1
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Anderson DE, Truong AHN, Hevia E. Dual Basicity and Nucleophilicity of Organosodium Reagents in Benzylic C-H Additions of Toluenes to Diarylethenes and Ketones. Chemistry 2024:e202400492. [PMID: 38651778 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Profiting from the dual high basicity and nucleophilicity of organosodium complexes, here we report the stepwise lateral metalation of a wide range of alkyl arenes (MeAr), mediated by hydrocarbon-soluble NaCH2SiMe3 ⋅ PMDETA (PMDETA=N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine), followed by nucleophilic addition to diarylethenes of the newly generated NaCH2Ar ⋅ PMDETA complexes. This method grants access to a range of functionalised hydrocarbons in excellent yields and can be upgraded to catalytic regimes when using trans-stilbene, a 10 mol% of the alkyl sodium base and toluene as a solvent. Extending this approach to aromatic ketones leads to the formation of stilbenes under mild reaction conditions, resulting from the deprotonative coupling of toluenes with ketones. Combining spectroscopic studies with the trapping and characterisation of key reaction intermediates, mechanistic insights have been gained, advancing the understanding of coordination effects in organosodium chemistry, and shedding light on their special reactivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex H N Truong
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Ni H, Lu Z, Xie Z. Light-enabled alkenylation of iodocarboranes with unactivated alkenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:104-110. [PMID: 34870668 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of alkenylated-o-carboranes via photoalkenylation of iodocarboranes with unactivated alkenes has been achieved. This strategy features a transition metal-free protocol, a light-promoted reaction under mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Control experiments suggest that the reaction may involve the cage C-centered radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangcheng Ni
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N. T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhenpin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N. T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N. T., Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Chung H, Kim J, González-Montiel GA, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Lee HG. Modular Counter-Fischer-Indole Synthesis through Radical-Enolate Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:1096-1102. [PMID: 33415986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single-electron transfer mediated modular indole formation reaction from a 2-iodoaniline derivative and a ketone has been developed. This transition-metal-free reaction shows a broad substrate scope and unconventional regioselectivity trends. Moreover, important functional groups for further transformation are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Density functional theory studies reveal that the reaction proceeds by metal coordination, which converts a disfavored 5-endo-trig cyclization to an accessible 7-endo-trig process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Chung
- Department of Chemistry. College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry. College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisela A González-Montiel
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry. College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ludwig JR, Simmons EM, Wisniewski SR, Chirik PJ. Cobalt-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling. Org Lett 2020; 23:625-630. [PMID: 32996312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed method for the C(sp2)-C(sp3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling of aryl boronic esters and alkyl bromides is described. Cobalt-ligand combinations were assayed with high-throughput experimentation, and cobalt(II) sources with trans-N,N'-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (DMCyDA, L1) produced optimal yield and selectivity. The scope of this transformation encompassed steric and electronic diversity on the aryl boronate nucleophile as well as various levels of branching and synthetically valuable functionality on the electrophile. Radical trap experiments support the formation of electrophile-derived radicals during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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5
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Frühwirt P, Knoechl A, Pillinger M, Müller SM, Wasdin PT, Fischer RC, Radebner J, Torvisco A, Moszner N, Kelterer AM, Griesser T, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Chemistry of Acylgermanes: Triacylgermenolates Represent Valuable Building Blocks for the Synthesis of a Variety of Germanium-Based Photoinitiators. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15204-15217. [PMID: 32993291 PMCID: PMC7581296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The formation of
a stable triacylgermenolate 2 as
a decisive intermediate was achieved by using three pathways. The
first two methods involve the reaction of KOtBu or
alternatively potassium with tetraacylgermane 1 yielding 2 via one electron transfer. The mechanism involves the formation
of radical anions (shown by EPR). This reaction is highly efficient
and selective. The third method is a classical salt metathesis reaction
toward 2 in nearly quantitative yield. The formation
of 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis
measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. We demonstrate the potential of this intermediate by introducing
new types of Ge-based photoinitiators 4b–4f. The UV–vis absorption spectra of 4b–4f show considerably increased band intensities
due to the presence of eight or more chromophores. Moreover, compounds 4d–4f show absorption tailing up to 525
nm. The performance of these photoinitiators is demonstrated by spectroscopy
(time-resolved EPR, laser flash photolysis (LFP), photobleaching (UV–vis))
and photopolymerization experiments (photo-DSC measurements). Triacylgermenolate 2 was
obtained by using
KOtBu or alternatively potassium. The mechanism involves
the formation of radical anions (shown by EPR). The one-pot synthetic
protocol produces 2 in >95% yield, as confirmed by
NMR
spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. This was demonstrated by introducing new types of Ge-based
photoinitiators 4b−4f. Their performance
was analyzed by sophisticated spectroscopic methods and photopolymerization
experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefanie M Müller
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstraße 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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6
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Gujjarappa R, Vodnala N, Malakar CC. Recent Advances in Pyridine‐Based Organocatalysis and its Application towards Valuable Chemical Transformations. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Manipur Langol, Imphal 795004, Manipur India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Manipur Langol, Imphal 795004, Manipur India
| | - C. C. Malakar
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Manipur Langol, Imphal 795004, Manipur India
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7
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Upadhyay A, Batabyal M, Kanika, Kumar S. Organoseleniums: Generated and Exploited in Oxidative Reactions. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Monojit Batabyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Kanika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
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8
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Luo Y, Fu Z, Fu X, Du C, Xu J. Microwave-assisted periselective annulation of triarylphosphenes with aldehydes and ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9526-9537. [PMID: 33191424 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of diazo(aryl)methyl(diaryl)phosphine oxides with aldehydes and ketones generates benzo-δ-phosphinolactones in low to good yields with 1,1-diarylalk-1-enes as byproducts under microwave irradiation. Diazo(aryl)methyl(diaryl)phosphine oxides first undergo a Wolff rearrangement to form diaryl(aryl)phosphenes, which further react with aldehydes and ketones to afford benzo-δ-phosphinolactones and β-phosphinolactones. The latter are unstable under heating and fragment into the corresponding 1,1-diarylalk-1-enes and arylphosphine dioxides under reaction conditions. The arylphosphine dioxides become arylphosphonic acids during workup. The periselectivity in the annulation shows that the reaction of diaryl(aryl)phosphenes with most aldehydes and ketones favors phosphene phenyl participation in (4 + 2) annulation over (2 + 2) annulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Zhicheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Xingyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Changle Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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9
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Beng TK, Farah AO, Shearer V. Modular synthesis and transition metal-free alkynylation/alkenylation of Castagnoli–Cushman-derived N, O- and N, S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37153-37160. [PMID: 35521247 PMCID: PMC9057152 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A modular and functional group-tolerant protocol for the transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes and styrenes has been developed, leading to the epimerization-free synthesis of fully carbofunctionalized dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines. Bicyclic morpholines have also been prepared through the interrogation of newly synthesized cross-conjugated dienes in Diels–Alder reactions. The use of environmentally benign reaction media endows the current strategy with a practical advantage. A functional group-tolerant and transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides, which affords fully carbosubstituted dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines as well as bicyclic morpholines, is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
| | | | - Victoria Shearer
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
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10
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Meng L, Chi X, Sun X, Cao C, Ai B, Liu Q, Zhao P, Zhao Z, Dong Y, Liu H. An organocatalytic method for constructing pyrroles via the cycloisomerisation of Z-1-iodo-4-N-methylbenzenesulfonyl-1,6-enynes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7669-7673. [PMID: 31384864 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new cycloisomerisation of Z-1-iodo-4-N-methylbenzenesulfonyl-1,6-enynes to functionalized pyrroles was realized in the presence of an organomolecule (4,4'-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine) and KOtBu. The transformations were performed efficiently to produce different kinds of functionalized pyrroles within 10 min. This is the first example of an organomolecule promoted methodology with vinyl iodides from a non-aromatic system to an aromatic system, which offers an excellent option toward establishing a new horizon for cross-coupling reactions of vinyl halides. Preliminary mechanistic studies were performed and a crude radical pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Meng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaochen Chi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Chengqiang Cao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Bing Ai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Pingping Zhao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 579 Qianwangang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Zengdian Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Yunhui Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
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11
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Li B, Ge H. Highly selective electrochemical hydrogenation of alkynes: Rapid construction of mechanochromic materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw2774. [PMID: 31139749 PMCID: PMC6534392 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrogenation has emerged as an environmentally benign and operationally simple alternative to traditional catalytic reduction of organic compounds. Here, we have disclosed for the first time the electrochemical hydrogenation of alkynes to a library of synthetically important Z-alkenes under mild conditions with great selectivity and efficiency. The deuterium and control experiments of electrochemical hydrogenation suggest that the hydrogen source comes from the solvent, supporting electrolyte, and base. The scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction experiments demonstrate that palladium nanoparticles generated in the electrochemical reaction act as a chemisorbed hydrogen carrier. Moreover, complete reduction of alkynes to saturated alkanes can be achieved through slightly modified conditions. Furthermore, a series of novel mechanofluorochromic materials have been efficiently constructed with this protocol that showed blue-shifted mechanochromism. This discovery represents the first example of cis-olefins-based organic mechanochromic materials.
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12
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Zeng H, Dou Q, Li CJ. Photoinduced Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with H-Phosphonates. Org Lett 2019; 21:1301-1305. [PMID: 30735397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced transition-metal- and photosensitizer-free cross-coupling of aryl halides (including Ar-Cl, Ar-Br, and Ar-I) with H-phosphonates (including dialkyl phosphonates and diarylphosphine oxides) is reported. Various functional groups were tolerated, including ester, methoxy, dimethoxy, alkyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, and heterocyclic compounds. This simple and green strategy provides a practical pathway to synthesize arylphosphine oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , 222 Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , 222 Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , 222 Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
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13
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Zheng D, Studer A. Photoinitiated Three-Component α-Perfluoroalkyl-β-heteroarylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Electron Catalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:325-329. [PMID: 30576162 PMCID: PMC6326532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-initiated α-perfluoroalkyl-β-heteroarylation of various alkenes with perfluoroalkyl iodides and quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones is presented. This three-component radical cascade reaction allows an efficient synthesis of a range of perfluoroalkyl containing quinoxalin-2(1 H)-one derivatives in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. Reactions proceed via acidic aminyl radicals that are readily deprotonated to give the corresponding radical anions able to sustain the radical chain as single electron transfer reducing reagents. Hence, the overall cascade classifies as an electron-catalyzed process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Yang Z, Cheng Y, Long J, Feng X, Tang R, Wei J. Transition metal-free synthesis of fluoroalkylated oxindoles via base-mediated fluoroalkylation of N-arylacrylamides with RFI. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for synthesizing fluoroalkylated oxindoles by the cyclization of N-arylacrylamides with fluoroalkyl iodide initiated with K2CO3 is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- P. R. China
| | - Jikun Long
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- P. R. China
| | - Jinmei Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- P. R. China
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15
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Onuigbo L, Raviola C, Di Fonzo A, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Sunlight-Driven Synthesis of Triarylethylenes (TAEs) via Metal-Free Mizoroki-Heck-Type Coupling. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Onuigbo
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; V. Le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; V. Le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Andrea Di Fonzo
- Laboratorio Biochimica; Biotecnologie e Diagnostica Avanzata; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo; Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; V. Le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; V. Le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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16
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Nocera G, Young A, Palumbo F, Emery KJ, Coulthard G, McGuire T, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron Transfer Reactions: KO tBu (but not NaO tBu) Photoreduces Benzophenone under Activation by Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9751-9757. [PMID: 29996048 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing controversial reports of electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone have been investigated and resolved. The mismatch in the oxidation potential of KO tBu (+0.10 V vs SCE in DMF) and the first reduction potential of benzophenone (of many values cited in the literature, the least negative value is -1.31 V vs SCE in DMF), preclude direct electron transfer. Experimental and computational results now establish that a complex is formed between the two reagents, with the potassium ion providing the linkage, which markedly shifts the absorption spectrum to provide a tail in the visible light region. Photoactivation at room temperature by irradiation at defined wavelength (365 or 400 nm), or even by winter daylight, leads to the development of the blue color of the potassium salt of benzophenone ketyl, whereas no reaction is observed when the reaction mixture is maintained in darkness. So, no electron transfer occurs in the ground state. However, when photoexcited, electron transfer occurs within a complex formed from benzophenone and KO tBu. TDDFT studies match experimental findings and also define the electronic transition within the complex as n → π*, originating on the butoxide oxygen. Computation and experiment also align in showing that this reaction is selective for KO tBu; no such effect occurs with NaO tBu, providing the first case where such alkali metal ion selectivity is rationalized in detail. Chemical evidence is provided for the photoactivated electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone: tert-butoxyl radicals are formed and undergo fragmentation to form (acetone and) methyl radicals, some of which are trapped by benzophenone. Likewise, when KOC(Et)3 is used in place of KO tBu, then ethylation of benzophenone is seen. Further evidence of electron transfer was seen when the reaction was conducted in benzene, in the presence of p-iodotoluene; this triggered BHAS coupling to form 4-methylbiphenyl in 74% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocera
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Katie J Emery
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , 319 Milton Road , Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
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17
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Zhou H, Ge L, Song J, Jian W, Li Y, Li C, Bao H. HOTf-Catalyzed Alkyl-Heck-type Reaction. iScience 2018; 3:255-263. [PMID: 30428325 PMCID: PMC6137405 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Heck reaction, along with other cross-coupling reactions, led to a revolution in organic chemistry. In the last 50 years, metal-catalyzed, photo-induced, or base-mediated Heck and Heck-type reactions have been elegantly developed. Brønsted acid-catalyzed Heck (or Heck-type) reactions are still unknown, however. By introducing alkyl peroxides as the key intermediates, primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic carboxylic acids are therefore applied here in a one-pot Brønsted acid-catalyzed Heck-type reaction, to deliver E-alkenes exclusively in most cases. The use of HOTf is vital to the reaction, whose mechanism is supported by both experimental and computational results. This method can be expanded to the direct alkylation of complex natural products. First acid-catalyzed Heck-type reaction Aliphatic acids are utilized as the sources of alkyl functionalities E-alkenes exclusively in most cases Strong acid effect
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wujun Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongli Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Chang D, Gao F, Shi L. Potassium tert -butoxide-mediated generation of arynes from o -bromoacetophenone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Golshani M, Khoobi M, Jalalimanesh N, Jafarpour F, Ariafard A. A transition-metal-free fast track to flavones and 3-arylcoumarins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:10676-10679. [PMID: 28905058 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective and transition-metal free one-pot arylation of chromenones with arylboronic acids has been achieved employing K2S2O8. The procedure consists of a sequence of some reactions including an arylation/decarboxylation cascade and proceeds well in aqueous media to afford biologically interesting flavones and 3-arylcoumarins. This method exhibited excellent selectivity and functional group tolerance under mild conditions. The reaction also showed perfect efficacy for the preparation of styryl coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Golshani
- Nanobiomaterials group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141761411, Iran.
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20
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Emery KJ, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Evidence of single electron transfer from the enolate anion of an N,N'-dialkyldiketopiperazine additive in BHAS coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8810-8819. [PMID: 29022630 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A designed N,N'-dialkyldiketopiperazine (DKP) provides evidence for the role of DKP additives as initiators that act by electron transfer in base-induced homolytic aromatic substitution reactions, involving coupling of haloarenes to arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Emery
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
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21
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Zhang H, Ma C, Zheng Z, Sun R, Yu X, Zhao J. Synthesis of 2-arylbenzofuran-3-carbaldehydes via an organocatalytic [3+2] annulation/oxidative aromatization reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4935-4938. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel organocatalytic [3+2] annulation/oxidative aromatization reaction of enals with 2-halophenols is developed for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzofuran-3-carbaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Ziwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Rengwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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22
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Wagh G, Autade S, Patil PC, Akamanchi KG. o-Iodoxybenzoic acid mediated generation of aryl free radicals: synthesis of stilbenes through C–C cross-coupling with β-nitrostyrenes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04701k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of an aryl free radicals in the presence of nitrostyrenes through a combination of aryl hydrazines and o-iodoxybenzoic acid led to the synthesis of stilbenes by forming a new carbon–carbon bond after subsequent elimination of a nitrosyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Wagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai 400019
- India
| | - Snehalata Autade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai 400019
- India
| | - Pravin C. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai 400019
- India
| | - Krishnacharya G. Akamanchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai 400019
- India
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23
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Gao B, Chen K, Bi X, Wang J. Intramolecular functionalization of C(sp 3 ) H bonds adjacent to an amide nitrogen atom: Metal-free synthesis of 2-hydroxy-benzoxazinone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Liu W, Yang X, Gao Y, Li CJ. Simple and Efficient Generation of Aryl Radicals from Aryl Triflates: Synthesis of Aryl Boronates and Aryl Iodides at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8621-8627. [PMID: 28578579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide use of aryl radicals in organic synthesis, current methods to prepare them from aryl halides, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and diazonium salts suffer from limitations. Aryl triflates, easily obtained from phenols, are promising aryl radical progenitors but remain elusive in this regard. Inspired by the single electron transfer process for aryl halides to access aryl radicals, we developed a simple and efficient protocol to convert aryl triflates to aryl radicals. Our success lies in exploiting sodium iodide as the soft electron donor assisted by light. This strategy enables the scalable synthesis of two types of important organic molecules, i.e., aryl boronates and aryl iodides, in good to high yields, with broad functional group compatibility in a transition-metal-free manner at room temperature. This protocol is anticipated to find potential applications in other aryl-radical-involved reactions by using aryl triflates as aryl radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.,Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University , Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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25
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Budén ME, Bardagí JI, Puiatti M, Rossi RA. Initiation in Photoredox C–H Functionalization Reactions. Is Dimsyl Anion a Key Ingredient? J Org Chem 2017; 82:8325-8333. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María E. Budén
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier I. Bardagí
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roberto A. Rossi
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Liu WB, Schuman DP, Yang YF, Toutov AA, Liang Y, Klare HFT, Nesnas N, Oestreich M, Blackmond DG, Virgil SC, Banerjee S, Zare RN, Grubbs RH, Houk KN, Stoltz BM. Potassium tert-Butoxide-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative C–H Silylation of Heteroaromatics: A Combined Experimental and Computational Mechanistic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6867-6879. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - David P. Schuman
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anton A. Toutov
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasri Nesnas
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Sattar M, Rathore V, Prasad CD, Kumar S. Transition-metal-free Chemoselective Oxidative C-C Coupling of the sp 3 C-H Bond of Oxindoles with Arenes and Addition to Alkene: Synthesis of 3-Aryl Oxindoles, and Benzofuro- and Indoloindoles. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:734-743. [PMID: 28169505 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal (TM)-free and halogen-free NaOtBu-mediated oxidative cross-coupling between the sp3 C-H bond of oxindoles and sp2 C-H bond of nitroarenes has been developed to access 3-aryl substituted and 3,3-aryldisubstituted oxindoles in DMSO at room temperature in a short time. Interestingly, the sp3 C-H bond of oxindoles could also react with styrene under TM-free conditions for the practical synthesis of quaternary 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles. The synthesized 3-oxindoles have also been further transformed into advanced heterocycles, that is, benzofuroindoles, indoloindoles, and substituted indoles. Mechanistic experiments of the reaction suggests the formation of an anion intermediate from the sp3 C-H bond of oxindole by tert-butoxide base in DMSO. The addition of nitrobenzene to the in-situ generated carbanion leads to the 3-(nitrophenyl)oxindolyl carbanion in DMSO which is subsequently oxidized to 3-(nitro-aryl) oxindole by DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh Sattar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Vandana Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Ch Durga Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
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28
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29
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Liu W, Hou F. Transition-metal-free dehalogenation of aryl halides promoted by phenanthroline/potassium tert -butoxide. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Hao L, Wong ZR, Lauw SJL, Yang S, Webster RD, Chi YR. Trimerization of enones under air enabled by NHC/NaOtBu via a SET radical pathway. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unusual trimerization of enone is disclosed. The reaction proceeds through NHC/NaOtBu-enabled SET radical process as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Zhang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Xingxing Wu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Zeng Rong Wong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Sherman J. L. Lauw
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Song Yang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
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31
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Emery KJ, Murphy JA, Tuttle T. Effect of solvent on radical cyclisation pathways: SRN1 vs. aryl–aryl bond forming mechanisms. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:920-927. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlling product distribution in radical chemistry through solvent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Emery
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, G1 1XL
| | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, G1 1XL
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, G1 1XL
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32
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Mao X, Tong T, Fan S, Fang L, Wu J, Wang X, Kang H, Lv X. One-pot synthesis of thiazino[2,3,4-hi]indole derivatives through a tandem oxidative coupling/heteroannulation process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4718-4721. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00992e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel and expedient one-pot synthesis of thiazino[2,3,4-hi]indole derivatives was developed through a tandem oxidative coupling/heteroannulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Mao
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tong
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Senbao Fan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Honglan Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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34
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35
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Yang H, Zhang L, Jiao L. N-Methylanilines as Simple and Efficient Promoters for Radical-Type Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Iodides. Chemistry 2016; 23:65-69. [PMID: 27779797 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the carbon-halogen bonds in aryl halides is a key step in transition-metal-free cross-coupling reactions. In this paper, a new and efficient radical initiation system for the activation of iodoarenes to produce aryl radicals was discovered, which employs the combination of N-methylanilines and tBuOK. This radical initiation system is robust and versatile, enabling various types of aryl-radical-related reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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36
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Ferrocene catalysed C–H arylation of arenes and reaction mechanism study using cyclic voltammetry. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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37
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Verma A, Kumar S. Selective Oxidative Decarbonylative Cleavage of Unstrained C(sp(3))-C(sp(2)) Bond: Synthesis of Substituted Benzoxazinones. Org Lett 2016; 18:4388-91. [PMID: 27549986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal (TM)-free practical synthesis of biologically relevant benzoxazinones has been established via a selective oxidative decarbonylative cleavage of an unstrained C(sp(3))-C(sp(2)) bond employing iodine, sodium bicarbonate, and (t)butyl hydroperoxide in DMSO at 95 °C. Control experiments and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the reaction involves a [1,5]H shift and extrusion of CO gas as the key steps. The extrusion of CO has also been established using PMA-PdCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Verma
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
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38
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Kindt S, Wicht K, Heinrich MR. Thermally Induced Carbohydroxylation of Styrenes with Aryldiazonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8744-7. [PMID: 27273583 PMCID: PMC5089591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The radical carbohydroxylation of styrenes with aryldiazonium salts has been achieved under mild thermal conditions. A broad range of aryldiazonium salts was tolerated, and the reaction principle based on a radical-polar crossover mechanism could be extended to carboetherification as well as to a two-step, metal-free variant of the Meerwein arylation leading to stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kindt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karina Wicht
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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39
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Kindt S, Wicht K, Heinrich MR. Thermisch induzierte Carbohydroxylierung von Styrolen mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kindt
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Karina Wicht
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
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40
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Barham JP, Coulthard G, Emery KJ, Doni E, Cumine F, Nocera G, John MP, Berlouis LEA, McGuire T, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. KOtBu: A Privileged Reagent for Electron Transfer Reactions? J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7402-10. [PMID: 27183183 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have used KOtBu in organic reactions that involve single electron transfer; in the literature, the electron transfer is proposed to occur either directly from the metal alkoxide or indirectly, following reaction of the alkoxide with a solvent or additive. These reaction classes include coupling reactions of halobenzenes and arenes, reductive cleavages of dithianes, and SRN1 reactions. Direct electron transfer would imply that alkali metal alkoxides are willing partners in these electron transfer reactions, but the literature reports provide little or no experimental evidence for this. This paper examines each of these classes of reaction in turn, and contests the roles proposed for KOtBu; instead, it provides new mechanistic information that in each case supports the in situ formation of organic electron donors. We go on to show that direct electron transfer from KOtBu can however occur in appropriate cases, where the electron acceptor has a reduction potential near the oxidation potential of KOtBu, and the example that we use is CBr4. In this case, computational results support electrochemical data in backing a direct electron transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Barham
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Katie J Emery
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Florimond Cumine
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Giuseppe Nocera
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Matthew P John
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Leonard E A Berlouis
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- AstraZeneca R&D , The Darwin Building, Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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41
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Zhang L, Yang H, Jiao L. Revisiting the Radical Initiation Mechanism of the Diamine-Promoted Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7151-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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42
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Wan JP, Zhong S, Xie L, Cao X, Liu Y, Wei L. KIO3-Catalyzed Aerobic Cross-Coupling Reactions of Enaminones and Thiophenols: Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Alkenes by Metal-Free C–H Sulfenylation. Org Lett 2016; 18:584-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ping Wan
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Lili Xie
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xiaoji Cao
- Research
Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Li Wei
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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43
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Anderson GM, Cameron I, Murphy JA, Tuttle T. Predicting the reducing power of organic super electron donors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes an improved, more accurate model for the calculation of electron transfer energetics of organic super electron donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M. Anderson
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Iain Cameron
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
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44
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Catalysis of Radical Reactions: A Radical Chemistry Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:58-102. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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45
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Studer A, Curran DP. Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen: Konzepte aus Sicht der Radikalchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Jiang J, Ramozzi R, Moteki S, Usui A, Maruoka K, Morokuma K. Mechanism of Metal-Free C–H Activation of Branched Aldehydes and Acylation of Alkenes Using Hypervalent Iodine Compound: A Theoretical Study. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9264-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julong Jiang
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho
34-4, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Romain Ramozzi
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho
34-4, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shin Moteki
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Asuka Usui
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho
34-4, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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47
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Ligand-controlled chemoselectivity in potassium tert-amylate-promoted direct C–H arylation of unactivated benzene with aryl halides. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Liu W, Liu R, Bi Y. Potassium ethoxide/phenanthroline promoted chemoselective direct C–H arylation of unactivated arenes with aryl iodides. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Studer A, Curran DP. The electron is a catalyst. Nat Chem 2015; 6:765-73. [PMID: 25143210 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The electron is an efficient catalyst for conducting various types of radical cascade reaction that proceed by way of radical and radical ion intermediates. But because electrons are omnipresent, catalysis by electrons often passes unnoticed. In this Review, a simple analogy between acid/base catalysis and redox catalysis is presented. Conceptually, the electron is a catalyst in much the same way that a proton is a catalyst. The 'electron is a catalyst' paradigm unifies mechanistically an assortment of synthetic transformations that otherwise have little or no apparent relationship. Diverse radical cascades, including unimolecular radical substitution reactions (SRN1-type chemistry), base-promoted homolytic aromatic substitutions (BHAS), radical Heck-type reactions, radical cross-dehydrogenative couplings (CDC), direct arene trifluoromethylations and radical alkoxycarbonylations, can all be viewed as electron-catalysed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis P Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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50
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Tang RJ, He Q, Yang L. Metal-free oxidative decarbonylative coupling of aromatic aldehydes with arenes: direct access to biaryls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5925-8. [PMID: 25731601 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free oxidative decarbonylative coupling of aromatic aldehydes with electron-rich or electron-deficient arenes to produce biaryl compounds was developed. This novel coupling was proposed to proceed via a non-chain radical homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) type mechanism, based on the substrate scope, ortho-regioselectivity, radical trapping experiments and DFT calculation studies. With the ready availability of aromatic aldehydes and arenes, metal-free conditions should make this coupling attractive for the biaryl synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, China.
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