the Wacker oxidation has strong support from both experimental and computational studies. From the reviewed material it is clear that anti-addition of oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles is strongly favored in intermolecular addition to olefin-palladium complexes even if the nucleophile is coordinated to the metal. On the other hand, syn-addition is common in the case of intramolecular oxy- and amidopalladation as a result of the initial coordination of the internal nucleophile to the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kočovský
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University10691 Stockholm (Sweden)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles UniversityFlemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic), Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 (Czech Republic)
| | - Jan-E Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University10691 Stockholm (Sweden)
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25
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Stirling A, Nair NN, Lledós A, Ujaque G. Challenges in modelling homogeneous catalysis: new answers from ab initio molecular dynamics to the controversy over the Wacker process. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4940-52. [PMID: 24654007 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the mechanistic studies of the Wacker process stressing the long controversy about the key reaction steps. We give an overview of the previous experimental and theoretical studies on the topic. Then we describe the importance of the most recent Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) calculations in modelling organometallic reactivity in water. As a prototypical example of homogeneous catalytic reactions, the Wacker process poses serious challenges to modelling. The adequate description of the multiple role of the water solvent is very difficult by using static quantum chemical approaches including cluster and continuum solvent models. In contrast, such reaction systems are suitable for AIMD, and by combining with rare event sampling techniques, the method provides reaction mechanisms and the corresponding free energy profiles. The review also highlights how AIMD has helped to obtain a novel understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of the Wacker process.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Stirling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of HAS, Budapest, 1519 Budapest P.O. Box 286, Hungary.
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26
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Daru J, Stirling A. Divided Saddle Theory: A New Idea for Rate Constant Calculation. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1121-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400970y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- János Daru
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1025, Hungary
- Institute
of Chemistry, Loránd Eötvös University, Budapest 1518, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1025, Hungary
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27
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Gordillo A, Ortuño MA, López-Mardomingo C, Lledós A, Ujaque G, de Jesús E. Mechanistic studies on the Pd-catalyzed vinylation of aryl halides with vinylalkoxysilanes in water: the effect of the solvent and NaOH promoter. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13749-63. [PMID: 23968504 DOI: 10.1021/ja404255u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed vinylation of aryl halides with vinylalkoxysilanes in water has been studied using different catalytic precursors. The NaOH promoter converts the initial vinylalkoxysilane into a highly reactive water-soluble vinylsilanolate species. Similarly, deuterium-labeling experiments have shown that, irrespective of the catalytic precursor used, vinylation occurs exclusively at the CH vinylic functionality via a Heck reaction and not at the C-Si bond via a Hiyama cross-coupling. The involvement of a Heck mechanism is interpreted in terms of the reduced nucleophilicity of the base in water, which disfavors the transmetalation step. The Heck product (β-silylvinylarene) undergoes partial desilylation, with formation of a vinylarene, by three different routes: (a) hydrolytic desilylation by the aqueous solvent (only at high temperature); (b) transmetalation of the silyl olefin on the PdH Heck intermediate followed by reductive elimination of vinylarene; (c) reinsertion of the silyl olefin into the PdH bond of the Heck intermediate followed by β-Si syn-elimination. Both the Hiyama and Heck catalytic cycles and desilylation mechanisms b and c have been computationally evaluated for the [Pd(en)Cl2] precursor in water as solvent. The calculated Gibbs energy barriers support the reinsertion route proposed on the basis of the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gordillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá , Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Imandi V, Kunnikuruvan S, Nair NN. Hydroxypalladation Precedes the Rate-Determining Step in the Wacker Oxidation of Ethene. Chemistry 2013; 19:4724-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Comas-Vives A, Ujaque G. Unraveling the Pathway of Gold(I)-Catalyzed Olefin Hydrogenation: An Ionic Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1295-305. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305630z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093
Zürich, Switzerland
- Unitat de Química Física,
Departament de Química, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - Gregori Ujaque
- Unitat de Química Física,
Departament de Química, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia,
Spain
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30
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Rojas-Cervellera V, Giralt E, Rovira C. Staple Motifs, Initial Steps in the Formation of Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: How Do They Form? Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11422-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rojas-Cervellera
- Computer Simulation and Modeling
Laboratory, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10−12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Diagonal 647, 08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institut
de Recerca Biomèdica
de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10−12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Computer Simulation and Modeling
Laboratory, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10−12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Diagonal 647, 08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig
Lluís Companys 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Weliange NM, Sharp PR. Ethylene Oxidation by a Platinum(II) Hydroxo Complex. Insights into the Wacker Process. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita M. Weliange
- 125 Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Paul R. Sharp
- 125 Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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32
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Anand M, Sunoj RB. Role of Explicit Solvents in Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Alkoxylation of Arenes: An Interesting Paradigm for Preferred Outer-Sphere Reductive Elimination over Inner-Sphere Pathway. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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33
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Hamasaki A, Maruta S, Nakamura A, Tokunaga M. Palladium-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Butadiene Monoxide. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Sigman MS, Werner EW. Imparting catalyst control upon classical palladium-catalyzed alkenyl C-H bond functionalization reactions. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:874-84. [PMID: 22111756 DOI: 10.1021/ar200236v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional group transformations carried out by the palladium-catalyzed Wacker and Heck reactions are radically different, but they are both alkenyl C-H bond functionalization reactions that have found extensive use in organic synthesis. The synthetic community depends heavily on these important reactions, but selectivity issues arising from control by the substrate, rather than control by the catalyst, have prevented the realization of their full potential. Because of important similarities in the respective selectivity-determining nucleopalladation and β-hydride elimination steps of these processes, we posit that the mechanistic insight garnered through the development of one of these catalytic reactions may be applied to the other. In this Account, we detail our efforts to develop catalyst-controlled variants of both the Wacker oxidation and the Heck reaction to address synthetic limitations and provide mechanistic insight into the underlying organometallic processes of these reactions. In contrast to previous reports, we discovered that electrophilic palladium catalysts with noncoordinating counterions allowed for the use of a Lewis basic ligand to efficiently promote tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP)-mediated Wacker oxidation reactions of styrenes. This discovery led to the mechanistically guided development of a Wacker reaction catalyzed by a palladium complex with a bidentate ligand. This ligation may prohibit coordination of allylic heteroatoms, thereby allowing for the application of the Wacker oxidation to substrates that were poorly behaved under classical conditions. Likewise, we unexpectedly discovered that electrophilic Pd-σ-alkyl intermediates are capable of distinguishing between electronically inequivalent C-H bonds during β-hydride elimination. As a result, we have developed E-styrenyl selective oxidative Heck reactions of previously unsuccessful electronically nonbiased alkene substrates using arylboronic acid derivatives. The mechanistic insight gained from the development of this chemistry allowed for the rational design of a similarly E-styrenyl selective classical Heck reaction using aryldiazonium salts and a broad range of alkene substrates. The key mechanistic findings from the development of these reactions provide new insight into how to predictably impart catalyst control in organometallic processes that would otherwise afford complex product mixtures. Given our new understanding, we are optimistic that reactions that introduce increased complexity relative to simple classical processes may now be developed based on our ability to predict the selectivity-determining nucleopalladation and β-hydride elimination steps through catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Erik W. Werner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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35
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Kovács G, Stirling A, Lledós A, Ujaque G. The nature of [PdCl(2)(C(2)H(4))(H(2)O)] as an active species in the Wacker process: new insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Chemistry 2012; 18:5612-9. [PMID: 22461021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
First-principles molecular dynamics coupled with metadynamics have been used to gain a deeper insight into the reaction mechanism of the Wacker process by determining the nature of the active species. An explicit and dynamic representation of the aqueous solvent, which was essential for modeling this reaction, was efficiently included into the simulations. Prompted by our earlier results, which showed that the configuration of the catalytically active species [PdCl(2)(H(2)O)(C(2)H(4))] was crucial in the subsequent steps of the Wacker process, herein we focused on the preceding equilibria that led to the formation of both the cis and trans isomers. Starting from the initial catalyst, [PdCl(4)](2-), the free-energy barriers for the forward and backward reactions were calculated. These results confirmed the relevance of the trans intermediate in the reaction mechanism, whilst conversely, they showed that the cis configuration played no role in it. This sole participation of the trans intermediate has some very important implications; besides the mechanistic interpretation of the initial steps in the Wacker reaction mechanism, the analysis of these equilibria provides additional information about the chemical nature of these ligand-substitution processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kovács
- Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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36
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Harakat D, Muzart J, Le Bras J. ESI-MS mechanistic studies of Wacker oxidation of alkenes: dinuclear species as catalytic active intermediates. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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Liao RZ, Himo F. Theoretical Study of the Chemoselectivity of Tungsten-Dependent Acetylene Hydratase. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200242m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zhen Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Michel BW, Steffens LD, Sigman MS. On the mechanism of the palladium-catalyzed tert-butylhydroperoxide-mediated Wacker-type oxidation of alkenes using quinoline-2-oxazoline ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8317-25. [PMID: 21553838 DOI: 10.1021/ja2017043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the tert-butylhydroperoxide-mediated, Pd(Quinox)-catalyzed Wacker-type oxidation was investigated to evaluate the hypothesis that a selective catalyst-controlled oxidation could be achieved by rendering the palladium coordinatively saturated using a bidentate amine ligand. The unique role of the Quinox ligand framework was probed via systematic ligand modifications. The modified ligands were evaluated through quantitative Hammett analysis, which supports a "push-pull" relationship between the electronically asymmetric quinoline and oxazoline ligand modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Michel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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39
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McDonald RI, Liu G, Stahl SS. Palladium(II)-catalyzed alkene functionalization via nucleopalladation: stereochemical pathways and enantioselective catalytic applications. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2981-3019. [PMID: 21428440 PMCID: PMC3076534 DOI: 10.1021/cr100371y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard I McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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40
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Nair NN. Ligand Exchanges and Hydroxypalladation Reactions of the Wacker Process in Aqueous Solution at High Cl− Concentration. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2312-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110168p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisanth N. Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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41
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Abstract
According to the generally accepted picture of CO(2) dissolution in water, the formation of H(2)CO(3) proceeds in a single step that involves the attack of a water oxygen on the CO(2) carbon in concert with a proton transfer to a CO(2) oxygen. In the present work, a series of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out along with the metadynamics technique which reveals a stepwise mechanism: the reaction of a water molecule with CO(2) yields HCO(3)(-) as an intermediate and a hydronium ion, whereas the protonation of the CO(2) moiety occurs in a separate step representing a well-defined activation barrier toward the H(2)CO(3) molecule. This alternative scenario was already taken into consideration decades ago, but subsequent experiments and calculations have given preference to the concerted mechanism. Employing extended periodic models of the CO(2)-water system that mimic the bulk aqueous environment, the present simulations yield the complete free energy profile of the stepwise mechanism and provide a detailed microscopic mechanism of the elementary steps. HCO(3)(-) formation is found to be the rate-determining step of the entire CO(2) hydration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Stirling
- Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Dub PA, Poli R. The Pt-Catalyzed Ethylene Hydroamination by Aniline: A Computational Investigation of the Catalytic Cycle. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13799-812. [PMID: 20822149 DOI: 10.1021/ja1051654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Dub
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, F-31077 Toulouse, France, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, F-31077 Toulouse, France, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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43
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Anderson BJ, Keith JA, Sigman MS. Experimental and computational study of a direct O2-coupled Wacker oxidation: water dependence in the absence of Cu salts. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11872-4. [PMID: 20687555 PMCID: PMC2929811 DOI: 10.1021/ja1057218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the Pd[(-)-sparteine]Cl(2) catalyzed oxidation of decene using oxygen as the sole oxidant have been studied in the absence of copper salts and high [Cl(-)]. Saturation kinetics are observed for [decene] as well as a third order dependence on [water]. A mechanism is proposed involving the dissociation of two chlorides and rate-limiting formation of a three-water hydrogen bridged network and subsequent oxypalladation as supported by computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-085, USA
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44
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Comas-Vives A, Ujaque G, Lledós A. Inner- and Outer-Sphere Hydrogenation Mechanisms: A Computational Perspective. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(10)62006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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