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Shao L, Zhang H, He X, Hua B, Hu X, Wan C, Kelley SP, Atwood JL. Molecular Entrapment of Polymers by Pyrogallol[4]arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:693-698. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Bin Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiangquan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Caixia Wan
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jerry L. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Waidely E, Pumilia C, Malagon A, Vargas EF, Li S, Leblanc RM. Host-guest complexation of a pyrogallol[4]arene derivative at the air-water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1368-1375. [PMID: 25588110 DOI: 10.1021/la504841u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest properties of acetylated aryl pyrogallol[4]arene (AcPy) were studied as a Langmuir monolayer at the air-water interface. The self-assembled Langmuir monolayer properties and interactions with monovalent and divalent metal cations were investigated using surface pressure- and surface potential-area isotherms, compression-decompression cycles, stability, and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). A favorable interaction is observed for complexation between acetylated aryl pyrogallol[4]arene with divalent calcium and cadmium cations, while no interaction is observed for monovalent sodium and potassium cations. Spectroscopic techniques allow for discrimination between cadmium and calcium complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Waidely
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Kumari H, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution structures of nanoassemblies based on pyrogallol[4]arenes. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3080-8. [PMID: 25198830 DOI: 10.1021/ar500222w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoassemblies of hydrogen-bonded and metal-seamed pyrogallol[4]arenes have been shown to possess novel solution-phase geometries. Further, we have demonstrated that both guest encapsulation and structural rearrangements may be studied by solution-phase techniques such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and diffusion NMR. Application of these techniques to pyrogallol[4]arene-based nanoassemblies has allowed (1) differentiation among spherical, ellipsoidal, toroidal, and tubular structures in solution, (2) determination of factors that control the preferred geometrical shape and size of the nanoassemblies, and (3) detection of small variations in metric dimensions distinguishing similarly and differently shaped nanoassemblies in a given solution. Indeed, we have shown that the solution-phase structure of such nanoassemblies is often quite different from what one would predict based on solid-state studies, a result in disagreement with the frequently made assumption that these assemblies have similar structures in the two phases. We instead have predicted solid-state architectures from solution-phase structures by combining the solution-phase analysis with solid-state magnetic and elemental analyses. Specifically, the iron-seamed C-methylpyrogallol[4]arene nanoassembly was found to be tubular in solution and predicted to be tubular in the solid state, but it was found to undergo a rearrangement from a tubular to spherical geometry in solution as a function of base concentration. The absence of metal within a tubular framework affects its stability in both solution and the solid state; however, this instability is not necessarily characteristic of hydrogen-bonded capsular entities. Even metal seaming of the capsules does not guarantee similar solid-state and solution-phase architectures. The rugby ball-shaped gallium-seamed C-butylpyrogallol[4]arene hexamer becomes toroidal on dissolution, as does the spherically shaped gallium/zinc-seamed C-butylpyrogallol[4]arene hexamer. However, the arenes are arranged differently in the two toroids, a variation that accounts for the differences in their sizes and guest encapsulation. Guest encapsulation of biotemplates, such as insulin, has demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing nanocapsules with a volume three times that of a hexamer. The solution-phase studies have also demonstrated that the self-assembly of dimers versus hexamers can be controlled by the choice of metal, solvent, and temperature. Controlling the size of the host, nature of the metal, and identity of the guest will allow construction of targeted host-guest assemblies having potential uses as drug delivery agents, nanoscale reaction vessels, and radioimaging/radiotherapy agents. Overall, the present series of solid- and solution-phase studies has begun to pave the way toward a more complete understanding of the properties and behavior of complex supramolecular nanoassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Kumari
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Carol A. Deakyne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Jerry L. Atwood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
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Negin S, Li R, Kulikov OV, Daschbach MM, Gokel GW. Ion transport through bilayer membranes mediated by pyrogallol[4]arenes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kulikov OV, Negin S, Rath NP, Gokel GW. Morphologies of branched-chain pyrogallol[4]arenes in the solid state. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.860228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Kulikov
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Gokel GW, Negin S. Synthetic ion channels: from pores to biological applications. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2824-33. [PMID: 23738778 DOI: 10.1021/ar400026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this Account, we describe the development of several diverse families of synthetic, membrane-active amphiphiles that form pores and facilitate transport within membrane bilayers. For the most part, the compounds are amphiphiles that insert into the bilayer and form pores either on their own or by self-assembly. The first family of synthetic ion channels prepared in our lab, the hydraphiles, used crown ethers as head groups and as a polar central element. In a range of biophysical studies, we showed that the hydraphiles formed unimolecular pores that spanned the bilayer. They mediated the transport of Na(+) and K(+) but were blocked by Ag(+). The hydraphiles are nonrectifying and disrupt ion homeostasis. As a result, these synthetic ion channels are toxic to various bacteria and yeast, a feature that has been used therapeutically in direct injection chemotherapy. We also developed a family of amphiphilic heptapeptide ion transporters that selected Cl(-) >10-fold over K(+) and showed voltage dependent gating. The formed pores were approximately dimeric, and variations in the N- and C-terminal anchor chains and the acids affected transport rates. Surprisingly, the longer N-terminal anchor chains led to less transport but greater Cl(-) selectivity. A proline residue, which is present in the ClC protein channel's conductance pore, proved to be critical for Cl(-) transport selectivity. Pyrogallol[4]arenes are macrocycles formed by acid-catalyzed condensation of four 1,2,3- trihydroxybenzenes with four aldehydes. The combination of 12 hydroxyl groups on one face of the macrocycle and four pendant alkyl chains conferred considerable amphiphilicity to these compounds. The pyrogallol[4]arenes inserted into bilayer membranes and conducted ions. Based on our experimental evidence, the ions passed through a self-assembled pore comprising four or five amphiphiles rather than passing through the central opening of a single macrocycle. Pyrogallol[4]arenes constructed with branched chains are also amphiphilic and active in membranes. The pyrogallol[4]arene with 3-pentyl sidechains formed a unique nanotube assembly and functioned as an ion channel in bilayer membranes. Finally, we showed that dianilides of either isophthalic or dipicolinic acids, compounds which have been extensively studied as anion binders, can self-assemble to form pores within bilayers. We called these dianilides tris-arenes and have shown that they readily bind to phosphate anions. These structures also mediated the transport of DNA plasmids through vital bilayer membranes in the bacterium Escherichia coli and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This transformation or transfection process occurred readily and without any apparent toxicity or mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Gokel
- Departments of †Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Biology, §Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Departments of †Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Biology, §Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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Ogirala P, Negin S, Agena C, Schäfer C, Geisler T, Mattay J, Gokel GW. Properties of long alkyl-chained resorcin[4]arenes in bilayers and on the Langmuir trough. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gokel GW, Negin S. Synthetic membrane active amphiphiles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:784-96. [PMID: 22306202 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past several decades, various synthetic organic compounds that form pores in bilayer membranes have been prepared and studied. These membrane active amphiphiles have also proved to be useful in affecting the transport of molecules into or through the bilayer. This article discusses the evolution of these compounds and exemplifies recent applications such as enhancement of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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