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Simultaneous electro-generation/polymerization of Cu nanocluster embedded conductive poly(2,2':5',2''-terthiophene) films at micro and macro liquid/liquid interfaces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1201. [PMID: 36681717 PMCID: PMC9867727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cu nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to be excellent electrocatalysts, particularly for CO2 reduction - a critical reaction for sequestering anthropogenic, atmospheric carbon. Herein, the micro interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is exploited for the simultaneous electropolymerization of 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (TT) and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu nanoparticles (NPs) generating a flexible electrocatalytic composite electrode material. TT acts as an electron donor in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) through heterogeneous electron transfer across the water|DCE (w|DCE) interface to CuSO4 dissolved in water. The nanocomposite formation process was probed using cyclic voltammetry as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CV and EIS data show that the film forms quickly; however, the interfacial reaction is not spontaneous and does not proceed without an applied potential. At high [TT] the heterogeneous electron transfer wave was recorded voltammetrically but not at low [TT]. However, probing the edge of the polarizable potential window was found to be sufficient to initiate electrogeneration/electropolymerization. SEM and TEM were used to image and analyze the final Cu NP/poly-TT composites and it was discovered that there is a concomitant decrease in NP size with increasing [TT]. Preliminary electrocatalysis results at a nanocomposite modified large glassy carbon electrode saw a > 2 × increase in CO2 reduction currents versus an unmodified electrode. These data suggest that this strategy is a promising means of generating electrocatalytic materials for carbon capture. However, films electrosynthesized at a micro and ~ 1 mm ITIES demonstrated poor reusability.
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2
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Moshrefi R, Connors E, Merschrod E, Stockmann TJ. Simultaneous electropolymerization/Au nanoparticle generation at an electrified liquid/liquid micro-interface. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Ahmadinasab N, Stockmann TJ. Single entity electrochemical detection of as‐prepared metallic and dielectric nanoparticle stochastic impacts in a phosphonium ionic liquid. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ahmadinasab
- Memorial University of Newfoundland Chemistry 1 Arctic Ave A1C 5S7 St. John's CANADA
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Memorial University of Newfoundland Chemistry 1 Arctic Ave A1C 5S7 St. John's CANADA
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4
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Burgoyne ED, Molina-Osorio AF, Moshrefi R, Shanahan R, McGlacken GP, Stockmann TJ, Scanlon MD. Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing molecules at an electrified liquid|liquid micro-interface through facilitated proton transfer. Analyst 2021; 145:7000-7008. [PMID: 32869782 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of electrochemical detection methods for point-of-care-devices is ideal for their integration and use within healthcare environments. Simultaneously, the prolific pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a serious health risk to patients with compromised immune systems. Recognizing these two factors, a proof-of-concept electrochemical method employing a micro-interface between water and oil (w/o) held at the tip of a pulled borosilicate glass capillary is presented. This method targets small molecules produced by P. aeruginosa colonies as signalling factors that control colony growth in a pseudo-multicellular process known as quorum sensing (QS). The QS molecules of interest are 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline (PQS, Pseudomonas quinolone signal). Hydrophobic HHQ and PQS molecules, dissolved in the oil phase, were observed electrochemically to facilitate proton transfer across the w/o interface. This interfacial complexation can be exploited as a facile electrochemical detection method for P. aeruginosa and is advantageous as it does not depend on the redox activity of HHQ/PQS. Interestingly, the limit-of-linearity is reached as [H+] ≈ [ligand]. Density functional theory calculations were performed to determine the proton affinities and gas-phase basicities of HHQ/PQS, as well as elucidate the likely site of stepwise protonation within each molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burgoyne
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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Jiang Q, Reader HE, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemical Characterization of Fe(II) Complexation Reactions at an Electrified Micro Liquid‐Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Heather E. Reader
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
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Moshrefi R, Suryawanshi A, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemically controlled Au nanoparticle nucleation at a micro liquid/liquid interface using ferrocene as reducing agent. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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7
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Yi R, Ye G, Chen J. Synthesis of core-shell magnetic titanate nanofibers composite for the efficient removal of Sr(ii). RSC Adv 2019; 9:27242-27249. [PMID: 35529182 PMCID: PMC9070573 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a facile approach for the fabrication of Fe3O4@titanate fibers magnetic composite through a hydrothermal method and sol-gel process. The structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microsphere (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Owing to the high ion exchange capacity of the functional titanate layer, the obtained core-shell structured magnetic microspheres exhibited high removal efficiency towards strontium from wastewater. The effects of contact time and Sr(ii) concentration on the uptake amount of strontium were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 30 min, and the maximum exchange capacity was approximately 37.1 mg g-1. Moreover, the captured Sr(ii) can be eluted using 5 wt% of EDTA(Na), which contributed to the reduction of waste volume. Based on the experimental results of ion exchange process and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a possible adsorption mechanism was proposed. This work provided a facile approach to synthesize magnetic functional nanocomposites for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Gang Ye
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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8
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Gu C, Nie X, Jiang J, Chen Z, Dong Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Yu Z, Zhu Z, Liu J, Liu X, Shao Y. Mechanistic Study of Oxygen Reduction at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces by Hybrid Ultramicroelectrodes and Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13212-13221. [PMID: 31353892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions at various interfaces (liquid/membrane, solid/electrolyte, liquid/liquid) lie at the heart of many processes in biology and chemistry. Mechanistic study can provide profound understanding of PCET and rational design of new systems. However, most mechanisms of PCET reactions at a liquid/liquid interface have been proposed based on electrochemical and spectroscopic data, which lack direct evidence for possible intermediates. Moreover, a liquid/liquid interface as one type of soft interface is dynamic, making the investigation of interfacial reactions very challenging. Herein a novel electrochemistry method coupled to mass spectrometry (EC-MS) was introduced for in situ study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by ferrocene (Fc) under catalysis from cobalt tetraphenylporphine (CoTPP) at liquid/liquid interfaces. The key units are two types of gel hybrid ultramicroelectrodes (agar-gel/organic hybrid ultramicroelectrodes and water/PVC-gel hybrid ultramicroelectrodes), which were made based on dual micro- or nanopipettes. A solidified liquid/liquid interface can be formed at the tip of these pipettes, and it serves as both an electrochemical cell and a nanospray emitter for mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that the solidified L/L interfaces were very similar to typical L/L interfaces. Key CoTPP intermediates of the ORR at the liquid/liquid interfaces were identified for the first time, and the four-electron oxygen reduction pathway predominated, which provides valuable insights into the mechanism of the ORR. Theoretical simulation has further supported the possibility of formation of intermediates. This type of platform is promising for in situ tracking and identifying intermediates to study complicated reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces or other soft interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xin Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jiezhang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zifei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yifan Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhengyou Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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9
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Stockmann TJ, Lemineur JF, Liu H, Cometto C, Robert M, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Single LiBH4 nanocrystal stochastic impacts at a micro water|ionic liquid interface. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Preparation and crystal structure of tetraoctylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate ionic liquid for electrochemistry at its interface with water. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Stockmann TJ, Angelé L, Brasiliense V, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Platinum Nanoparticle Impacts at a Liquid|Liquid Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Jane Stockmann
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Léo Angelé
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
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12
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Stockmann TJ, Angelé L, Brasiliense V, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Platinum Nanoparticle Impacts at a Liquid|Liquid Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13493-13497. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Jane Stockmann
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Léo Angelé
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
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13
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Liu C, Peljo P, Huang X, Cheng W, Wang L, Deng H. Single Organic Droplet Collision Voltammogram via Electron Transfer Coupled Ion Transfer. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9284-9291. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de
I’Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xinjian Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Wenxue Cheng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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14
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de Eulate EA, Busetti F, Arrigan DW. Evaluation of interfacial sulfate complexation by a bis-thiourea ionophore at water-organic interfaces using microelectrochemistry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Ellis RJ, Bera MK, Reinhart B, Antonio MR. Trapped in the coordination sphere: nitrate ion transfer driven by the cerium(iii/iv) redox couple. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31254-31259. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical transfer of nitrate anions between oil and water phases—driven by the reduction and oxidation of cerium coordination complexes in oil phases—provides a new entry into chemical separations where an electrode potential tunes solute transfer between phases by ‘trapping’ the migrating anion on the cerium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J. Ellis
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
| | - Mrinal K. Bera
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
| | | | - Mark R. Antonio
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
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16
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Zarzana CA, Groenewold GS, Benson MT, Delmore J, Tsuda T, Hagiwara R. Iron Fluoroanions and Their Clusters by Electrospray Ionization of a Fluorinating Ionic Liquid. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1559-1569. [PMID: 25953491 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal fluoroanions are of significant interest for fundamental structure and reactivity studies and for making isotope ratio measurements that are free from isobaric overlap. Iron fluoroanions [FeF(4)](-) and [FeF(3)](-) were generated by electrospray ionization of solutions of Fe(III) and Fe(II) with the fluorinating ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate [EMIm](+)[F(HF)(2.3)](-). Solutions containing Fe(III) salts produce predominately uncomplexed [FeF(4)](-) in the negative ion spectrum, as do solutions containing salts of Fe(II). This behavior contrasts with that of solutions of FeCl(3) and FeCl(2) (without [EMIm](+)[F(HF)(2.3)](-)) that preserve the solution-phase oxidation state by producing the gas-phase halide complexes [FeCl(4)](-) and [FeCl(3)](-), respectively. Thus, the electrospray-[EMIm](+)[F(HF)(2.3)](-) process is oxidative with respect to Fe(II). The positive ion spectra of Fe with [EMIm](+)[F(HF)(2.3)](-) displays cluster ions having the general formula [EMIm](+) (n+1)[FeF(4)](-) n, and DFT calculations predict stable complexes, both of which substantiate the conclusion that [FeF(4)](-) is present in solution stabilized by the imidazolium cation. The negative ion ESI mass spectrum of the Fe-ionic liquid solution has a very low background in the region of the [FeF(4)](-) complex, and isotope ratios measured for both [FeF(4)](-) and adventitious [SiF(5)](-) produced values in close agreement with theoretical values; this suggests that very wide isotope ratio measurements should be attainable with good accuracy and precision when the ion formation scheme is implemented on a dedicated isotope ratio mass spectrometer.
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Nishi N, Kakinami T, Sakka T. Dendritic nanofibers of gold formed by the electron transfer at the interface between water and a highly hydrophobic ionic liquid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanostructures, dendritic nanofibers of gold, have been found to be formedviaan electron-transfer reaction at the ionic liquid–water interface, instead of the more conventional oil–water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kakinami
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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Herzog G. Recent developments in electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions for ion sensing. Analyst 2015; 140:3888-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most recent developments on electrochemical sensing of ions at the liquid–liquid interface are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Herzog
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME)
- UMR 7564
- CNRS – Université de Lorraine
- Villers-lès-Nancy
- France
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Stockmann TJ, Ding Z. Electrochemical behaviour of ferrocenes in tributylmethylphosphonium methyl sulfate mixtures with water and 1,2-dichloroethane. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) reactions in ionic liquid (IL)|organic solvent (1,2-dichloroethane, DCE) and IL|water mixtures were investigated using a Pt disk ultramicroelectrode (UME) along with ferrocene (Fc) and ferrocenemethanol (FcCH2OH) redox probes as electroactive species dissolved in the respective mixtures. The IL utilized was tributylmethylphosphonium methyl sulfate (P4441CH3SO4). The diffusion coefficient of each redox species was determined at each incremental increase of DCE or water to the IL using a chronoamperometric technique that is concentration independent. The IL|DCE mixture exhibited little change in the Fc diffusion coefficient, DFc, up to a DCE mole fraction (χDCE) of 0.5; the observed value, 2.0 × 10−8 cm2 s−1, agrees well with that typically reported for ILs in the literature. After which, the DFc quickly rose to a value commonly found in conventional molecular solvents, 1.3 × 10−5 cm2 s−1 (at χDCE = 0.8). An analogous result was not observed for IL|water mixtures using FcCH2OH, such that [Formula: see text] varied from 0.2 to 1.2 × 10−9 cm2·s−1 at a [Formula: see text] of 0 to 0.8. It was proposed that a large increase in the DFc in the IL|DCE mixture versus [Formula: see text] in the IL|water series was owing to P4441CH3SO4’s more hydrophobic character. Its hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the formal ion transfer potentials of the IL component ions at a water|DCE immiscible interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Jane Stockmann
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Chou LH, Hussey CL. An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Study of Nd(III) and Pr(III) Coordination in the 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Ionic Liquid Containing Chloride Ion. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:5750-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5005616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsien Chou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Charles L. Hussey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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21
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Electrochemical assessment of water|ionic liquid biphasic systems towards cesium extraction from nuclear waste. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Egorova KS, Ananikov VP. Toxicity of ionic liquids: eco(cyto)activity as complicated, but unavoidable parameter for task-specific optimization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:336-60. [PMID: 24399804 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress in the field of ionic liquids in recent decades led to the development of many outstanding energy-conversion processes, catalytic systems, synthetic procedures, and important practical applications. Task-specific optimization emerged as a sharpening stone for the fine-tuning of structure of ionic liquids, which resulted in unprecedented efficiency at the molecular level. Ionic-liquid systems showed promising opportunities in the development of green and sustainable technologies; however, the chemical nature of ionic liquids is not intrinsically green. Many ionic liquids were found to be toxic or even highly toxic towards cells and living organisms. In this Review, we show that biological activity and cytotoxicity of ionic liquids dramatically depend on the nature of a biological system. An ionic liquid may be not toxic for particular cells or organisms, but may demonstrate high toxicity towards another target present in the environment. Thus, a careful selection of biological activity data is a must for the correct assessment of chemical technologies involving ionic liquids. In addition to the direct biological activity (immediate response), several indirect effects and aftereffects are of primary importance. The following principal factors were revealed to modulate toxicity of ionic liquids: i) length of an alkyl chain in the cation; ii) degree of functionalization in the side chain of the cation; iii) anion nature; iv) cation nature; and v) mutual influence of anion and cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991 (Russia)
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Okamura H, Ikeda-Ohno A, Saito T, Aoyagi N, Naganawa H, Hirayama N, Umetani S, Imura H, Shimojo K. Specific Cooperative Effect of a Macrocyclic Receptor for Metal Ion Transfer into an Ionic Liquid. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9332-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okamura
- Division of Material Sciences,
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Chemistry for Nuclear
Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195,
Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda-Ohno
- Reaction Dynamics Research
Division, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Takumi Saito
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Noboru Aoyagi
- Division of Chemistry for Nuclear
Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195,
Japan
| | - Hirochika Naganawa
- Division of Chemistry for Nuclear
Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195,
Japan
| | - Naoki Hirayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510,
Japan
| | - Shigeo Umetani
- Institute for Chemical
Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto
611-0011, Japan
| | - Hisanori Imura
- Division of Material Sciences,
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kojiro Shimojo
- Division of Chemistry for Nuclear
Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195,
Japan
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24
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Groenewold GS, Peterman DR, Klaehn JR, Delmau LH, Marc P, Custelcean R. Oxidative degradation of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid in nitric acid studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2195-2203. [PMID: 22956310 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The selective separation of the minor actinides (Am, Cm) from the lanthanides is a topic of ongoing nuclear fuel cycle research, and dithiophosphinic acids are candidate ligands in these processes. Ligand instability has been noted under radiolytic and harsh acid conditions but explicit degradation pathways for ligands such as bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-dithiophosphinic acid (CyxH), the major compound in the commercial product Cyanex 301, have been elusive. METHODS Organic solutions of CyxH were contacted with aqueous solutions of HNO(3), and their degradation was studied by analyzing samples from these experiments by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Ions were identified using accurate mass measurement and collision-induced dissociation. RESULTS The positive ion spectra contained cationized CyxH cluster ions, and oxidatively coupled species (designated Cyx(2)) cationized by either H or Na. The Cyx(2)-derived ions increased with acid contact time. The negative ion spectra consisted almost entirely of the CyxH conjugate base. The negative ion spectra of the HNO(3)-contacted samples also contained conjugate bases corresponding to the dioxo and perthio derivatives of CyxH. CONCLUSIONS CyxH is oxidized by acid contact to form the coupled species Cyx(2), and the dioxo species arise from subsequent oxidation of Cyx(2). Oxidative coupling increases with contact time, and with higher HNO(3) concentrations. The direct infusion measurements provided a simple approach for assessing degradation pathways and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Groenewold
- Idaho National Laboratory, 2351 North Boulevard, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2208, USA.
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25
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Stockmann TJ, Ding Z. Tetraoctylphosphonium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate Room Temperature Ionic Liquid toward Enhanced Physicochemical Properties for Electrochemistry. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12826-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario,
Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario,
Canada, N6A 5B7
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26
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Stockmann TJ, Montgomery AM, Ding Z. Formal transfer potentials of strontium and uranyl ions at water|1,2-dichloroethane interfaces. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of dioxouranium (UO22+), or uranyl, and strontium (Sr2+) ions from spent nuclear fuel (SNF), often through a biphasic (aqueous / organic solvent) ligand assisted process, is critical for the implementation of a closed-loop nuclear fuel cycle whereby SNF is diverted from permanent geological disposal and the life of the nuclear industry is extended. Deeper understanding of the biphasic extraction process can be achieved through facile electrochemical experiments at a liquid|liquid interface. Of primary importance to developing a quantitative analysis of the ligand assisted or facilitated ion transfer (FIT) (i.e., transfer through interfacial complexation) case is to first quantify the free or simple metal IT; that is the amount of applied potential required to “push” ions across the water|organic interface. This value is, in fact, a constant referred to as the formal transfer potential ([Formula: see text]), which is unique to each metal ion in the biphasic system. Because of their hydrophilicity they often limit the polarizable potential window. Values for [Formula: see text], for the most part, have only been estimated. With a microinterface housed at the tip of a 25 µm capillary it is possible to reduce the Faradaic current to observe their transfer. Herein is described the quantification of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] or the formal transfer potentials for dioxouranium and strontium ions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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27
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Stockmann TJ, Montgomery AM, Ding Z. Determination of alkali metal ion transfers at liquid|liquid interfaces stabilized by a micropipette. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Groenewold G, Elias G, Mincher B, Mezyk S, LaVerne J. Characterization of CMPO and its radiolysis products by direct infusion ESI-MS. Talanta 2012; 99:909-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Stockmann TJ, Montgomery AM, Ding Z. Correlation of Stoichiometries for Rb+ Extraction Determined by Mass Spectrometry and Electrochemistry at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6143-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry
Building,
1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Anne-Marie Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry
Building,
1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry
Building,
1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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30
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Stockmann TJ, Ding Z. Facile determination of formal transfer potentials for hydrophilic alkali metal ions at water|ionic liquid microinterfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13949-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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