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Yang W, Rosenkranz M, Velkos G, Ziegs F, Dubrovin V, Schiemenz S, Spree L, de Souza Barbosa MF, Guillemard C, Valvidares M, Büchner B, Liu F, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Covalency versus magnetic axiality in Nd molecular magnets: Nd-photoluminescence, strong ligand-field, and unprecedented nephelauxetic effect in fullerenes NdM 2N@C 80 (M = Sc, Lu, Y). Chem Sci 2024; 15:2141-2157. [PMID: 38332818 PMCID: PMC10848757 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nd-based nitride clusterfullerenes NdM2N@C80 with rare-earth metals of different sizes (M = Sc, Y, Lu) were synthesized to elucidate the influence of the cluster composition, shape and internal strain on the structural and magnetic properties. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a very short Nd-N bond length in NdSc2N@C80. For Lu and Y analogs, the further shortening of the Nd-N bond and pyramidalization of the NdM2N cluster are predicted by DFT calculations as a result of the increased cluster size and a strain caused by the limited size of the fullerene cage. The short distance between Nd and nitride ions leads to a very large ligand-field splitting of Nd3+ of 1100-1200 cm-1, while the variation of the NdM2N cluster composition and concomitant internal strain results in the noticeable modulation of the splitting, which could be directly assessed from the well-resolved fine structure in the Nd-based photoluminescence spectra of NdM2N@C80 clusterfullerenes. Photoluminescence measurements also revealed an unprecedentedly strong nephelauxetic effect, pointing to a high degree of covalency. The latter appears detrimental to the magnetic axiality despite the strong ligand field. As a result, the ground magnetic state has considerable transversal components of the pseudospin g-tensor, and the slow magnetic relaxation of NdSc2N@C80 could be observed by AC magnetometry only in the presence of a magnetic field. A combination of the well-resolved magneto-optical states and slow relaxation of magnetization suggests that Nd clusterfullerenes can be useful building blocks for magneto-photonic quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Frank Ziegs
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Vasilii Dubrovin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Lukas Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) 01069 Dresden Germany
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Xin J, Jin F, Guan R, Chen M, Xie XM, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Yang S. Ancient pigment to treasure: Prussian blue as a cheap solid cyanide/nitrogen dual-source affording the high-yield syntheses of pricey endohedral clusterfullerenes. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prussian blue was applied for the first time as a cheap solid cyanide/nitrogen dual-source, affording simplified yet high-yield simultaneous syntheses of novel dysprosium-based metal cyanide clusterfullerenes and metal nitride clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
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Lu Y, Zhang J, Zhao C, Nie M, Wang C, Wang T. Zirconium nitride as a highly efficient nitrogen source to synthesize the metal nitride clusterfullerenes. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Junghans K, Rosenkranz M, Popov AA. Sc3CH@C80: selective (13)C enrichment of the central carbon atom. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 52:6561-4. [PMID: 27109443 PMCID: PMC4902131 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sc3CH@C80 is synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, and 45Sc NMR. A large negative chemical shift of the proton, −11.73 ppm in the Ih and −8.79 ppm in the D5h C80 cage isomers, is found. 13C satellites in the 1H NMR spectrum enabled indirect determination of the 13C chemical shift for the central carbon at 173 ± 1 ppm. Intensity of the satellites allowed determination of the 13C content for the central carbon atom. This unique possibility is applied to analyze the cluster/cage 13C distribution in mechanistic studies employing either 13CH4 or 13C powder to enrich Sc3CH@C80 with 13C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Junghans
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Transformation of doped graphite into cluster-encapsulated fullerene cages. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1222. [PMID: 29089497 PMCID: PMC5663703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultimate goal in carbon nanoscience is to decipher formation mechanisms of highly ordered systems. Here, we disclose chemical processes that result in formation of high-symmetry clusterfullerenes, which attract interest for use in applications that span biomedicine to molecular electronics. The conversion of doped graphite into a C80 cage is shown to occur through bottom-up self-assembly reactions. Unlike conventional forms of fullerene, the iconic Buckminsterfullerene cage, Ih-C60, is entirely avoided in the bottom-up formation mechanism to afford synthesis of group 3-based metallic nitride clusterfullerenes. The effects of structural motifs and cluster–cage interactions on formation of compounds in the solvent-extractable C70–C100 region are determined by in situ studies of defined clusterfullerenes under typical synthetic conditions. This work establishes the molecular origin and mechanism that underlie formation of unique carbon cage materials, which may be used as a benchmark to guide future nanocarbon explorations. An understanding of how caged carbon materials self-assemble from doped graphite is a long-standing challenge. Here, the authors show that distinct bottom-up processes lead to the synthesis of high-symmetry clusterfullerenes.
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Chen CH, Krylov DS, Avdoshenko S, Liu F, Spree L, Yadav R, Alvertis A, Hozoi L, Nenkov K, Kostanyan A, Greber T, Wolter AUB, Popov AA. Selective arc-discharge synthesis of Dy 2S-clusterfullerenes and their isomer-dependent single molecule magnetism. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6451-6465. [PMID: 29263779 PMCID: PMC5734629 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02395b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the selective synthesis of sulfide clusterfullerenes Dy2S@C2n is developed. Addition of methane to the reactive atmosphere reduces the formation of empty fullerenes in the arc-discharge synthesis, whereas the use of Dy2S3 as a source of metal and sulfur affords sulfide clusterfullerenes as the main fullerene products along with smaller amounts of carbide clusterfullerenes. Two isomers of Dy2S@C82 with Cs(6) and C3v(8) cage symmetry, Dy2S@C72-Cs(10528), and a carbide clusterfullerene Dy2C2@C82-Cs(6) were isolated. The molecular structure of both Dy2S@C82 isomers was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. SQUID magnetometry demonstrates that all of these clusterfullerenes exhibit hysteresis of magnetization, with Dy2S@C82-C3v(8) being the strongest single molecule magnet in the series. DC- and AC-susceptibility measurements were used to determine magnetization relaxation times in the temperature range from 1.6 K to 70 K. Unprecedented magnetization relaxation dynamics with three consequent Orbach processes and energy barriers of 10.5, 48, and 1232 K are determined for Dy2S@C82-C3v(8). Dy2S@C82-Cs(6) exhibits faster relaxation of magnetization with two barriers of 15.2 and 523 K. Ab initio calculations were used to interpret experimental data and compare the Dy-sulfide clusterfullerenes to other Dy-clusterfullerenes. The smallest and largest barriers are ascribed to the exchange/dipolar barrier and relaxation via crystal-field states, respectively, whereas an intermediate energy barrier of 48 K in Dy2S@C82-C3v(8) is assigned to the local phonon mode, corresponding to the librational motion of the Dy2S cluster inside the carbon cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Lukas Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Antonis Alvertis
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Liviu Hozoi
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Konstantin Nenkov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Aram Kostanyan
- Physik-Institut , Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut , Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anja U. B. Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
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8
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Dallas P, Meysami SS, Grobert N, Porfyrakis K. Classification of carbon nanostructure families occurring in a chemically activated arc discharge reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the generation of empty cages, endohedral metallofullerenes and carbon nanotubes is an important challenge for the tailored synthesis of functional materials and their scaled up production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Dallas
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- UK
| | | | - N. Grobert
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- UK
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9
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Zhang Y, Krylov D, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Popov AA. Magnetic anisotropy of endohedral lanthanide ions: paramagnetic NMR study of MSc 2N@C 80- Ih with M running through the whole 4f row. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2328-2341. [PMID: 29308147 PMCID: PMC5645780 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramagnetic and variable temperature 13C and 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance studies are performed for nitride clusterfullerenes MSc2N@C80 with icosahedral Ih(7) carbon cage, where M runs through all lanthanides forming nitride clusters. The influence of the endohedral lanthanide ions on the NMR spectral pattern is carefully followed, and dramatic differences are found in peak positions and line widths. Thus, 13C lines broaden from 0.01-0.02 ppm in diamagnetic MSc2N@C80 molecules (M = La, Y, Lu) to several ppm in TbSc2N@C80 and DySc2N@C80. Direction of the paramagnetic shift depends on the shape of the 4f electron density in corresponding lanthanide ions. In TmSc2N@C80 and ErSc2N@C80 with prolate 4f-density of lanthanide ions, 13C signals are shifted down-field, whereas 45Sc peaks are shifted up-field versus diamagnetic values. In all other MSc2N@C80 molecules lanthanide ions have oblate-shaped 4f electron density, and the lanthanide-induced shift is negative for 13C and positive for 45Sc peaks. Analysis of the pseudocontact and contact contributions to chemical shifts revealed that the pseudocontact term dominates both in 13C and 45Sc NMR spectra, although contact shifts for 13C signals are also considerable. Point charge computations of the ligand field splitting are performed to explain experimental results, and showed reasonable agreement with experimental pseudocontact shifts. Nitrogen atom bearing large negative charge and located close to the lanthanide ion results in large magnetic anisotropy of lanthanide ions in nitride clusterfullerenes with quasi-uniaxial ligand field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - D Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - M Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - S Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
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Wei T, Liu F, Wang S, Zhu X, Popov AA, Yang S. An Expanded Family of Dysprosium-Scandium Mixed-Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of the Lanthanide Metal on the Carbon Cage Size Distribution. Chemistry 2015; 21:5750-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Endohedral metal or a fullerene cage based oxidation? Redox duality of nitride clusterfullerenes Ce(x)M(3-x)N@C(78-88) (x = 1, 2; M = Sc and Y) dictated by the encaged metals and the carbon cage size. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1038-1048. [PMID: 24292599 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox behavior of endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular their oxidation process, can be classified as a fullerene-based or endohedral species-based process according to the mechanism of the electron transfer. Here we report on the phenomenon of the strain-driven electrochemical behavior achieved by encapsulating the cerium-containing clusters into a series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88. The Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes CexM3-xN@C2n (x = 1, 2; M = Sc or Y; 2n = 78-88) were synthesized and characterized. The magnitude of the inherent strain caused by the limited inner space of the carbon cage for the relatively large nitride clusters can be varied by choosing different scaffold metals (Sc, Lu, or Y) to tailor the size of the encaged CexM3-xN cluster and by matching the nitride cluster with different fullerene cages in the size range from C78 to C88. The redox properties of CexM3-xN@C2n were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes, in particular whether the fullerene-based oxidation or the Ce(III) → Ce(IV) process is observed, is found to be dependent on the scaffold metal and the size of the fullerene cage. The endohedral oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) was observed for a number of compounds as revealed by the negative shift of their oxidation potentials with respect to the values measured for the non-Ce analogues. Experimental studies are supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that the prerequisites for the Ce-based endohedral oxidation process are suitable inherent cluster-cage strain and sufficiently high oxidation potential of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:7723-60. [PMID: 22907208 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of hybrid molecules formed by encapsulation of metallic species inside fullerene cages, exhibit unique properties that differ distinctly from those of empty fullerenes because of the presence of metals and their hybridization effects via electron transfer. This critical review provides a balanced but not an exhaustive summary regarding almost all aspects of EMFs, including the history, the classification, current progress in the synthesis, extraction, isolation, and characterization of EMFs, as well as their physiochemical properties and applications in fields such as electronics, photovoltaics, biomedicine, and materials science. Emphasis is assigned to experimentally obtained results, especially the X-ray crystallographic characterizations of EMFs and their derivatives, rather than theoretical calculations, although the latter has indeed enhanced our knowledge of metal-cage interactions. Finally, perspectives related to future developments and challenges in the research of EMFs are proposed. (381 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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Liu F, Guan J, Wei T, Wang S, Jiao M, Yang S. A Series of Inorganic Solid Nitrogen Sources for the Synthesis of Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Dependence of Production Yield on the Oxidation State of Nitrogen and Counter Ion. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3814-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fupin Liu
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingzhi Jiao
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
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Svitova AL, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Gd-Sc-based mixed-metal nitride cluster fullerenes: mutual influence of the cage and cluster size and the role of scandium in the electronic structure. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3368-80. [PMID: 23469831 DOI: 10.1021/ic400049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the cage as well as of the cluster size has been studied in Gd-Sc nitride cluster fullerenes, which have been synthesized and isolated for these studies. A series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88 have been synthesized, isolated, and characterized in detail using absorption and vibrational spectroscopy as well as electrochemistry and density functional theory calculations. Gd-Sc mixed-metal cluster fullerenes in carbon cages different from C80 were described for the first time. A review of their structures, properties, and stability is given. The synthesis was performed with melamine as an effective solid source of nitrogen, providing high fullerene yield and suppressing empty fullerene formation. Substitution of gadolinium by scandium imposes a noticeable influence on the electronic structure of nitride cluster fullerenes as revealed by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Svitova A, Braun K, Popov AA, Dunsch L. A platform for specific delivery of lanthanide-scandium mixed-metal cluster fullerenes into target cells. ChemistryOpen 2012; 1:207-10. [PMID: 24551509 PMCID: PMC3922590 DOI: 10.1002/open.201200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Klaus Braun
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden (Germany) E-mail:
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Jiao M, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wei T, Chen C, Liu F, Yang S. Urea as a New and Cheap Nitrogen Source for the Synthesis of Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of Decomposed Products on the Selectivity of Fullerenes. Chemistry 2012; 18:2666-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang S, Liu F, Chen C, Jiao M, Wei T. Fullerenes encaging metal clusters--clusterfullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11822-39. [PMID: 21720619 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clusterfullerenes represent a novel branch of endohedral fullerenes, which are characterized by a robust fullerene cage with metal clusters encaged in its hollow. Since the discovery of nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) in 1999, the family of clusterfullerenes has been significantly expanded within the past decade, with new members including carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs), hydrocarbide clusterfullerenes (HCCFs), oxide clusterfullerenes (OCFs), sulfide clusterfullerenes (SCFs), and carbonitride clusterfullerenes (CNCFs). We first present the classification of clusterfullerenes and list all the clusterfullerenes reported to date. For each type of clusterfullerenes, we review in detail their synthesis, separation, intriguing molecular structures and properties. For NCFs, as the first and most important clusterfullerenes, we point out the significance of their discovery and focus on their new synthesis and separation methods as well as the new advances. Finally the potential applications of clusterfullerenes are addressed. We conclude that clusterfullerenes appear to be the fastest growing family of endohedral fullerenes up to now, and emphasize the importance of exploring new structures and chemical functionalizations of clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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