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Zhu B, Ehara M, Sakaki S. Propene oxidation catalysis and electronic structure of M 55 particles (M = Pd or Rh): differences and similarities between Pd 55 and Rh 55. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11783-11796. [PMID: 32215421 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Propene oxidation is one of the important reactions that occurs in the presence of a three-way catalyst but its reaction mechanism is unclear. The reaction mechanisms and differences in catalysis between Pd and Rh particles were investigated by DFT calculations employing Pd55 and Rh55 as the model catalysts. The O-attack mechanism, in which the O atom adsorbed on the Pd55 and Rh55 surfaces attacks the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond of propene, needs to overcome a large activation barrier (Ea). On the other hand, C-H bond cleavage of the methyl group of propene easily occurs with moderate Ea; the mechanism initiated by this C-H activation is named H-transfer mechanism. In this mechanism, the next step is allyl alcohol formation, followed by the second C-H bond activation of the CH2OH species of allyl alcohol, and the final step is proton transfer from OH-substituted π-allyl species to the OH group on the metal surface to yield acrolein and water molecules with the regeneration of M55. The rate-determining step is the second C-H bond activation. Its Ea is 17.4 kcal mol-1 for the reaction on Pd55 and 34.4 kcal mol-1 for the reaction on Rh55. These results indicate that Pd particles are more active than Rh particles in propene oxidation, which agrees with the experimental findings. The larger Ea for Rh55 than that for Pd55 arises from the stronger Rh-OH bond than the Pd-OH bond. The higher energy d-valence band-top of Rh55 than that of Pd55 is the origin of the stronger Rh-OH bond than the Pd-OH bond. Thus, the d-valence band-top energy is an important property for understanding and designing catalysts for alkene oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan.
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2
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Bruffaerts J, Vasseur A, Singh S, Masarwa A, Didier D, Oskar L, Perrin L, Eisenstein O, Marek I. Zirconocene-Mediated Selective C-C Bond Cleavage of Strained Carbocycles: Scope and Mechanism. J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29537856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several approaches using organozirconocene species for the remote cleavage of strained three-membered ring carbocycles are described. ω-Ene polysubstituted cyclopropanes, alkylidenecyclopropanes, ω-ene spiro[2.2]pentanes, and ω-ene cyclopropyl methyl ethers were successfully transformed into stereodefined organometallic intermediates, allowing an easy access to highly stereoenriched acyclic scaffolds in good yields and, in most cases, excellent selectivities. DFT calculations and isotopic labeling experiments were performed to delineate the origin of the obtained chemo- and stereoselectivities, demonstrating the importance of microreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bruffaerts
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Alexandre Vasseur
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Sukhdev Singh
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Dorian Didier
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Liron Oskar
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Lionel Perrin
- CPE Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246 , Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Equipe ITEMM, Bât. Curien, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM-ENSCM , Université de Montpellier , cc 1501, Place E. Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
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Firouzbakht M, Rijs NJ, González-Navarrete P, Schlangen M, Kaupp M, Schwarz H. On the Activation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide by [HTaO](+) and [TaOH](+) in the Gas Phase: A Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:10581-9. [PMID: 27356217 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The thermal reactions of [Ta,O,H](+) with methane and carbon dioxide have been investigated experimentally and theoretically by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and density functional theory calculations. Although the activation of methane proceeds by liberation of H2 , the activation of CO2 gives rise to the formation of [OTa(OH)](+) under the elimination of CO. Computational studies of the reactions of methane and carbon dioxide with the two isomers of [Ta,O,H](+) , namely, [HTaO](+) and [Ta(OH)](+) , have been performed to elucidate mechanistic aspects and to explain characteristic reaction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Firouzbakht
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universtät Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole J Rijs
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universtät Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universtät Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universtät Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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Li J, Wu XN, Zhou S, Tang S, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Deutlich unterschiedliche Mechanismen der Wasserstoffatomabstraktion aus Methan und Wasser durch den heteronuklearen Oxidcluster [Ga2MgO4].+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Li J, Wu XN, Zhou S, Tang S, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Distinct Mechanistic Differences in the Hydrogen-Atom Transfer from Methane and Water by the Heteronuclear Oxide Cluster [Ga2MgO4].+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12298-302. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Mayer P, Halvachizadeh J, Mungham A. The dehydrogenation of alcohols and hydrocarbons by atomic metal anions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:487-495. [PMID: 26307730 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of anionic metal-carbonyl systems toward hydrocarbons, alcohols and a variety of other classes of molecules is well established in the literature. In this study we explored the reactions of atomic metal anions M(-), notably K(-), Cs(-), Co(-), Fe(-), Cu(-) and Ag(-), with alcohols, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. All of the metal anions deprotonated the alcohols and alkynes. Also observed were the subsequent reactions of the resulting organic anions. Fe(-) and Cu(-) consistently displayed mono- and bis-dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols, and alkanes, alkenes and alkynes to form MH(-) and MH(2)(-). Mechanisms for the dehydrogenation reactions are proposed and substantiated with isotopically-labelled reagents and thermochemical arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mayer
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5.
| | | | - Alex Mungham
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5.
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7
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Guan W, Sayyed FB, Zeng G, Sakaki S. σ-Bond Activation of Small Molecules and Reactions Catalyzed by Transition-Metal Complexes: Theoretical Understanding of Electronic Processes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6444-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5003429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishi-hiraki-cho
34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Fareed Bhasha Sayyed
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishi-hiraki-cho
34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Guixiang Zeng
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishi-hiraki-cho
34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishi-hiraki-cho
34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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8
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Cheng GJ, Yang YF, Liu P, Chen P, Sun TY, Li G, Zhang X, Houk KN, Yu JQ, Wu YD. Role of N-acyl amino acid ligands in Pd(II)-catalyzed remote C-H activation of tethered arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:894-7. [PMID: 24410499 DOI: 10.1021/ja411683n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental/computational study on the amino acid ligand-assisted Pd-catalyzed C-H bond activation reveals a mechanism in which the amino acid acts as both a dianionic bidentate ligand and a proton acceptor. This new model explains the effects of amino acids on reactivity and selectivity and unveils the dual roles of amino acids: stabilizing monomeric Pd complexes and serving as the internal base for proton abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Juan Cheng
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Engle KM, Yu JQ. Developing ligands for palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalization: intimate dialogue between ligand and substrate. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8927-55. [PMID: 23565982 PMCID: PMC3779523 DOI: 10.1021/jo400159y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous transition-metal-catalyzed reactions are indispensable to all facets of modern chemical synthesis. It is thus difficult to imagine that for much of the early 20th century, the reactivity and selectivity of all known homogeneous metal catalysts paled in comparison to their heterogeneous and biological counterparts. In the intervening decades, advances in ligand design bridged this divide, such that today some of the most demanding bond-forming events are mediated by ligand-supported homogeneous metal species. While ligand design has propelled many areas of homogeneous catalysis, in the field of Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalization, suitable ligand scaffolds are lacking, which has hampered the development of broadly practical transformations based on C-H functionalization logic. In this Perspective, we offer an account of our research employing three ligand scaffolds, mono-N-protected amino acids, 2,6-disubstituted pyridines, and 2,2'-bipyridines, to address challenges posed by several synthetically versatile substrate classes. Drawing on this work, we discuss principles of ligand design, such as the need to match a ligand to a particular substrate class, and how ligand traits such as tunability and modularity can be advantageous in reaction discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
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10
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Dietl N, Wende T, Chen K, Jiang L, Schlangen M, Zhang X, Asmis KR, Schwarz H. Structure and Chemistry of the Heteronuclear Oxo-Cluster [VPO4]•+: A Model System for the Gas-Phase Oxidation of Small Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3711-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400198y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dietl
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Wende
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Chen
- Lab of Computational
Chemistry
and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate
School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055,
P. R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational
Chemistry
and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate
School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055,
P. R. China
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Activation of remote meta-C-H bonds assisted by an end-on template. Nature 2012; 486:518-22. [PMID: 22739317 DOI: 10.1038/nature11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) single bonds is an efficient strategy for rapid generation of complex molecules from simpler ones. However, it is difficult to achieve selectivity when multiple inequivalent C-H bonds are present in the target molecule. The usual approach is to use σ-chelating directing groups, which lead to ortho-selectivity through the formation of a conformationally rigid six- or seven-membered cyclic pre-transition state. Despite the broad utility of this approach, proximity-driven reactivity prevents the activation of remote C-H bonds. Here we report a class of easily removable nitrile-containing templates that direct the activation of distal meta-C-H bonds (more than ten bonds away) of a tethered arene. We attribute this new mode of C-H activation to a weak 'end-on' interaction between the linear nitrile group and the metal centre. The 'end-on' coordination geometry relieves the strain of the cyclophane-like pre-transition state of the meta-C-H activation event. In addition, this template overrides the intrinsic electronic and steric biases as well as ortho-directing effects with two broadly useful classes of arene substrates (toluene derivatives and hydrocinnamic acids).
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12
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Jašíková L, Hanikýřová E, Schröder D, Roithová J. Aromatic C-H bond activation revealed by infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:460-465. [PMID: 22689621 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-oxide cations are models of catalyst mediating the C-H bond activation of organic substrates. One of the most powerful reagents suggested in the gas phase is based on CuO(+) . Here, we describe the activation of the aromatic C-H bonds of phenanthroline in its complex with CuO(+) . The reaction sequence starts with a hydrogen atom abstraction by the oxygen atom from the 2-position of the phenanthroline ring, followed by OH migration to the ring. Using infrared multiphoton spectroscopy, it is shown that the reaction can be energetically facilitated by additional coordination of a water ligand to the copper ion. As the reaction is intramolecular, a spectroscopic characterization of the product is mandatory in order to unambiguously address the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jašíková
- Department of Organic and Nuclear Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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13
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Butschke B, Schwarz H. “Rollover” cyclometalation – early history, recent developments, mechanistic insights and application aspects. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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14
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Butschke B, Schwarz H. Thermal C−H Bond Activation of Benzene, Toluene, and Methane with Cationic [M(X)(bipy)]+ (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; X = CH3, Cl; bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine): A Mechanistic Study. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om101138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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