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Griffin SE, Pacheco J, Schafer LL. Reversible C–N Bond Formation in the Zirconium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of 2-Vinylpyridine. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Javier Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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2
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Tobisch S. Computational mechanistic elucidation of the rare earth metal-mediated cycloamidination of aminoalkenes with nitriles. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12264-12272. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth computational mechanistic probe of the rare earth metal-mediated cycloamidination of aminoalkenes with nitriles allowed the substitution of mechanistic hypothesis advanced previously by a computationally verified mechanistic view, thus providing solid ground for further rational catalyst improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- University of St Andrews
- School of Chemistry
- St Andrews
- UK KY16 9ST
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3
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Ward BJ, Hunt PA. Hydrophosphination of Styrene and Polymerization of Vinylpyridine: A Computational Investigation of Calcium-Catalyzed Reactions and the Role of Fluxional Noncovalent Interactions. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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4
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Pérez SJ, Purino MA, Cruz DA, López-Soria JM, Carballo RM, Ramírez MA, Fernández I, Martín VS, Padrón JI. Enantiodivergent Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Pyrrolidine 197B: Synthesis oftrans-2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidines by Intramolecular Hydroamination. Chemistry 2016; 22:15529-15535. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sixto J. Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Martín A. Purino
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Daniel A. Cruz
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Juan M. López-Soria
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Francisco Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Rubén M. Carballo
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica; Facultad de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, C/41, n°421×26 y 28; 97150 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Miguel A. Ramírez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Víctor S. Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Juan I. Padrón
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (CIBICAN); “Síntesis Orgánica Sostenible; Unidad Asociada al CSIC”; Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de La Laguna; C/Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Francisco Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
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5
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Couce-Rios A, Lledós A, Ujaque G. The Origin of Anti-Markovnikov Regioselectivity in Alkene Hydroamination Reactions Catalyzed by [Rh(DPEphos)]+. Chemistry 2016; 22:9311-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Couce-Rios
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Gregori Ujaque
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
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6
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Wathier M, Love JA. Hydroelementation of Unsaturated C-C Bonds Catalyzed by Metal Scorpionate Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wathier
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall V6T 1Z1 Vancouver BC CanadaV6T 1Z1
| | - Jennifer A. Love
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall V6T 1Z1 Vancouver BC CanadaV6T 1Z1
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Hill MS, Liptrot DJ, Weetman C. Alkaline earths as main group reagents in molecular catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:972-88. [PMID: 26797470 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00880h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed some remarkable advances in our appreciation of the structural and reaction chemistry of the heavier alkaline earth (Ae = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) elements. Derived from complexes of these metals in their immutable +2 oxidation state, a broad and widely applicable catalytic chemistry has also emerged, driven by considerations of cost and inherent low toxicity. The considerable adjustments incurred to ionic radius and resultant cation charge density also provide reactivity with significant mechanistic and kinetic variability as group 2 is descended. In an attempt to place these advances in the broader context of contemporary main group element chemistry, this review focusses on the developing state of the art in both multiple bond heterofunctionalisation and cross coupling catalysis. We review specific advances in alkene and alkyne hydroamination and hydrophosphination catalysis and related extensions of this reactivity that allow the synthesis of a wide variety of acyclic and heterocyclic small molecules. The use of heavier alkaline earth hydride derivatives as pre-catalysts and intermediates in multiple bond hydrogenation, hydrosilylation and hydroboration is also described along with the emergence of these and related reagents in a variety of dehydrocoupling processes that allow that facile catalytic construction of Si-C, Si-N and B-N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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8
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Rochat R, Lopez MJ, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Recent Developments in Homogeneous Organomagnesium Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Rochat
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University and CREST, JST Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Michael J. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University and CREST, JST Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University and CREST, JST Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University and CREST, JST Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Weetman C, Anker MD, Arrowsmith M, Hill MS, Kociok-Köhn G, Liptrot DJ, Mahon MF. Magnesium-catalysed nitrile hydroboration. Chem Sci 2015; 7:628-641. [PMID: 29896350 PMCID: PMC5952893 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A β-diketiminato n-butylmagnesium complex is presented as a selective precatalyst for the reductive hydroboration of organic nitriles with pinacolborane (HBpin).
A β-diketiminato n-butylmagnesium complex is presented as a selective precatalyst for the reductive hydroboration of organic nitriles with pinacolborane (HBpin). Stoichiometric reactivity studies indicate that catalytic turnover ensues through the generation of magnesium aldimido, aldimidoborate and borylamido intermediates, which are formed in a sequence of intramolecular nitrile insertion and inter- and intramolecular B–H metathesis events. Kinetic studies highlight variations in mechanism for the catalytic dihydroboration of alkyl nitriles, aryl nitriles bearing electron withdrawing (Ar(EWG)CN) and aryl nitriles bearing electron donating (Ar(EDG)CN) substitution patterns. Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for catalysis performed with DBpin indicate that B–H bond breaking and C–H bond forming reactions are involved in the rate determining processes during the dihydroboration of alkyl nitriles and Ar(EDG)CN substrates, which display divergent first and second order rate dependences on [HBpin] respectively. In contrast, the hydroboration of Ar(EWG)CN substrates provides no KIE and HBpin is not implicated in the rate determining process during catalysis. Irrespective of these differences, a common mechanism is proposed in which the rate determining steps are deduced to vary through the establishment of several pre-equilibria, the relative positions of which are determined by the respective stabilities of the dimeric and monomeric magnesium aldimide and magnesium aldimidoborate intermediates as a result of adjustments to the basicity of the nitrile substrate. More generally, these observations indicate that homogeneous processes performed under heavier alkaline earth catalysis are likely to demonstrate previously unappreciated mechanistic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Weetman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Mathew D Anker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - David J Liptrot
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , UK .
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10
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Tobisch S. Aluminium-catalysed intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes: computational perusal of alternative pathways for aminoalkene activation. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12169-79. [PMID: 25801632 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive computational examination of alternatively plausible mechanistic pathways for the intramolecular hydroamination (HA) of aminoalkenes utilising a recently reported novel phenylene-diamine aluminium amido compound is presented. On the one hand, a proton-assisted concerted N-C/C-H bond-forming pathway to afford the cycloamine in a single step can be invoked, and, on the other, a stepwise σ-insertive pathway that involves a relatively fast, reversible migratory olefin 1,2-insertion step linked to a less rapid, irreversible Al-C alkyl bond protonolysis. The present study, which employs a sophisticated and reliable computational methodology, supports the prevailing mechanism to be a stepwise σ-insertive pathway. The predicted effective barrier for turnover-limiting aminolysis compares favourably with reported catalytic performance data. Non-competitive kinetic demands militates against the operation of the concerted proton-assisted pathway, which describes N-C bond-forming ring closure triggered by concomitant amino proton delivery at the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C linkage evolving through a six-centre transition state structure. The valuable insights into mechanistic intricacies of aluminium-mediated intramolecular HA reported herein will help guide the rational design of group 13 metal-based HA catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, UK KY16 9ST.
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11
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Moon JH, Jung HY, Lee YJ, Lee SW, Yun J, Lee JY. Origin of Regioselectivity in the Copper-Catalyzed Borylation Reactions of Internal Aryl Alkynes with Bis(pinacolato)diboron. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om500799d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hun Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 CheonCheon-Dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440−746, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 CheonCheon-Dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440−746, Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 CheonCheon-Dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440−746, Korea
| | - Soon W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 CheonCheon-Dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440−746, Korea
| | - Jaesook Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 CheonCheon-Dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440−746, Korea
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 CheonCheon-Dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440−746, Korea
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12
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Zhang X, Tobisch S, Hultzsch KC. σ-Insertive Mechanism versus Concerted Non-insertive Mechanism in the Intramolecular Hydroamination of Aminoalkenes Catalyzed by Phenoxyamine Magnesium Complexes: A Synthetic and Computational Study. Chemistry 2015; 21:7841-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Rochat R, Yamamoto K, Lopez MJ, Nagae H, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Organomagnesium-Catalyzed Isomerization of Terminal Alkynes to Allenes and Internal Alkynes. Chemistry 2015; 21:8112-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Tobisch S. Computational Mechanistic Elucidation of the Intramolecular Aminoalkene Hydroamination Catalysed by Iminoanilide Alkaline-Earth Compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:6765-79. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Romero N, Roşca SC, Sarazin Y, Carpentier JF, Vendier L, Mallet-Ladeira S, Dinoi C, Etienne M. Highly Fluorinated Tris(indazolyl)borate Silylamido Complexes of the Heavier Alkaline Earth Metals: Synthesis, Characterization, and Efficient Catalytic Intramolecular Hydroamination. Chemistry 2015; 21:4115-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tobisch S. Intermolecular hydroamination of vinylarenes by iminoanilide alkaline-earth catalysts: a computational scrutiny of mechanistic pathways. Chemistry 2014; 20:8988-9001. [PMID: 24958273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A thorough computational exploration of the mechanistic intricacies of the intermolecular hydroamination (HA) of vinylarenes by a recently reported class of kinetically stabilised iminoanilide [{N^N}Ae{N(SiMe3)2}⋅(THF)n] alkaline-earth amido compounds (Ae = Ca, Sr, Ba) is presented. Two distinct mechanistic pathways for catalytic HA mediated by alkaline-earth and rare-earth compounds have emerged over the years that account equally well for the specific features of the process. On one hand, a concerted proton-assisted pathway to deliver the amine product in a single step can be invoked and, on the other, a stepwise σ-insertive pathway that comprises a rapid, reversible migratory olefin insertion step linked to a less facile, irreversible Ae-C alkyl bond aminolysis. The results of the study presented herein, which employed a heavily benchmarked and reliable DFT methodology, supports a stepwise σ-insertive pathway that involves fast and reversible migratory C=C bond insertion into the polar Ae-N pyrrolido σ bond. This proceeds with strict 2,1 regioselectivity via a highly polarised four-centre transition state (TS) structure, linked to irreversible intramolecular Ae-C bond aminolysis of the alkaline-earth alkyl intermediate as the energetically favourable mechanism. Turnover-limiting aminolysis is consistent with the significant KIE measured; the DFT-derived effective barrier matches the Eyring parameter empirically determined for the best-performing {N^N}Ba(NR2) catalyst gratifyingly well. It also predicts the observed trend in reactivity (Ca<Sr<Ba) correctly and the computationally estimated primary KIE is close to the observed values. Non-competitive kinetic demands militate against the operation of the alternative concerted proton-assisted pathway, which describes N-C bond formation triggered by concomitant amino proton transfer at the C=C linkage via a multi-centre TS structure. A detailed comparison of {N^N}Ae(NR2) catalysts revealed that the variation in the Ae-pyrrolido bond strength together with the degree of protection of the alkaline earth by a sterically encumbering iminoanilide ligand scaffold not only profoundly influences the performance in HA catalysis, but also the likelihood of traversing rival mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST (UK), Fax: (+44) 1797-383-652.
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Jin L, Wu Y, Zhao X. A novel non-insertive mechanism for neutral organozirconium-catalyzed aminoalkene hydroamination: Density functional theory survey. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Liu B, Roisnel T, Carpentier JF, Sarazin Y. Heteroleptic alkyl and amide iminoanilide alkaline earth and divalent rare earth complexes for the catalysis of hydrophosphination and (cyclo)hydroamination reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:13445-62. [PMID: 23955798 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
[{N^N}M(X)(thf)n] alkyl (X=CH(SiMe3)2) and amide (X=N(SiMe3)2) complexes of alkaline earths (M=Ca, Sr, Ba) and divalent rare earths (Yb(II) and Eu(II) ) bearing an iminoanilide ligand ({N^N}(-)) are presented. Remarkably, these complexes proved to be kinetically stable in solution. X-ray diffraction studies allowed us to establish size-structure trends. Except for one case of oxidation with [{N^N}Yb(II){N(SiMe3)2}(thf)], all these complexes are stable under the catalytic conditions and constitute effective precatalysts for the cyclohydroamination of terminal aminoalkenes and the intermolecular hydroamination and intermolecular hydrophosphination of activated alkenes. Metals with equal sizes across alkaline earth and rare earth families display almost identical apparent catalytic activity and selectivity. Hydrocarbyl complexes are much better catalyst precursors than their amido analogues. In the case of cyclohydroamination, the apparent activity decreases with metal size: Ca>Sr>Ba, and the kinetic rate law agrees with R(CHA) =k[precatalyst](1)[aminoalkene](1). The intermolecular hydroamination and hydrophosphination of styrene are anti-Markovnikov regiospecific. In both cases, the apparent activity increases with the ionic radius (Ca<Sr<Ba) but the rate laws are different, and obey R(HA) =k[styrene](1)[amine](1)[precatalyst](1) and R(HP) =k[styrene](1)[HPPh2 ](0)[precatalyst](1), respectively. Mechanisms compatible with the rate laws and kinetic isotopic effects are proposed. [{N^N}Ba{N(SiMe3)2}(thf)2] (3) and [{N^N}Ba{CH(SiMe3)2}(thf)2] (10) are the first efficient Ba-based precatalysts for intermolecular hydroamination and hydrophosphination, and display activity values that are above those reported so far. The potential of the precatalysts for C-N and C-P bond formation is detailed and a rare cyclohydroamination-intermolecular hydroamination "domino" sequence is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex (France), Fax: (+33) 223-236-939
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Schlüter J, Blazejak M, Hintermann L. Aluminum-Catalyzed Hydroalkoxylation at Elevated Temperatures: Fast and Simple Access to Coumarans and Other Oxygen Heterocycles. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Manna K, Everett WC, Schoendorff G, Ellern A, Windus TL, Sadow AD. Highly enantioselective zirconium-catalyzed cyclization of aminoalkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7235-50. [PMID: 23631736 DOI: 10.1021/ja4000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminoalkenes are catalytically cyclized in the presence of cyclopentadienylbis(oxazolinyl)borato group 4 complexes {PhB(C5H4)(Ox(R))2}M(NMe2)2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; Ox(R) = 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline, 4S-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxazoline, 4S-tert-butyl-2-oxazoline) at room temperature and below, affording five-, six-, and seven-membered N-heterocyclic amines with enantiomeric excesses of >90% in many cases and up to 99%. Mechanistic investigations of this highly selective system employed synthetic tests, kinetics, and stereochemistry. Secondary aminopentene cyclizations require a primary amine (1-2 equiv vs catalyst). Aminoalkenes are unchanged in the presence of a zirconium monoamido complex {PhB(C5H4)(Ox(4S-iPr,Me2))2}Zr(NMe2)Cl or a cyclopentadienylmono(oxazolinyl)borato zirconium diamide {Ph2B(C5H4)(Ox(4S-iPr,Me2))}Zr(NMe2)2. Plots of initial rate versus [substrate] show a rate dependence that evolves from first-order at low concentration to zero-order at high concentration, and this is consistent with a reversible substrate-catalyst interaction preceding an irreversible step. Primary kinetic isotope effects from substrate conversion measurements (k'obs((H))/k'obs((D)) = 3.3 ± 0.3) and from initial rate analysis (k2((H))/k2((D)) = 2.3 ± 0.4) indicate that a N-H bond is broken in the turnover-limiting and irreversible step of the catalytic cycle. Asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of N-deutero-aminoalkenes provides products with higher optical purities than obtained with N-proteo-aminoalkenes. Transition state theory, applied to the rate constant k2 that characterizes the irreversible step, provides activation parameters consistent with a highly organized transition state (ΔS(++) = -43(7) cal·mol(-1) K(-1)) and a remarkably low enthalpic barrier (ΔH(++) = 6.7(2) kcal·mol(-1)). A six-centered, concerted transition state for C-N and C-H bond formation and N-H bond cleavage involving two amidoalkene ligands is proposed as most consistent with the current data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Manna
- Department of Chemistry and U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Liu B, Roisnel T, Carpentier JF, Sarazin Y. Cyclohydroamination of Aminoalkenes Catalyzed by Disilazide Alkaline-Earth Metal Complexes: Reactivity Patterns and Deactivation Pathways. Chemistry 2013; 19:2784-802. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hintermann L, Ackerstaff J, Boeck F. Inner Workings of a Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Oxa-Michael Cyclization: Evidence for a Concerted Hydrogen-Bond-Network Mechanism. Chemistry 2013; 19:2311-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu B, Roisnel T, Carpentier JF, Sarazin Y. When Bigger Is Better: Intermolecular Hydrofunctionalizations of Activated Alkenes Catalyzed by Heteroleptic Alkaline Earth Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4943-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu B, Roisnel T, Carpentier JF, Sarazin Y. When Bigger Is Better: Intermolecular Hydrofunctionalizations of Activated Alkenes Catalyzed by Heteroleptic Alkaline Earth Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tobisch S. Intramolecular Aminoalkene Hydroamination Mediated by a Tethered Bis(ureate)zirconium Complex: Computational Perusal of Various Pathways for Aminoalkene Activation. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3786-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202753m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
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Reznichenko AL, Hultzsch KC. The Mechanism of Hydroaminoalkylation Catalyzed by Group 5 Metal Binaphtholate Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3300-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211945m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Reznichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor
Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087, United States
| | - Kai C. Hultzsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor
Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087, United States
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Li H, Wen M, Lu G, Wang ZX. Catalytic metal-free intramolecular hydroaminations of non-activated aminoalkenes: A computational exploration. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9091-100. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tobisch S. Mechanistic elucidation of the yttrium(iii)-catalysed intramolecular aminoalkene hydroamination: DFT favours a stepwise σ-insertive mechanism. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9182-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30814b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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