1
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Prieschl M, Sagmeister P, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 2: Cyclization, Chlorination, and Amination. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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2
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Alfano AI, Pelliccia S, Rossino G, Chianese O, Summa V, Collina S, Brindisi M. Continuous-Flow Technology for Chemical Rearrangements: A Powerful Tool to Generate Pharmaceutically Relevant Compounds. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:326-337. [PMID: 36923914 PMCID: PMC10009796 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, and scale-up of several chemical rearrangements remain unsolved problems due to the associated handling of hazardous, toxic, and pollutant chemicals and high-risk intermediates. For many years batch processes have been considered the only possibility to drive these reactions, but continuous-flow technology has emerged, for both academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies, as a powerful tool for easy, controlled, and safer chemistry protocols, helping to minimize the formation of side products and increase reaction yields. This Technology Note summarizes recently reported chemical rearrangements using continuous-flow approaches, with a focus on Curtius, Hofmann, and Schmidt reactions. Flow protocols, general advantages and safety aspects, and reaction scope for the generation of both privileged scaffolds and active pharmaceutical ingredients will be showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Orazio Chianese
- Genetic S.p.A., Via Canfora, 64, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
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3
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Continuous Flow Photochemical Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-arylmethylene Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones through Organic Photoredox Catalysis and Investigation of Their Larvicidal Activity. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones are heteropentacycle compounds found in several bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. A well-known multicomponent reaction between β-ketoester, hydroxylamine, and aromatic aldehydes leads to 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene isoxazole-5(4H)-ones, in mild conditions. The initial purpose of this work was to investigate whether the reaction might be induced by light, as described in previous works. Remarkable results were obtained using a high-power lamp, reducing reaction times compared to methodologies that used heating or catalysis. Since there are many examples of successful continuous flow heterocycle synthesis, including photochemical reactions, the study evolved to run the reaction in flow conditions and scale up the synthesis of isoxazolones using a photochemical reactor set-up. Eight different compounds were obtained, and among them, three showed larvicidal activity on immature forms of Aedes aegypti in tests that investigated its growth inhibitory character. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactions occur through organic photoredox catalysis.
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4
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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
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5
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Guo J, Zhu H, Yang Y, Guo Q. Continuous-Flow Microwave Milk Sterilisation System Based on a Coaxial Slot Radiator. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030459. [PMID: 36765988 PMCID: PMC9914817 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave continuous-flow liquid food sterilisation, in which the liquid is mainly heated by microwaves, has the advantages of fast sterilisation speed, energy saving, comprehensive elimination, and less nutrient loss. Circular pipes are commonly used in microwave continuous-flow liquid heating processing. However, with circular pipes, which are widely used in the industry, the heating is uneven owing to the phenomenon of tube focusing when adopting external radiation. In this study, a novel microwave continuous-flow milk sterilisation system based on a coaxial slot radiator is proposed. First, the coaxial slot radiator was designed to realise efficient radiation through the establishment of multi-physics model. The structure of the system was then optimised by comparing the heating efficiency and uniformity of simulation results. The effect of microwave coaxial slot radiator rotation on heating uniformity was simulated and the results show that the heating uniformity is improved obviously. Experimental equipment was set up to verify the results of the simulation. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the system is performed to confirm that, when the dielectric properties and types of liquid food change, the heating of the proposed microwave continuous-flow system remains efficient and uniform.
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6
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Seifrid M, Pollice R, Aguilar-Granda A, Morgan Chan Z, Hotta K, Ser CT, Vestfrid J, Wu TC, Aspuru-Guzik A. Autonomous Chemical Experiments: Challenges and Perspectives on Establishing a Self-Driving Lab. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2454-2466. [PMID: 35948428 PMCID: PMC9454899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We must accelerate the pace at which we make technological advancements to address climate change and disease risks worldwide. This swifter pace of discovery requires faster research and development cycles enabled by better integration between hypothesis generation, design, experimentation, and data analysis. Typical research cycles take months to years. However, data-driven automated laboratories, or self-driving laboratories, can significantly accelerate molecular and materials discovery. Recently, substantial advancements have been made in the areas of machine learning and optimization algorithms that have allowed researchers to extract valuable knowledge from multidimensional data sets. Machine learning models can be trained on large data sets from the literature or databases, but their performance can often be hampered by a lack of negative results or metadata. In contrast, data generated by self-driving laboratories can be information-rich, containing precise details of the experimental conditions and metadata. Consequently, much larger amounts of high-quality data are gathered in self-driving laboratories. When placed in open repositories, this data can be used by the research community to reproduce experiments, for more in-depth analysis, or as the basis for further investigation. Accordingly, high-quality open data sets will increase the accessibility and reproducibility of science, which is sorely needed.In this Account, we describe our efforts to build a self-driving lab for the development of a new class of materials: organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs). Since they have only recently been demonstrated, little is known about the molecular and material design rules for thin-film, electrically-pumped OSL devices as compared to other technologies such as organic light-emitting diodes or organic photovoltaics. To realize high-performing OSL materials, we are developing a flexible system for automated synthesis via iterative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. This automated synthesis platform is directly coupled to the analysis and purification capabilities. Subsequently, the molecules of interest can be transferred to an optical characterization setup. We are currently limited to optical measurements of the OSL molecules in solution. However, material properties are ultimately most important in the solid state (e.g., as a thin-film device). To that end and for a different scientific goal, we are developing a self-driving lab for inorganic thin-film materials focused on the oxygen evolution reaction.While the future of self-driving laboratories is very promising, numerous challenges still need to be overcome. These challenges can be split into cognition and motor function. Generally, the cognitive challenges are related to optimization with constraints or unexpected outcomes for which general algorithmic solutions have yet to be developed. A more practical challenge that could be resolved in the near future is that of software control and integration because few instrument manufacturers design their products with self-driving laboratories in mind. Challenges in motor function are largely related to handling heterogeneous systems, such as dispensing solids or performing extractions. As a result, it is critical to understand that adapting experimental procedures that were designed for human experimenters is not as simple as transferring those same actions to an automated system, and there may be more efficient ways to achieve the same goal in an automated fashion. Accordingly, for self-driving laboratories, we need to carefully rethink the translation of manual experimental protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Seifrid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert Pollice
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Zamyla Morgan Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Acceleration
Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Hotta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Science
& Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical
Corporation, 1000 Kamoshidacho, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Cher Tian Ser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tony C. Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Vector
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
- Lebovic
Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced
Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
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7
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Synthesis and Activity of Ionic Antioxidant-Functionalized PAMAMs and PPIs Dendrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173513. [PMID: 36080588 PMCID: PMC9459880 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For this study, new dendrimers were prepared from poly(propylene imine) (PPI) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers using an efficient acid-base reaction with various phenolic acids. The syntheses were also optimized in both microwave and microfluidic reactors. These ionic and hydrophilic dendrimers were fully characterized and showed excellent antioxidant properties. Their cytotoxic properties have been also determined in the case of fibroblast dermal cells.
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8
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Connors W, DeKorte R, Lucas SCC, Gopalsamy A, Ziegler RE. Synthesis of Benzothiazinones from Benzoyl Thiocarbamates: Application to Clinical Candidates for Tuberculosis Treatment. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Connors
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP Medicinal Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan DeKorte
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP Medicinal Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Robert E Ziegler
- AstraZeneca Medicinal Chemistry 35 Gatehouse Drive 02451 Waltham UNITED STATES
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9
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Fraley N, Wright M, Lachgar A. Characterizing Reaction Space in the Continuous‐Flow Esterification of Oleic Acid Using a Sulfonated Hydrothermal Carbon Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Fraley
- Department of Chemistry Wake Forest University 30 Gulley Drive Winston-Salem NC 27109
| | - Marcus Wright
- Department of Chemistry Wake Forest University 30 Gulley Drive Winston-Salem NC 27109
| | - Abdessadek Lachgar
- Department of Chemistry Wake Forest University 30 Gulley Drive Winston-Salem NC 27109
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10
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Development of a palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative arene cross-coupling of pyrrole derivatives in a flow reactor. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Haese M, Winterhalter K, Jung J, Schmidt MS. Like Visiting an Old Friend: Fischer Glycosylation in the Twenty-First Century: Modern Methods and Techniques. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:26. [PMID: 35595946 PMCID: PMC9123081 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fischer glycosylation is typically the chemical reaction of a monosaccharide and an alcohol in presence of an acidic catalyst to afford glycosides in pyranosidic and furanosidic forms. This reaction is still applied today for the synthesis of specialized glycosides, and optimization and modification of the method have continued since its discovery by Emil Fischer in the 1890s. This review presents advancements in Fischer glycosylation described in literature of the past 15 years and its implementation in modern chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haese
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Kai Winterhalter
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Jessica Jung
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Magnus S. Schmidt
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
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12
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Díaz Velázquez H, Guzmán-Lucero D, Martínez-Palou R. Microwave-assisted demulsification for oilfield applications: a critical review. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2049293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Díaz Velázquez
- Dirección de Investigación en Transformación de Hidrocarburos. Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Guzmán-Lucero
- Dirección de Investigación en Transformación de Hidrocarburos. Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Martínez-Palou
- Dirección de Investigación en Transformación de Hidrocarburos. Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Toupy T, Monbaliu JCM. Intensified Continuous Flow Michaelis–Arbuzov Rearrangement toward Alkyl Phosphonates. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Toupy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège (Sart Tilman), B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège (Sart Tilman), B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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14
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Yamada T, Park K, Furugen C, Jiang J, Shimizu E, Ito N, Sajiki H. Highly Selective Hydrogenative Conversion of Nitriles into Tertiary, Secondary, and Primary Amines under Flow Reaction Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102138. [PMID: 34779573 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow reaction methods have been developed to selectively synthesize tertiary, secondary, and primary amines depending on heterogeneous platinum-group metal species under catalytic hydrogenation conditions using nitriles as starting materials. A 10 % Pd/C-packed catalyst cartridge affords symmetrically substituted tertiary amines in good to excellent yields. A 10 % Rh/C-packed catalyst cartridge enables the divergent synthesis of secondary and primary amines, with either cyclohexane or acetic acid as a solvent, respectively. Reaction parameters, such as the metal catalyst, solvent, and reaction temperature, and continuous-flow conditions, such as flow direction and second support of the catalyst in a catalyst cartridge, are quite important for controlling the reaction between the hydrogenation of nitriles and nucleophilic attack of in situ-generated amines to imine intermediates. A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles could be highly selectively transformed into the corresponding tertiary, secondary, and primary amines by simply changing the metal species of the catalyst or flow parameters. Furthermore, the selective continuous-flow methodologies are applied over at least 72 h to afford three different types of amines in 80-99 % yield without decrease in catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Chikara Furugen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Jing Jiang
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Eisho Shimizu
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Naoya Ito
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Although the concepts underpinning green chemistry have evolved over the past 30 years, the practice of green chemistry must move beyond the environmental and human health-related roots of green chemistry towards a more systems-based, life cycle-informed, and interdisciplinary practice of chemistry. To make a transition from green to sustainable chemistry, one must learn to think at a systems level; otherwise green chemistry-inspired solutions are unlikely to be sustainable. This perspective provides a brief description of why the current situation needs to change and is followed by how life cycle thinking helps chemists avoid significant systems-level impacts. The transition from batch to continuous flow processing and novel approaches to isolation and purification provide a case for interdisciplinary collaboration. Finally, an example of end-of-useful-life considerations makes the case that systems and life cycle thinking from an interdisciplinary perspective needs to inform the design of new chemical entities and their associated processes. Green and sustainable chemistry must include a systems and life cycle perspective Green and sustainable chemistry requires extensive interdisciplinary collaboration Catalysis, purification and isolation, and batch to flow processing are discussed
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Affiliation(s)
- David J C Constable
- American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute, 1155 16th St. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, USA
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16
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Shirahata T, Miyaishi R, Kitazoe T, Saito M, Taneoka Y, Hidaka S, Yokoyama M, Tojima T, Katsumi T, Hirata N, Nishino T, Kaji E, Yamada H, Nagai T, Kiyohara H, Nakamori S, Konishi N, Kobayashi Y. Preparation of Tenuifolin from Polygala senega L. Root Using a Hydrolytic Continuous Flow System under High-Temperature, High-Pressure Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16268-16277. [PMID: 34730980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An improved process for preparing tenuifolin (presenegenin 3-β-d-glucopyranoside) from the root of Polygala senega L. was developed. A crude saponin mixture extracted from P. senega was subjected to hydrolysis, and the reactivity of compounds in the extract was controlled by utilizing the combination of a flow reactor and experimental design. In addition, column chromatography with HP 20, a synthetic polystyrenic adsorbent, allowed the gram-scale preparation of tenuifolin in a continuous manner with fewer steps. This approach shortens the total time required for gram-scale preparation from 16 to 5 h in a continuous manner while improving the yield from 0.59% to 2.08% (w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Shirahata
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Rintaro Miyaishi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kitazoe
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaya Saito
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuki Taneoka
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hidaka
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaki Yokoyama
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takayori Tojima
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hirata
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamada
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kiyohara
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakamori
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Naruki Konishi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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17
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Ramesh V, Gangadhar M, Nanubolu JB, Adiyala PR. Visible-Light-Induced Deaminative Alkylation/Cyclization of Alkyl Amines with N-Methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazoles in Continuous-Flow Organo-Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12908-12921. [PMID: 34477379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a metal-free visible-light-induced eosin-y-catalyzed deaminative strategy for the sequential alkylation/cyclization of N-methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazoles with alkyl amine-derived Katritzky salts, which provides an efficient avenue for the construction of various benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-one derivatives in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The key enabling feature of this novel reaction includes utilization of redox-active pyridinium salts from abundant and inexpensive primary amine feedstocks that were converted into alkyl radicals via C-N bond scission and subsequent alkylation/cyclization with N-methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazoles by the formation of two new C-C bonds. In addition, we implemented this protocol for a variety of amino acids, affording the products in moderate yields. Moreover, the novel, environmentally benign batch protocol was further carried out in a continuous-flow regime by utilizing a perfluoroalkoxy alkane tubing microreactor under optimized reaction conditions with a blue light-emitting diode light source, enabling excellent yields and a shorter reaction time (19 min) versus the long reaction time (16 h) of the batch reaction. The reaction displays excellent functional group tolerance, easy operation, scalability, mild reaction conditions, and broad synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vankudoth Ramesh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Maram Gangadhar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Praveen Reddy Adiyala
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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18
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Gulati S, John SE, Shankaraiah N. Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:819-865. [PMID: 33968258 PMCID: PMC8077743 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted (MWA) multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have successfully emerged as one of the useful tools in the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles. These reactions are strategically employed for the generation of a variety of heterocycles along with multiple point diversifications. Over the last few decades classical MCRs such as Ugi, Biginelli, etc. have witnessed enhanced yield and efficiency with microwave assistance. The highlights of MWA-MCRs are high yields, reduced reaction time, selectivity, atom economy and simpler purification techniques, such an approach can accelerate the drug discovery process. The present review focuses on the recent advances in MWA-MCRs and their mechanistic insights over the past decade and shed light on its advantage over the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gulati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
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19
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Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13084200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the late twentieth century, the only cost-effective opportunity for waste removal cost at least several thousand dollars, but nowadays, a lot of improvement has occurred. The biomass and waste generation problems attracted concerned authorities to identify and provide environmentally friendly sustainable solutions that possess environmental and economic benefits. The present study emphasises the valorisation of biomass and waste produced by domestic and industrial sectors. Therefore, substantial research is ongoing to replace the traditional treatment methods that potentially acquire less detrimental effects. Synthetic biology can be a unique platform that invites all the relevant characters for designing and assembling an efficient program that could be useful to handle the increasing threat for human beings. In the future, these engineered methods will not only revolutionise our lives but practically lead us to get cheaper biofuels, producing bioenergy, pharmaceutics, and various biochemicals. The bioaugmentation approach concomitant with microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an example that is used to produce electricity from municipal waste, which is directly associated with the loading of waste. Beyond the traditional opportunities, herein, we have spotlighted the new advances in pertinent technology closely related to production and reduction approaches. Various integrated modern techniques and aspects related to the industrial sector are also discussed with suitable examples, including green energy and other industrially relevant products. However, many problems persist in present-day technology that requires essential efforts to handle thoroughly because significant valorisation of biomass and waste involves integrated methods for timely detection, classification, and separation. We reviewed and proposed the anticipated dispensation methods to overcome the growing stream of biomass and waste at a distinct and organisational scale.
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20
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Miyakawa M, Nakamura T, Iwabuchi R, Nishioka M. Sheet-Type Flow Process Using Magnetic-Field-Induced Heating with Single-Mode Microwaves Applied to a Continuous Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyakawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Ryoko Iwabuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Masateru Nishioka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
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21
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Köckinger M, Wyler B, Aellig C, Roberge DM, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Optimization and Scale-Up of the Continuous Flow Acetylation and Nitration of 4-Fluoro-2-methoxyaniline to Prepare a Key Building Block of Osimertinib. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Köckinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Wyler
- Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Christof Aellig
- Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Fu WC, Jamison TF. Deuteriodifluoromethylation and
gem
‐Difluoroalkenylation of Aldehydes Using ClCF
2
H in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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23
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Fu WC, Jamison TF. Deuteriodifluoromethylation and
gem
‐Difluoroalkenylation of Aldehydes Using ClCF
2
H in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13885-13890. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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24
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Okoye PU, Longoria A, Sebastian PJ, Wang S, Li S, Hameed BH. A review on recent trends in reactor systems and azeotrope separation strategies for catalytic conversion of biodiesel-derived glycerol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:134595. [PMID: 31864781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biodiesel (BD) as a renewable and sustainable energy source has impelled the generation of abundant and low-cost byproduct glycerol, which accounts for 10 wt% of total BD production and requires urgent utilization. The transesterification reaction, which utilizes glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to synthesize valuable glycerol carbonate (GC) is an established reaction pathway to valorize oversupplied glycerol. Commercialization of inexpensive GC is constrained by the nature, stability, and basicity of applied catalyst, reaction conditions, types of the reactor system and separation methods of reaction products. This study presents a review and diversity of recent reports on reactor systems and DMC-methanol azeotrope separation strategies explored in GC synthesis from biodiesel-derived glycerol. Also, recent trends on heterogeneous catalysts, their performance, and the effects of reaction conditions were presented. Conducted studies revealed that the choice for reactor systems is constrained by factors such as energy consumption and operational safety and a significant mild reaction conditions could be realized using a microwave reactor. Furthermore, the reactive-extractive distillation and pervaporation processes showed high energy-efficiency and appreciable separation of DMC-methanol azeotrope. Thus, the development of stable catalyst and process intensification to fabricate an integrated reactor-separation system with high energy efficiency are fundamental and must be explored. This study portrays the recent research effort made in this direction and the limitations that require urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick U Okoye
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), Temixco, Morelos 62580, México.
| | - Adriana Longoria
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), Temixco, Morelos 62580, México; CONACYT-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos
| | - P J Sebastian
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), Temixco, Morelos 62580, México
| | - Song Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Sanxi Li
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - B H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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25
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Panariello L, Wu G, Besenhard MO, Loizou K, Storozhuk L, Thanh NTK, Gavriilidis A. A Modular Millifluidic Platform for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Control over Dissolved Gas and Flow Configuration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1019. [PMID: 32106389 PMCID: PMC7079590 DOI: 10.3390/ma13041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas-liquid reactions are poorly explored in the context of nanomaterials synthesis, despite evidence of significant effects of dissolved gas on nanoparticle properties. This applies to the aqueous synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, where gaseous reactants can influence reaction rate, particle size and crystal structure. Conventional batch reactors offer poor control of gas-liquid mass transfer due to lack of control on the gas-liquid interface and are often unsafe when used at high pressure. This work describes the design of a modular flow platform for the water-based synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles through the oxidative hydrolysis of Fe2+ salts, targeting magnetic hyperthermia applications. Four different reactor systems were designed through the assembly of two modular units, allowing control over the type of gas dissolved in the solution, as well as the flow pattern within the reactor (single-phase and liquid-liquid two-phase flow). The two modular units consisted of a coiled millireactor and a tube-in-tube gas-liquid contactor. The straightforward pressurization of the system allows control over the concentration of gas dissolved in the reactive solution and the ability to operate the reactor at a temperature above the solvent boiling point. The variables controlled in the flow system (temperature, flow pattern and dissolved gaseous reactants) allowed full conversion of the iron precursor to magnetite/maghemite nanocrystals in just 3 min, as compared to several hours normally employed in batch. The single-phase configuration of the flow platform allowed the synthesis of particles with sizes between 26.5 nm (in the presence of carbon monoxide) and 34 nm. On the other hand, the liquid-liquid two-phase flow reactor showed possible evidence of interfacial absorption, leading to particles with different morphology compared to their batch counterpart. When exposed to an alternating magnetic field, the particles produced by the four flow systems showed ILP (intrinsic loss parameter) values between 1.2 and 2.7 nHm2/kg. Scale up by a factor of 5 of one of the configurations was also demonstrated. The scaled-up system led to the synthesis of nanoparticles of equivalent quality to those produced with the small-scale reactor system. The equivalence between the two systems is supported by a simple analysis of the transport phenomena in the small and large-scale setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Gaowei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Maximilian O. Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Katerina Loizou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.); (N.T.K.T.)
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.); (N.T.K.T.)
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
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26
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Miyakawa M, Hiyoshi N, Koda H, Watanabe K, Kunigami H, Kunigami H, Miyazawa A, Nishioka M. Continuous syntheses of carbon-supported Pd and Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles using a flow-type single-mode microwave reactor. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6571-6575. [PMID: 35496000 PMCID: PMC9049753 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10140c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous syntheses of carbon-supported Pd@Pt core–shell nanoparticles were performed using microwave-assisted flow reaction in polyol to synthesize carbon-supported core Pd with subsequent direct coating of a Pt shell. By optimizing the amount of NaOH, almost all Pt precursors contributed to shell formation without specific chemicals. Continuous syntheses of carbon-supported Pd@Pt core–shell nanoparticles were performed using flow processes including microwave-assisted Pd core–nanoparticle formation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyakawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku Sendai 983-8551 Japan
| | - Norihito Hiyoshi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku Sendai 983-8551 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koda
- Shinko Kagaku Kogyosyo Co., Ltd. 1544-19, Mashimori Koshigaya-shi Saitama 343-0012 Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Shinko Kagaku Kogyosyo Co., Ltd. 1544-19, Mashimori Koshigaya-shi Saitama 343-0012 Japan
| | - Hideki Kunigami
- Shinko Kagaku Kogyosyo Co., Ltd. 1544-19, Mashimori Koshigaya-shi Saitama 343-0012 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunigami
- Shinko Kagaku Kogyosyo Co., Ltd. 1544-19, Mashimori Koshigaya-shi Saitama 343-0012 Japan
| | - Akira Miyazawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku Sendai 983-8551 Japan
| | - Masateru Nishioka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST 4-2-1, Nigatake, Miyagino-ku Sendai 983-8551 Japan
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27
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28
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Adekunle AS, Oyekunle JA, Durosinmi LM, Oluwafemi OS, Olayanju DS, Akinola AS, Obisesan OR, Akinyele OF, Ajayeoba TA. Potential of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles as nanocatalyst towards dyes degradation in wastewater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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An N, Ainembabazi D, Reid C, Samudrala K, Wilson K, Lee AF, Voutchkova-Kostal A. Microwave-Assisted Decarbonylation of Biomass-Derived Aldehydes using Pd-Doped Hydrotalcites. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:312-320. [PMID: 31595700 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic decarbonylation is an underexplored strategy for deoxygenation of biomass-derived aldehydes owing to a lack of low-cost and robust heterogeneous catalysts that can operate in benign solvents. A family of Pd-functionalized hydrotalcites (Pd-HTs) were synthesized, characterized, and applied to the decarbonylation of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes under microwave conditions. This catalytic system delivered enhanced decarbonylation yields and turnover frequencies, even at a low Pd loading (0.5 mol %). Furfural decarbonylation was optimized in a benign solvent (ethanol) compatible with biomass processing; HMF selectively afforded an excellent yield (93 %) of furfuryl alcohol without humin formation; however, a longer reaction favored the formation of furan through tandem alcohol dehydrogenation and decarbonylation. Yields of the substituted benzaldehydes (37-99 %) were proportional to the calculated Mulliken charge of the carbonyl carbon. Activity and selectivity reflected loading-dependent Pd speciation. Continuous-flow testing of the best Pd-HT catalyst delivered good stability over 16 h on stream, with near-quantitative conversion of HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan An
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, 880 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Diana Ainembabazi
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, 880 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Christopher Reid
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, 880 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Kavya Samudrala
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, 880 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Karen Wilson
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam F Lee
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adelina Voutchkova-Kostal
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, 880 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
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30
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Choi YS, Lee S, Bae SW. Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seon Choi
- Green Chemistry and Materials GroupKorea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Cheonan 31056 South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- The 4th R&D InstituteAgency for Defense Development (ADD) Daejeon 34186 South Korea
| | - Se Won Bae
- Green Chemistry and Materials GroupKorea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Cheonan 31056 South Korea
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31
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Znidar D, O’Kearney-McMullan A, Munday R, Wiles C, Poechlauer P, Schmoelzer C, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Scalable Wolff–Kishner Reductions in Extreme Process Windows Using a Silicon Carbide Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Znidar
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rachel Munday
- AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Poechlauer
- Patheon Austria GmbH & Co. KG, Sankt-Peter-Straße 25, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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32
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Miranda LSDM, de Souza ROMA, Leão RAC, Carneiro PF, Pedraza SF, de Carvalho OV, de Souza SP, Neves RV. Continuous-Flow Sequential Schotten–Baumann Carbamoylation and Acetate Hydrolysis in the Synthesis of Capecitabine. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S. de M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A 622, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A 622, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Pharmacy School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A 622, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Pharmacy School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula F. Carneiro
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A 622, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio F. Pedraza
- Nortec Química AS, Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias, 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Otavio V. de Carvalho
- Nortec Química AS, Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias, 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Stefânia P. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A 622, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Rebeca V. Neves
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A 622, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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33
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Salvador CEM, Andrade CKZ. A Mild, Fast, and Scalable Synthesis of Substituted α-Acyloxy Ketones via Multicomponent Reaction Using a Continuous Flow Approach. Front Chem 2019; 7:531. [PMID: 31428597 PMCID: PMC6690000 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A continuous flow approach for the synthesis of α-acyloxy ketone derivatives from the corresponding arylglyoxals, isocyanides, and carboxylic acids is described. The target products were obtained in excellent yields in short residence times and with high purities via the first transcription of the microwave-to-flow paradigm to the isocyanide-based Passerini reaction. Furthermore, this methodology allowed a 10-fold scale-up using the same experimental conditions initially established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo M Salvador
- Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carlos Kleber Z Andrade
- Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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34
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Abstract
A modular continuous flow synthesis of imatinib and analogues is reported. Structurally diverse imatinib analogues are rapidly generated using three readily available building blocks via a flow hydration/chemoselective C-N coupling sequence. The newly developed continuous flow hydration and amidation modules each exhibit a broad scope with good to excellent yields. Overall, the method described does not require solvent switches, in-line purifications, or packed-bed apparatuses due to the judicious manipulation of flow setups and solvent mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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35
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Stability and Activity of Zn/MCM-41 Materials in Toluene Alkylation: Microwave Irradiation vs Continuous Flow. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn/MCM-41 mesoporous materials have been prepared via classic wet impregnation, employing zinc nitrate as precursor and tested for activity and stability in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of toluene with benzyl chloride under microwave irradiation and continuous flow. The modified materials were characterized by means of a number of analytical techniques, and surface and textural properties were thoroughly checked. Materials containing the highest Zn loading (15 wt %) provided full conversion after 5 minutes reaction under microwave irradiation (300 W, 120 °C). Materials were proved to be stable and reusable for several cycles with an optimum performance under continuous flow conditions.
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36
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Continuous high-pressure operation of a pharmaceutically relevant Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation reaction. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Santoro S, Ferlin F, Ackermann L, Vaccaro L. C-H functionalization reactions under flow conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2767-2782. [PMID: 30942788 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization technologies have progressed enormously in the last decade as testified by the great number of publications that have appeared in the literature, which are receiving great attention from researchers from different areas of expertise. While most of the protocols reported realize the C-H functionalization processes under batch conditions, there is a growing interest in the development of continuous-flow procedures aiming at increasing the performances of established methodologies or the definition of otherwise unfeasible transformations. This review summarizes the application of flow technologies for the realization of C-H functionalization reactions. According to the type of flow reactors necessary, two main general approaches are possible for the application of flow techniques, namely the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Each example is discussed and accompanied by the description of the main features and benefits of the use of flow compared to batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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38
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Kappe CO. My Twenty Years in Microwave Chemistry: From Kitchen Ovens to Microwaves that aren't Microwaves. CHEM REC 2019; 19:15-39. [PMID: 29905399 PMCID: PMC6391988 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This Personal Account describes the author's involvement in the field of microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) from the late 1990's starting out with kitchen microwave ovens right through to the development of a reactor in 2016 that - although not using microwave technology - in many ways mimics the performance of a modern laboratory microwave. The reader is taken along a journey that has spanned two decades of intense research on various aspects of microwave chemistry, and, at the same time, was intimately linked to key innovations regarding equipment design and development. A "behind the scenes" approach is taken in this article to share - from a very personal point of view - how specific projects and research ideas were conceived and developed in my research group, and how in general the field of microwave chemistry has progressed in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 GrazAustria
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39
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Egami H, Hamashima Y. Practical and Scalable Organic Reactions with Flow Microwave Apparatus. CHEM REC 2018; 19:157-171. [PMID: 30511806 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microwave irradiation has been used for accelerating organic reactions as a heating method and has been proven to be useful in laboratory scale organic synthesis. The major drawback of microwave chemistry is the difficulty in scaling up, mainly because of the low penetration depth of microwaves. The combination of microwave chemistry and flow chemistry is considered to overcome the problem in scaling up of microwave-assisted organic reactions, and some flow microwave systems have been developed in both academic and industrial communities. In this context, we have demonstrated the scale-up of fundamental organic reactions using a novel flow microwave system developed by the academic-industrial alliance between the University of Shizuoka, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, and SAIDA FDS. In this Personal Account, we summarize the recent progress of our scalable microwave-assisted continuous synthesis using the SAIDA flow microwave apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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40
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Aronow J, Stanetty C, Baxendale IR, Mihovilovic MD. Methyl glycosides via Fischer glycosylation: translation from batch microwave to continuous flow processing. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 150:11-19. [PMID: 30662091 PMCID: PMC6320746 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A continuous flow procedure for the synthesis of methyl glycosides (Fischer glycosylation) of various monosaccharides using a heterogenous catalyst has been developed. In-depth analysis of the isomeric composition was undertaken and high consistency with corresponding results observed under microwave heating was obtained. Even in cases where addition of water was needed to achieve homogeneity-a prerequisite for the flow experiments-no detrimental effect on the conversion was found. The scalability was demonstrated on a model case (mannose) and as part of the target-oriented synthesis of d-glycero-d-manno heptose, both performed on multigram scale. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Aronow
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Vilé G, Schmidt G, Richard-Bildstein S, Abele S. Enantiospecific cyclization of methyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N-(3-chloropropyl)-D-alaninate to 2-methylproline derivative via ‘memory of chirality’ in flow. J Flow Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Köckinger M, Hone CA, Gutmann B, Hanselmann P, Bersier M, Torvisco A, Kappe CO. Scalable Continuous Flow Process for the Synthesis of Eflornithine Using Fluoroform as Difluoromethyl Source. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Köckinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Paul Hanselmann
- Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bersier
- Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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43
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Bédard AC, Adamo A, Aroh KC, Russell MG, Bedermann AA, Torosian J, Yue B, Jensen KF, Jamison TF. Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of diverse chemical reactions. Science 2018; 361:1220-1225. [PMID: 30237351 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis generally requires labor-intensive, sometimes tedious trial-and-error optimization of reaction conditions. Here, we describe a plug-and-play, continuous-flow chemical synthesis system that mitigates this challenge with an integrated combination of hardware, software, and analytics. The system software controls the user-selected reagents and unit operations (reactors and separators), processes reaction analytics (high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, vibrational spectroscopy), and conducts automated optimizations. The capabilities of this system are demonstrated in high-yielding implementations of C-C and C-N cross-coupling, olefination, reductive amination, nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr), photoredox catalysis, and a multistep sequence. The graphical user interface enables users to initiate optimizations, monitor progress remotely, and analyze results. Subsequent users of an optimized procedure need only download an electronic file, comparable to a smartphone application, to implement the protocol on their own apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Bédard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kosi C Aroh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Grace Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron A Bedermann
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Torosian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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44
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Stöbener DD, Donath D, Weinhart M. Fast and solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis of thermoresponsive oligo(glycidyl ether)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Stöbener
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Dorian Donath
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin Germany
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45
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Abstract
The continuous flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, value-added chemicals, and materials has grown tremendously over the past ten years. This revolution in chemical manufacturing has resulted from innovations in both new methodology and technology. This field, however, has been predominantly focused on synthetic organic chemistry, and the use of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems is only now becoming popular. Although immobilized enzymes and whole cells in batch systems are common, their continuous flow counterparts have grown rapidly over the past two years. With continuous flow systems offering improved mixing, mass transfer, thermal control, pressurized processing, decreased variation, automation, process analytical technology, and in-line purification, the combination of biocatalysis and flow chemistry opens powerful new process windows. This Review explores continuous flow biocatalysts with emphasis on new technology, enzymes, whole cells, co-factor recycling, and immobilization methods for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, value-added chemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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46
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Sharma MK, Acharya RB, Shukla CA, Kulkarni AA. Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1917-1936. [PMID: 30112097 PMCID: PMC6071694 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The multistep flow synthesis of complex molecules has gained momentum over the last few years. A wide range of reaction types and conditions have been integrated seamlessly on a single platform including in-line separation as well as monitoring. Beyond merely getting considered as 'flow version' of conventional 'one-pot synthesis', multistep flow synthesis has become the next generation tool for creating libraries of new molecules. Here we give a more 'engineering' look at the possibility of developing a 'unified multistep flow synthesis platform'. A detailed analysis of various scenarios is presented considering 4 different classes of drugs already reported in the literature. The possible complexities that an automated and controlled platform needs to handle are also discussed in detail. Three different design approaches are proposed: (i) one molecule at a time, (ii) many molecules at a time and (iii) cybernetic approach. Each approach would lead to the effortless integration of different synthesis stages and also at different synthesis scales. While one may expect such a platform to operate like a 'driverless car' or a 'robo chemist' or a 'transformer', in reality, such an envisaged system would be much more complex than these examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjay K Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Roopashri B Acharya
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Chinmay A Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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47
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48
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Znidar D, Cantillo D, Inglesby P, Boyd A, Kappe CO. Process Intensification and Integration Studies for the Generation of a Key Aminoimidazole Intermediate in the Synthesis of Lanabecestat. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Znidar
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Phillip Inglesby
- AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Boyd
- AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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49
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Mancino V, Cerra B, Piccinno A, Gioiello A. Continuous Flow Synthesis of 16-Dehydropregnenolone Acetate, a Key Synthon for Natural Steroids and Drugs. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mancino
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccinno
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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50
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Zhu C, Oliveira JCA, Shen Z, Huang H, Ackermann L. Manganese(II/III/I)-Catalyzed C–H Arylations in Continuous Flow. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhigao Shen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huawen Huang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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