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Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
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2
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Vitamin D and its analogs as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
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For many individuals,
in particular during winter, supplementation
with the secosteroid vitamin D3 is essential for the prevention
of bone disorders, muscle weakness, autoimmune diseases, and possibly
also different types of cancer. Vitamin D3 acts via its
metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]
as potent agonist of the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Thus, vitamin D directly affects chromatin structure and gene regulation
at thousands of genomic loci, i.e., the epigenome and transcriptome
of its target tissues. Modifications of 1,25(OH)2D3 at its
side-chain, A-ring, triene system, or C-ring, alone and in combination,
as well as nonsteroidal mimics provided numerous potent VDR agonists
and some antagonists. The nearly 150 crystal structures of VDR’s
ligand-binding domain with various vitamin D compounds allow a detailed
molecular understanding of their action. This review discusses the
most important vitamin D analogs presented during the past 10 years
and molecular insight derived from new structural information on the
VDR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidade da Coruña , ES-15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Nazarbayev University , KZ-010000 Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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Fujishima T, Komatsu T, Takao Y, Yonamine W, Suenaga T, Isono H, Morikawa M, Takaguchi K. Design and concise synthesis of novel vitamin D analogues bearing a functionalized aromatic ring on the side chain. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Carballa D, Sigüeiro R, Rodríguez-Docampo Z, Zacconi F, Maestro MA, Mouriño A. Stereoselective Palladium-Catalyzed Approach to Vitamin D3
Derivatives in Protic Medium. Chemistry 2018; 24:3314-3320. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Zaida Rodríguez-Docampo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA; Universidad de A Coruña; Campus da Zapateira s/n 15701 A Coruña Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Sokolowska K, Carballa D, Seoane S, Pérez-Fernández R, Mouriño A, Sicinski RR. Synthesis and biological activity of two C-7 methyl analogues of vitamin D. J Org Chem 2014; 80:165-73. [PMID: 25396296 DOI: 10.1021/jo502243r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel vitamin D analogues of the hormone 1α,25-(OH)2D3 modified at C-7, namely, 7-methyl-1α,25-(OH)2D3 (12) and 7-methyl-1α,25-(OH)2-19-nor-D3 (26), were synthesized and biologically evaluated to gain further insights into the structure-function relationships of vitamin D. Key steps in the synthesis of 12 include the functionalization at C-7 by an efficient regioselective hydrostannylation of an allene precursor, and the construction of the triene framework by a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization-Suzuki-Miyaura coupling cascade. Since the calcitriol analogue 12 was prone to conversion into its previtamin D form by thermal equilibration, the corresponding 19-nor-compound 26 was also synthesized. The diene moiety of compound 26 was constructed by a modified Julia coupling. UV data as well as X-ray analysis indicate that introduction of the methyl group at C-7 results in a significant deviation from planarity of the 5,7-diene moiety. The new vitamin D analogues 12 and 26 retained good VDR binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sokolowska
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diego Carballa
- ‡Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- §Departamento de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- §Departamento de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- ‡Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of new antiproliferative aromatic analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:381-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu C, Zhao GD, Mao X, Suenaga T, Fujishima T, Zhang CM, Liu ZP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues with aromatic side chains attached at C-17. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:569-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Crystal structures represent the static picture in the life of a molecule giving a sneak preview what it might be in reality. Hence, it is very hard to extrapolate from these photos toward dynamic processes such as transcriptional regulation. Mechanistically VDR may be considered as molecular machine able to perform ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and interaction in a multi-task manner. Taking this into account the functional net effect will be the combination of all these processes. The long awaited answer to explain the differences in physiological effects for various ligands was one of the biggest disappointment that crystal structures provided since no substantial distinction could be made for the conformation of the active VDR-ligand complexes. This may have come from the limitation on the complexity of the available ligand-VDR structures. The recent studies with full length VDR-RXRα showed somewhat more comprehensive perspective for the 3D organization and possible function of the VDR-RXRα-cofactor complex. In addition to in vitro approaches, also computational tools had been introduced with the aim to get understanding on the mechanic and dynamic properties of the VDR complexes with some success. Using these methods and based on measurable descriptors such as pocket size and positions of side chains it is possible to note subtle differences between the structures. The meaning of these differences has not been fully understood yet but the possibility of a “butterfly effect” may have more extreme consequences in terms of VDR signaling. In this review, the three functional aspects (ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and binding) will be discussed with respect to available data as well as possible implication and questions that may be important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Molnár
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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Wei J, Ni Y, Xiang N, Zhang Y, Ma X. Urchin-like NixPy hollow superstructures: mild solvothermal synthesis and enhanced catalytic performance for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Carballa DM, Rumbo A, Torneiro M, Maestro M, Mouriño A. Synthesis of (1α)-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3with aβ-Positioned Seven-Carbon Side Chain at C(12). Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Carballa DM, Seoane S, Zacconi F, Pérez X, Rumbo A, Alvarez-Díaz S, Larriba MJ, Pérez-Fernández R, Muñoz A, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Torneiro M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues with a Long Side Chain at C12 and Short C17 Side Chains. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8642-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Carballa
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xenxo Pérez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rumbo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidad de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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