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Brandner L, Müller TJJ. Multicomponent synthesis of chromophores – The one-pot approach to functional π-systems. Front Chem 2023; 11:1124209. [PMID: 37007054 PMCID: PMC10065161 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1124209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions, conducted in a domino, sequential or consecutive fashion, have not only considerably enhanced synthetic efficiency as one-pot methodology, but they have also become an enabling tool for interdisciplinary research. The highly diversity-oriented nature of the synthetic concept allows accessing huge structural and functional space. Already some decades ago this has been recognized for life sciences, in particular, lead finding and exploration in pharma and agricultural chemistry. The quest for novel functional materials has also opened the field for diversity-oriented syntheses of functional π-systems, i.e. dyes for photonic and electronic applications based on their electronic properties. This review summarizes recent developments in MCR syntheses of functional chromophores highlighting syntheses following either the framework forming scaffold approach by establishing connectivity between chromophores or the chromogenic chromophore approach by de novo formation of chromophore of interest. Both approaches warrant rapid access to molecular functional π-systems, i.e. chromophores, fluorophores, and electrophores for various applications.
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2
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Safaei-Ghomi J, Mahmoodi Kharazm A, Mirheidari M. Preparation of 2-Amino-4-Phenyl-4a,5,6,7-Tetrahydronaphthalene-1,3,3(4H)-Tricarbonitriles Using Prepared CuI Nanoparticles via Green Method by Berberis integerrima (Barberry) Extract. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Safaei-Ghomi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I. R. Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoodi Kharazm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I. R. Iran
| | - Mahnaz Mirheidari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I. R. Iran
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3
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Sultani HN, Morgan I, Hussain H, Roos AH, Haeri HH, Kaluđerović GN, Hinderberger D, Westermann B. Access to New Cytotoxic Triterpene and Steroidal Acid-TEMPO Conjugates by Ugi Multicomponent-Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137125. [PMID: 34281176 PMCID: PMC8268079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions, especially the Ugi-four component reaction (U-4CR), provide powerful protocols to efficiently access compounds having potent biological and pharmacological effects. Thus, a diverse library of betulinic acid (BA), fusidic acid (FA), cholic acid (CA) conjugates with TEMPO (nitroxide) have been prepared using this approach, which also makes them applicable in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Moreover, convertible amide modified spin-labelled fusidic acid derivatives were selected for post-Ugi modification utilizing a wide range of reaction conditions which kept the paramagnetic center intact. The nitroxide labelled betulinic acid analogue 6 possesses cytotoxic effects towards two investigated cell lines: prostate cancer PC3 (IC50 7.4 ± 0.7 μM) and colon cancer HT29 (IC50 9.0 ± 0.4 μM). Notably, spin-labelled fusidic acid derivative 8 acts strongly against these two cancer cell lines (PC3: IC50 6.0 ± 1.1 μM; HT29: IC50 7.4 ± 0.6 μM). Additionally, another fusidic acid analogue 9 was also found to be active towards HT29 with IC50 7.0 ± 0.3 μM (CV). Studies on the mode of action revealed that compound 8 increased the level of caspase-3 significantly which clearly indicates induction of apoptosis by activation of the caspase pathway. Furthermore, the exclusive mitochondria targeting of compound 18 was successfully achieved, since mitochondria are the major source of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider N. Sultani
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (H.N.S.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (G.N.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Morgan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (H.N.S.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (G.N.K.)
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (H.N.S.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (G.N.K.)
| | - Andreas H. Roos
- Physical Chemistry—Complex Self-Organizing Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.H.R.); (H.H.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Haleh H. Haeri
- Physical Chemistry—Complex Self-Organizing Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.H.R.); (H.H.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (H.N.S.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (G.N.K.)
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Strasse 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Physical Chemistry—Complex Self-Organizing Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.H.R.); (H.H.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (H.N.S.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (G.N.K.)
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5582-1340; Fax: +49-345-5582-1309
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4
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Naeimi H, Mohammadi S. Synthesis of 1
H
‐isochromenes, 4
H
‐chromenes, and ortho‐aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalenes from the same reactants by using metal‐free catalyst. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Naeimi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Somaye Mohammadi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
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5
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Balachandra C, Govindaraju T. Cyclic Dipeptide-Guided Aggregation-Induced Emission of Naphthalimide and Its Application for the Detection of Phenolic Drugs. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1525-1536. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenikkayala Balachandra
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
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6
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Kim S, Nam HY, Lee J, Seo J. Mitochondrion-Targeting Peptides and Peptidomimetics: Recent Progress and Design Principles. Biochemistry 2019; 59:270-284. [PMID: 31696703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional subcellular organelles whose operations encompass energy production, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Given their wide range of roles, they have been studied extensively as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion-mediated pathways have been identified as promising targets in the context of these diseases. However, the delivery of specific probes and drugs to the mitochondria is one of the major problems that remains to be solved. Over the past decade, much effort has been devoted to developing mitochondrion-targeted delivery methods based on the membrane characteristics and the protein import machinery of mitochondria. While various methods utilizing small molecules to polymeric particles have been introduced, it is notable that many of these compounds share common structural elements and physicochemical properties for optimal selectivity and efficiency. In this Perspective, we will review the most recently developed mitochondrion-targeting peptides and peptidomimetics to outline the key aspects of structural requirements and design principles. We will also discuss successful and potential applications of mitochondrial delivery to assess opportunities and challenges in the targeting of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science , Sungshin University , Seoul 01133 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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7
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Abstract
Approximately 75% of all disease-relevant human proteins, including those involved in intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs), are undruggable with the current drug modalities (i.e., small molecules and biologics). Macrocyclic peptides provide a potential solution to these undruggable targets because their larger sizes (relative to conventional small molecules) endow them the capability of binding to flat PPI interfaces with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have been developed to routinely identify cyclic peptides as potent, specific inhibitors against proteins including PPI targets. However, with the exception of a very small set of sequences, the vast majority of cyclic peptides are impermeable to the cell membrane, preventing their application against intracellular targets. This Review examines common structural features that render most cyclic peptides membrane impermeable, as well as the unique features that allow the minority of sequences to enter the cell interior by passive diffusion, endocytosis/endosomal escape, or other mechanisms. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cell penetration, the various strategies for designing cell-permeable, biologically active cyclic peptides against intracellular targets, and the assay methods available to quantify their cell-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ashweta Sahni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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8
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α-Amino Acids as Synthons in the Ugi-5-Centers-4-Components Reaction: Chemistry and Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports, the Ugi four-component reaction (U-4CR) has been recognized as a keystone transformation enabling the synthesis of peptide mimetics in a single step and with high atom economy. In recent decades, the U-4CR has been a source of inspiration for many chemists fascinated by the possibility of identifying new efficient organic reactions by simply changing one of the components or by coupling in tandem the multicomponent process with a huge variety of organic transformations. Herein we review the synthetic potentialities, the boundaries, and the applications of the U-4CR involving α-amino acids, where the presence of two functional groups—the amino and the carboxylic acids—allowed a 5-center 4-component Ugi-like reaction, a powerful tool to gain access to drug-like multi-functionalized scaffolds.
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9
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Ricardo MG, Llanes D, Wessjohann LA, Rivera DG. Introducing the Petasis Reaction for Late‐Stage Multicomponent Diversification, Labeling, and Stapling of Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2700-2704. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G. Ricardo
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
- Center for Natural Products ResearchFaculty of Chemistry University of Havana Zapata y G 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Dayma Llanes
- Center for Natural Products ResearchFaculty of Chemistry University of Havana Zapata y G 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
- Center for Natural Products ResearchFaculty of Chemistry University of Havana Zapata y G 10400 La Habana Cuba
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10
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Ricardo MG, Llanes D, Wessjohann LA, Rivera DG. Introducing the Petasis Reaction for Late‐Stage Multicomponent Diversification, Labeling, and Stapling of Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G. Ricardo
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
- Center for Natural Products ResearchFaculty of Chemistry University of Havana Zapata y G 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Dayma Llanes
- Center for Natural Products ResearchFaculty of Chemistry University of Havana Zapata y G 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
- Center for Natural Products ResearchFaculty of Chemistry University of Havana Zapata y G 10400 La Habana Cuba
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11
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An indolium ion functionalized naphtha imide chemodosimeter for detection of cyanide in aqueous medium. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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“MCR-Click” synthesis of coumarin-tagged macrocycles with large Stokes shift values and cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Jean SR, Ahmed M, Lei EK, Wisnovsky SP, Kelley SO. Peptide-Mediated Delivery of Chemical Probes and Therapeutics to Mitochondria. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1893-902. [PMID: 27529125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles with critical roles in key processes within eukaryotic cells, and their dysfunction is linked with numerous diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Pharmacological manipulation of mitochondrial function is therefore important both for basic science research and eventually, clinical medicine. However, in comparison to other organelles, mitochondria are difficult to access due to their hydrophobic and dense double membrane system as well as their negative membrane potential. To tackle the challenge of targeting these important subcellular compartments, significant effort has been put forward to develop mitochondria-targeted systems capable of transporting bioactive cargo into the mitochondrial interior. Systems now exist that utilize small molecule, peptide, liposome, and nanoparticle-based transport. The vectors available vary in size and structure and can facilitate transport of a variety of compounds for mitochondrial delivery. Notably, peptide-based delivery scaffolds offer attractive features such as ease of synthesis, tunability, biocompatibility, and high uptake both in cellulo and in vivo. Owing to their simple and modular synthesis, these peptides are highly adaptable for delivering chemically diverse cargo. Key design features of mitochondria-targeted peptides include cationic charge, which allows them to harness the negative membrane potential of mitochondria, and lipophilicity, which permits favorable interaction with hydrophobic membranes of mitochondria. These peptides have been covalently tethered to target therapeutic agents, including anticancer drugs, to enhance their drug properties, and to provide probes for mitochondrial biology. Interestingly, mitochondria-targeted DNA damaging agents demonstrate high potency and the ability to evade resistance mechanisms and off-target effects. Moreover, a combination of mitochondria-targeted DNA damaging agents was applied to an siRNA screen for the elucidation of poorly understood mitochondrial DNA repair and replication pathways. In this work, a variety of novel proteins were identified that are essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial nucleic acids. Mitochondria-targeted peptides have also been used to increase the therapeutic window of antibacterial drugs with significant mammalian toxicity. Given the evolutionary similarity of mitochondria and bacteria, peptides are effective transporters that can target both of these entities. These antimicrobial peptides are highly effective even in difficult to target intracellular bacteria which reside within host cells. This peptide-based approach to targeting mitochondria has provided a variety of insights into the "druggability" of mitochondria and new biological processes that could be future drug targets. Nevertheless, the mitochondrial-targeting field is quite nascent and many exciting applications of organelle-specific conjugates remain to be explored. In this Account, we highlight the development and optimization of the mitochondria-penetrating peptides that our laboratory has developed, the unique applications of mitochondria-targeted bioactive cargo, and offer a perspective on important directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Rin Jean
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Eric K. Lei
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Simon P. Wisnovsky
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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14
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Morejón MC, Laub A, Westermann B, Rivera DG, Wessjohann LA. Solution- and Solid-Phase Macrocyclization of Peptides by the Ugi-Smiles Multicomponent Reaction: Synthesis of N-Aryl-Bridged Cyclic Lipopeptides. Org Lett 2016; 18:4096-9. [PMID: 27505031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new multicomponent methodology for the solution- and solid-phase macrocyclization of peptides is described. The approach comprises the utilization of the Ugi-Smiles reaction for the cyclization of 3-nitrotyrosine-containing peptides either by the N-terminus or the lysine side-chain amino groups. Both the on-resin and solution cyclizations took place with good to excellent efficiency in the presence of an aldehyde and a lipidic isocyanide, while the use of paraformaldehyde required an aminocatalysis-mediated imine formation prior to the on-resin Ugi-Smiles ring closure. The introduction of a turn motif in the peptide sequence facilitated the cyclization step, shortened the reaction time, and delivered crude products with >90% purity. This powerful method provided a variety of structurally novel N-aryl-bridged cyclic lipopeptides occurring as single atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micjel C Morejón
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.,Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana , Zapata y G, 10400 Havana, Cuba
| | - Annegret Laub
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.,Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana , Zapata y G, 10400 Havana, Cuba
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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15
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Zaretsky S, Rai V, Gish G, Forbes MW, Kofler M, Yu JCY, Tan J, Hickey JL, Pawson T, Yudin AK. Twisted amide electrophiles enable cyclic peptide sequencing. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:7384-8. [PMID: 26077966 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing interest in synthetic methods that not only enable peptide macrocyclization, but also facilitate downstream application of the synthesized molecules. We have found that aziridine amides are stereoelectronically attenuated in a macrocyclic environment such that non-specific interactions with biological nucleophiles are reduced or even shut down. The electrophilic reactivity, revealed at high pH, enables peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry, which will further broaden the utility of aziridine amide-containing libraries of macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Zaretsky
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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16
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Lanoë PH, Chan J, Gontard G, Monti F, Armaroli N, Barbieri A, Amouri H. Deep-Red Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes with Chromophoric N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Photophysical Properties, and DFT Calculations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Lussini VC, Blinco JP, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE. Polyaromatic Profluorescent Nitroxide Probes with Enhanced Photostability. Chemistry 2015; 21:18258-68. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Zaretsky S, Adachi S, Rotstein BH, Hickey JL, Scully CCG, St Denis JD, Courtemanche R, Yu JCY, Chung BKW, Yudin AK. Stereocontrolled disruption of the Ugi reaction toward the production of chiral piperazinones: substrate scope and process development. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9948-57. [PMID: 25254948 DOI: 10.1021/jo5018316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The factors determining diastereoselectivity observed in the multicomponent conversion of amino acids, aziridine aldehyde dimers, and isocyanides into chiral piperazinones have been investigated. Amino acid-dependent selectivity for either trans- or cis-substituted piperazinone products has been achieved. An experimentally determined diastereoselectivity model for the three-component reaction driven by aziridine aldehyde dimers has predictive value for different substrate classes. Moreover, this model is useful in reconciling the previously reported observations in multicomponent reactions between isocyanides, α-amino acids, and monofunctional aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Zaretsky
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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19
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Belding L, Zaretsky S, Rotstein BH, Yudin AK, Dudding T. Shifting the energy landscape of multicomponent reactions using aziridine aldehyde dimers: a mechanistic study. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9465-71. [PMID: 25264960 DOI: 10.1021/jo501242r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A multicomponent reaction between an aziridine aldehyde dimer, isocyanide, and l-proline to afford a chiral piperazinone was studied to gain insight into the stereodetermining and rate-limiting steps of the reaction. The stereochemistry of the reaction was found to be determined by isocyanide addition, while the rate-limiting step was found to deviate from traditional isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions. A first-order rate dependence on aziridine aldehyde dimer and a zero-order rate dependence on all other reagents have been obtained. Computations at the MPWPW91/6-31G(d) level supported the experimental kinetic results and provide insight into the overall mechanism and the factors contributing to stereochemical induction. These factors are similar to traditional isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions, such as the Ugi reaction. The computations revealed that selective formation of a Z-iminium ion plays a key role in controlling the stereoselectivity of isocyanide addition, and the carboxylate group of l-proline mediates stereofacial addition. These conclusions are expected to be applicable to a wide range of reported stereoselective Ugi reactions and provide a basis for understanding the related macrocyclization of peptides with aziridine aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Belding
- Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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20
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Treder AP, Tremblay MC, Yudin AK, Marsault E. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Piperazinones via Disrupted Ugi Condensation. Org Lett 2014; 16:4674-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5023118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. Treder
- Département
de Pharmacologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Marie-Claude Tremblay
- Département
de Pharmacologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Davenport Building, rm. 362, 80
St. George, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Eric Marsault
- Département
de Pharmacologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
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Rotstein BH, Zaretsky S, Rai V, Yudin AK. Small Heterocycles in Multicomponent Reactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8323-59. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400615v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Rotstein
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital,
and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Vishal Rai
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Indore By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, MP India
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
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22
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Callebaut G, Meiresonne T, De Kimpe N, Mangelinckx S. Synthesis and Reactivity of 2-(Carboxymethyl)aziridine Derivatives. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7954-8015. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400582d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Callebaut
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tamara Meiresonne
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Koopmanschap G, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:544-98. [PMID: 24605172 PMCID: PMC3943360 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, the design and synthesis of peptide mimics (peptidomimetics) has received much attention. This because they have shown in many cases enhanced pharmacological properties over their natural peptide analogues. In particular, the incorporation of cyclic constructs into peptides is of high interest as they reduce the flexibility of the peptide enhancing often affinity for a certain receptor. Moreover, these cyclic mimics force the molecule into a well-defined secondary structure. Constraint structural and conformational features are often found in biological active peptides. For the synthesis of cyclic constrained peptidomimetics usually a sequence of multiple reactions has been applied, which makes it difficult to easily introduce structural diversity necessary for fine tuning the biological activity. A promising approach to tackle this problem is the use of multicomponent reactions (MCRs), because they can introduce both structural diversity and molecular complexity in only one step. Among the MCRs, the isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs) are most relevant for the synthesis of peptidomimetics because they provide peptide-like products. However, these IMCRs usually give linear products and in order to obtain cyclic constrained peptidomimetics, the acyclic products have to be cyclized via additional cyclization strategies. This is possible via incorporation of bifunctional substrates into the initial IMCR. Examples of such bifunctional groups are N-protected amino acids, convertible isocyanides or MCR-components that bear an additional alkene, alkyne or azide moiety and can be cyclized via either a deprotection-cyclization strategy, a ring-closing metathesis, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or even via a sequence of multiple multicomponent reactions. The sequential IMCR-cyclization reactions can afford small cyclic peptide mimics (ranging from four- to seven-membered rings), medium-sized cyclic constructs or peptidic macrocycles (>12 membered rings). This review describes the developments since 2002 of IMCRs-cyclization strategies towards a wide variety of small cyclic mimics, medium sized cyclic constructs and macrocyclic peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Koopmanschap
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano VA Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Vázquez-Romero A, Kielland N, Arévalo MJ, Preciado S, Mellanby RJ, Feng Y, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. Multicomponent reactions for de novo synthesis of BODIPY probes: in vivo imaging of phagocytic macrophages. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16018-21. [PMID: 24111937 DOI: 10.1021/ja408093p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions are excellent tools to generate complex structures with broad chemical diversity and fluorescent properties. Herein we describe the adaptation of the fluorescent BODIPY scaffold to multicomponent reaction chemistry with the synthesis of BODIPY adducts with high fluorescence quantum yields and good cell permeability. From this library we identified one BODIPY derivative (PhagoGreen) as a low-pH sensing fluorescent probe that enabled imaging of phagosomal acidification in activated macrophages. The fluorescence emission of PhagoGreen was proportional to the degree of activation of macrophages and could be specifically blocked by bafilomycin A, an inhibitor of phagosomal acidification. PhagoGreen does not impair the normal functions of macrophages and can be used to image phagocytic macrophages in vivo.
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Niu TF, Sun M, Lv MF, Yi WB, Cai C. Synthesis of highly functionalized macrocycles by tandem multicomponent reactions and intramolecular Sonogashira cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7232-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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He Z, Dobrovolsky D, Trinchera P, Yudin AK. Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyridines. Org Lett 2012; 15:334-7. [PMID: 23273041 DOI: 10.1021/ol303246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dennis Dobrovolsky
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Piera Trinchera
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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28
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Roxin Á, Chen J, Scully CCG, Rotstein BH, Yudin AK, Zheng G. Conformational Modulation of in Vitro Activity of Cyclic RGD Peptides via Aziridine Aldehyde-Driven Macrocyclization Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1387-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Ontario Cancer Institute and
Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Ontario Cancer Institute and
Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gang Zheng
- Ontario Cancer Institute and
Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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White CJ, Yudin AK. A versatile scaffold for site-specific modification of cyclic tetrapeptides. Org Lett 2012; 14:2898-901. [PMID: 22612626 DOI: 10.1021/ol301178r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel scaffold that can be used to prepare conformationally homogeneous cyclic tetrapeptides equipped with a β-amino acid residue is disclosed. It is shown that regioselective structural modification can be accomplished using thiols and azide nucleophiles, commonly associated with rich downstream chemistry. The method should find application in efforts to constrain privileged tripeptide sequences in rigid molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J White
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Rotstein BH, Winternheimer DJ, Yin LM, Deber CM, Yudin AK. Thioester-isocyanides: versatile reagents for the synthesis of cycle–tail peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3775-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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