1
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Elias EK, Rehbein SM, Neufeldt SR. Solvent coordination to palladium can invert the selectivity of oxidative addition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1618-1628. [PMID: 35282616 PMCID: PMC8827013 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction solvent was previously shown to influence the selectivity of Pd/P t Bu3-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of chloroaryl triflates. The role of solvents has been hypothesized to relate to their polarity, whereby polar solvents stabilize anionic transition states involving [Pd(P t Bu3)(X)]- (X = anionic ligand) and nonpolar solvents do not. However, here we report detailed studies that reveal a more complicated mechanistic picture. In particular, these results suggest that the selectivity change observed in certain solvents is primarily due to solvent coordination to palladium. Polar coordinating and polar noncoordinating solvents lead to dramatically different selectivity. In coordinating solvents, preferential reaction at triflate is likely catalyzed by Pd(P t Bu3)(solv), whereas noncoordinating solvents lead to reaction at chloride through monoligated Pd(P t Bu3). The role of solvent coordination is supported by stoichiometric oxidative addition experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and catalytic cross-coupling studies. Additional results suggest that anionic [Pd(P t Bu3)(X)]- is also relevant to triflate selectivity in certain scenarios, particularly when halide anions are available in high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Elias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Steven M Rehbein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
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2
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Recent advances in theoretical studies on ligand-controlled selectivity of nickel- and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Becica J, Glaze OD, Hruszkewycz DP, Dobereiner GE, Leitch DC. The influence of additives on orthogonal reaction pathways in the Mizoroki–Heck arylation of vinyl ethers. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Translating microscale high-throughput screening hits into preparative scale chemistry often requires an understanding of scale-dependent factors, such as the effect of additives on catalyst activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Becica
- Chemical Development
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Collegeville
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Owen D. Glaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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4
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Wang Z, Xue F, Hayashi T. Synthesis of Arylacetaldehydes by Iridium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Vinylene Carbonate with Arylboronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11054-11057. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Fei Xue
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Tamio Hayashi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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5
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Wang Z, Xue F, Hayashi T. Synthesis of Arylacetaldehydes by Iridium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Vinylene Carbonate with Arylboronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Fei Xue
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Tamio Hayashi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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6
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Hooker LV, Neufeldt SR. Ligation state of nickel during C-O bond activation with monodentate phosphines. Tetrahedron 2018; 74:6717-6725. [PMID: 31105349 PMCID: PMC6516790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative addition of phenolic electrophiles at Ni(0) in the presence of monodentate phosphine ligands was studied with both dispersion-free and dispersion-containing DFT methods. With the popular bulky ligand PCy3, consideration of dispersion has a striking effect on the predicted ligation state of nickel during oxidative addition of aryl sulfamates. Dispersioncontaining methods such as M06L indicate a clear preference for a bis-phosphine ligated transition state (TS), while dispersion free methods like B3LYP strongly favor a monophosphine ligated TS. This discrepancy in predicted ligation state is also found with small phosphines (PMe3) in combination with some aryl electrophiles (carbamates, acetates, pivalates, chlorides), but a bis-PMe3-ligated TS is predicted regardless of dispersion for other electrophiles (sulfamates, mesylates, tosylates). DFT calculations that include dispersion also offer a possible explanation for the observed poor efficacy of P t Bu3 as a ligand in Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy V. Hooker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Bldg., Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Bldg., Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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7
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Lungerich D, Hitzenberger JF, Hampel F, Drewello T, Jux N. Superbenzene-Porphyrin Gas-Phase Architectures Derived from Intermolecular Dispersion Interactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:15818-15824. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary, Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Organic Chemistry II; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 90458 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Technology Innovation Chair; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Jakob F. Hitzenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Physical Chemistry I; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Egerlandstr. 3 90458 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary, Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Organic Chemistry II; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 90458 Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Physical Chemistry I; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Egerlandstr. 3 90458 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary, Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Organic Chemistry II; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 90458 Erlangen Germany
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8
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Kollár L, Takács A. Novel synthesis of 3-carboxamidolactam derivatives via palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Schroeter F, Strassner T. Understanding Anionic “Ligandless” Palladium Species in the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5159-5173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schroeter
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Pálinkás N, Kollár L, Kégl T. Viable pathways for the oxidative addition of iodobenzene to palladium(0)-triphenylphosphine-carbonyl complexes: a theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:15789-15802. [PMID: 29098208 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative addition of 4-substituted iodobenzenes on Pd(0) catalysts under CO atmosphere was investigated by means of density functional calculations employing the M06//B97-D3 level of theory. The 18-electron triphenylphosphine-tricarbonyl complex was found to be the global minimum. Several coordinatively unsaturated species are predicted to be present both in N,N-dimethylformamide and toluene solution. In terms of activating iodobenzene, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was proved to be the most active. However, due to its lower thermodynamic stability, it is slightly inferior to the Pd-triphenylphosphine-carbonyl complex, which is predicted to react with a free energy of activation of 23.2 kcal mol-1 with respect to the initial resting state tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). The effect of 4-substituents of iodobenzene on reaction energetics is also discussed. The activity of the Pd(0) catalyst was found to be governed by the donor-acceptor strength of the ancillary ligands: the barrier decreases with increasing basicity and decreasing back-donating capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Pálinkás
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6., H-7624 Hungary
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11
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Menezes da Silva VH, de Lima Batista AP, Navarro O, Braga AAC. Theoretical study on selectivity trends in (N
-heterocyclic carbene)-Pd catalyzed mizoroki-heck reactions: Exploring density functionals methods and molecular models. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:2371-2377. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Menezes da Silva
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Lima Batista
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901 Brazil
| | - Oscar Navarro
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Oregon Health & Science University; 2730 SW Moody Ave, Portland Oregon 97239
| | - Ataualpa A. C. Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
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12
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Mu WH, Fang DC, Xia SY, Cheng RJ, Chass GA. Multi-Pathway Consequent Chemoselectivities of CpRuCl(PPh 3 ) 2 /MeI-Catalysed Norbornadiene Alkyne Cycloadditions. Chemistry 2016; 22:15396-15403. [PMID: 27620274 PMCID: PMC5082545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselectivities of five experimentally realised CpRuCl(PPh3)2/MeI‐catalysed couplings of 7‐azabenzo‐norbornadienes with selected alkynes were successfully resolved from multiple reaction pathway models. Density functional theory calculations showed the following mechanistic succession to be energetically plausible: (1) CpRuI catalyst activation; (2) formation of crucial metallacyclopentene intermediate; (3) cyclobutene product (P2) elimination (ΔGRel(RDS)≈11.9–17.6 kcal mol−1). Alternative formation of dihydrobenzoindole products (P1) by isomerisation to azametalla‐cyclohexene followed by subsequent CpRuI release was much less favourable (ΔGRel(RDS)≈26.5–29.8 kcal mol−1). Emergent stereoselectivities were in close agreement with experimental results for reactions a, b, e. Consequent investigations employing dispersion corrections similarly support the empirical findings of P1 dominating in reactions c and d through P2→P1 product transformations as being probable (ΔG≈25.3–30.1 kcal mol−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Mu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, NO. 298, Yieryi Street, Kunming, 650092, P. R. China.
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, NO. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ya Xia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, NO. 298, Yieryi Street, Kunming, 650092, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Jiao Cheng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, NO. 298, Yieryi Street, Kunming, 650092, P. R. China
| | - Gregory A Chass
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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13
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Xu L, Zhang X, McCammant MS, Sigman MS, Wu YD, Wiest O. Mechanism and Selectivity in the Pd-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Isoprene. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7604-7611. [PMID: 27486829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The three-component coupling of isoprene, an alkenyl triflate, and styrenylboronic acid catalyzed by a palladium pyrox complex affords access to skipped dienes from simple chemical feedstocks. Unfortunately, the transformation proceeds with only moderate selectivity and yields. The reaction mechanism and factors responsible for the resulting regioselectivity were elucidated using M06/SDD/6-311++G(d,p) + SMD calculations. Distortion of the palladium coordination sphere in the transition structure of the migratory insertion step is found to control the 4,1- vs 1,x-selectivity. The calculated ΔΔG⧧ of 1.0 kcal/mol for this step is in excellent agreement with the experimentally observed selectivity of 1:9.9 disfavoring the 4,1-product. The transmetalation was found to be the regioselectivity determining step for the formation of the 1,2- vs 1,4-addition products. Systematic conformational searches for the transmetalation transition structure revealed a series of steric interactions between the t-Bu substituent on the ligand and the substrates in the model system that are balanced by additional repulsive interactions between the substrates and the pyridyl portion of the ligand. The combination of these effects leads to the low to moderate 1,2- vs 1,4-selectivity in the experimentally studied system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthew S McCammant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, United States
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14
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Hwang J, Li P, Smith MD, Shimizu KD. Distance‐Dependent Attractive and Repulsive Interactions of Bulky Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8086-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
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15
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Hwang J, Li P, Smith MD, Shimizu KD. Distance‐Dependent Attractive and Repulsive Interactions of Bulky Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
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16
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Ali Shah MI, Xu ZY, Liu L, Jiang YY, Shi J. Mechanism for the enhanced reactivity of 4-mercaptoprolyl thioesters in native chemical ligation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-strain-precluded strategy benefiting from entropy effects and n → π* orbital interaction, enhances the reactivity of C-terminal prolyl thioesters in NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Jing Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
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17
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Rohmann K, Hölscher M, Leitner W. Can Contemporary Density Functional Theory Predict Energy Spans in Molecular Catalysis Accurately Enough To Be Applicable for in Silico Catalyst Design? A Computational/Experimental Case Study for the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:433-43. [PMID: 26713773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene and 1-methylcyclohexene is investigated experimentally and by means of density functional theory (DFT) computations using novel ruthenium Xantphos(Ph) (4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene) and Xantphos(Cy) (4,5-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene) precatalysts [Ru(Xantphos(Ph))(PhCO2)(Cl)] (1) and [Ru(Xantphos(Cy))(PhCO2)(Cl)] (2), the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of which are reported. The intention of this work is to (i) understand the reaction mechanisms on the microscopic level and (ii) compare experimentally observed activation barriers with computed barriers. The Gibbs free activation energy ΔG(⧧) was obtained experimentally with precatalyst 1 from Eyring plots for the hydrogenation of cyclohexene (ΔG(⧧) = 17.2 ± 1.0 kcal/mol) and 1-methylcyclohexene (ΔG(⧧) = 18.8 ± 2.4 kcal/mol), while the Gibbs free activation energy ΔG(⧧) for the hydrogenation of cyclohexene with precatalyst 2 was determined to be 21.1 ± 2.3 kcal/mol. Plausible activation pathways and catalytic cycles were computed in the gas phase (M06-L/def2-SVP). A variety of popular density functionals (ωB97X-D, LC-ωPBE, CAM-B3LYP, B3LYP, B97-D3BJ, B3LYP-D3, BP86-D3, PBE0-D3, M06-L, MN12-L) were used to reoptimize the turnover determining states in the solvent phase (DF/def2-TZVP; IEF-PCM and/or SMD) to investigate how well the experimentally obtained activation barriers can be reproduced by the calculations. The density functionals B97-D3BJ, MN12-L, M06-L, B3LYP-D3, and CAM-B3LYP reproduce the experimentally observed activation barriers for both olefins very well with very small (0.1 kcal/mol) to moderate (3.0 kcal/mol) mean deviations from the experimental values indicating for the field of hydrogenation catalysis most of these functionals to be useful for in silico catalyst design prior to experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rohmann
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Hölscher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
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18
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Wagner JP, Schreiner PR. London’sche Dispersionswechselwirkungen in der Molekülchemie - eine Neubetrachtung sterischer Effekte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Wolters LP, Koekkoek R, Bickelhaupt FM. Role of Steric Attraction and Bite-Angle Flexibility in Metal-Mediated C–H Bond Activation. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lando P. Wolters
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Koekkoek
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, NL-6525 AJ
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Wagner JP, Schreiner PR. London dispersion in molecular chemistry--reconsidering steric effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12274-96. [PMID: 26262562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
London dispersion, which constitutes the attractive part of the famous van der Waals potential, has long been underappreciated in molecular chemistry as an important element of structural stability, and thus affects chemical reactivity and catalysis. This negligence is due to the common notion that dispersion is weak, which is only true for one pair of interacting atoms. For increasingly larger structures, the overall dispersion contribution grows rapidly and can amount to tens of kcal mol(-1) . This Review collects and emphasizes the importance of inter- and intramolecular dispersion for molecules consisting mostly of first row atoms. The synergy of experiment and theory has now reached a stage where dispersion effects can be examined in fine detail. This forces us to reconsider our perception of steric hindrance and stereoelectronic effects. The quantitation of dispersion energy donors will improve our ability to design sophisticated molecular structures and much better catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philipp Wagner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen (Germany)
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen (Germany).
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21
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Sperger T, Sanhueza IA, Kalvet I, Schoenebeck F. Computational Studies of Synthetically Relevant Homogeneous Organometallic Catalysis Involving Ni, Pd, Ir, and Rh: An Overview of Commonly Employed DFT Methods and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Rev 2015. [PMID: 26207572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Italo A Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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22
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Jiang YY, Zhang Q, Yu HZ, Fu Y. Mechanism of Aldehyde-Selective Wacker-Type Oxidation of Unbiased Alkenes with a Nitrite Co-Catalyst. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5018776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Huasheng Building, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Lyngvi E, Sanhueza IA, Schoenebeck F. Dispersion Makes the Difference: Bisligated Transition States Found for the Oxidative Addition of Pd(PtBu3)2 to Ar-OSO2R and Dispersion-Controlled Chemoselectivity in Reactions with Pd[P(iPr)(tBu2)]2. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om501199t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Lyngvi
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Italo A. Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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24
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Sunesson Y, Limé E, Nilsson Lill SO, Meadows RE, Norrby PO. Role of the base in Buchwald-Hartwig amination. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11961-9. [PMID: 25340530 DOI: 10.1021/jo501817m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Buchwald-Hartwig amination has been investigated theoretically and experimentally to examine the scope of possible bases under different reaction conditions. Nonpolar solvents resist the formation of new charges. Therefore, the base should be anionic to be able to deprotonate the neutral palladium-amine complex and/or expel the anionic leaving group (bromide). The calculated barrier for the organic base DBU was found to be prohibitively high. In polar solvent, dissociation of bromide becomes possible, but here the base will instead form a complex with palladium, creating an overly stable resting state. The conclusions for both solvent classes hold for both a hindered monodentate phosphine and the labile bidentate ligand BINAP. The computational studies were supported by experimental testing of a range of bases using BINAP in two different solvents, toluene and DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Sunesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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25
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Borjian S, Tom DME, Baird MC. Pd(η3-1-PhC3H4)(η5-C5H5) as a Catalyst Precursor for Buchwald–Hartwig Amination Reactions. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500617p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Borjian
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David M. E. Tom
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael C. Baird
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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26
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Grüber R, Fleurat-Lessard P. Density Functional Study of Indole Formation by an Intramolecular Heck Reaction. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Grüber
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
École Normale Supérieure
de Lyon, CNRS, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
École Normale Supérieure
de Lyon, CNRS, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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27
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Xu L, Hilton MJ, Zhang X, Norrby PO, Wu YD, Sigman MS, Wiest O. Mechanism, reactivity, and selectivity in palladium-catalyzed redox-relay Heck arylations of alkenyl alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1960-7. [PMID: 24410393 PMCID: PMC3985895 DOI: 10.1021/ja4109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
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The enantioselective Pd-catalyzed
redox-relay Heck arylation of
acyclic alkenyl alcohols allows access to various useful chiral building
blocks from simple olefinic substrates. Mechanistically, after the
initial migratory insertion, a succession of β-hydride elimination
and migratory insertion steps yields a saturated carbonyl product
instead of the more general Heck product, an unsaturated alcohol.
Here, we investigate the reaction mechanism, including the relay function,
yielding the final carbonyl group transformation. M06 calculations
predict a ΔΔG⧧ of 1
kcal/mol for the site selectivity and 2.5 kcal/mol for the enantioselectivity,
in quantitative agreement with experimental results. The site selectivity
is controlled by a remote electronic effect, where the developing
polarization of the alkene in the migratory insertion transition state
is stabilized by the C–O dipole of the alcohol moiety. The
enantioselectivity is controlled by steric repulsion between the oxazoline
substituent and the alcohol-bearing alkene substituent. The relay
efficiency is due to an unusually smooth potential energy surface
without high barriers, where the hydroxyalkyl-palladium species acts
as a thermodynamic sink, driving the reaction toward the carbonyl
product. Computational predictions of the relative reactivity and
selectivity of the double bond isomers are validated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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28
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Salomone A, Perna FM, Falcicchio A, Nilsson Lill SO, Moliterni A, Michel R, Florio S, Stalke D, Capriati V. Direct observation of a lithiated oxirane: a synergistic study using spectroscopic, crystallographic, and theoretical methods on the structure and stereodynamics of lithiated ortho-trifluoromethyl styrene oxide. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Understanding palladium complexes structures and reactivities: beyond classical point of view. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Bonney KJ, Proutiere F, Schoenebeck F. Dinuclear Pd(i) complexes—solely precatalysts? Demonstration of direct reactivity of a Pd(i) dimer with an aryl iodide. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Cheng C, Chen D, Wang Z. [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement Versus [2+2] Cycloaddition: A DFT Investigation of Formal SN2′ Substitution of Imido Metal Complexes with Allylic Electrophiles. Chemistry 2012; 19:1204-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Rönnholm P, Gräfenstein J, Norrby PO, Hilmersson G, Nilsson Lill SO. A computational study of the enantioselective addition of n-BuLi to benzaldehyde in the presence of a chiral lithium N,P amide. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2807-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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