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Dankert F, Hevia E. Synthesis and Modular Reactivity of Low Valent Al/Zn Heterobimetallics Supported by Common Monodentate Amides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304336. [PMID: 38189633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances on low valent main group metal chemistry have shown the excellent potential of heterobimetallic complexes derived from Al(I) to promote cooperative small molecule activation processes. A signature feature of these complexes is the use of bulky chelating ligands which act as spectators providing kinetic stabilization to their highly reactive Al-M bonds. Here we report the synthesis of novel Al/Zn bimetallics prepared by the selective formal insertion of AlCp* into the Zn-N bond of the utility zinc amides ZnR2 (R=HMDS, hexamethyldisilazide; or TMP, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide). By systematically assessing the reactivity of the new [(R)(Cp*)AlZn(R)] bimetallics towards carbodiimides, structural and mechanistic insights have been gained on their ability to undergo insertion in their Zn-Al bond. Disclosing a ligand effect, when R=TMP, an isomerization process can be induced giving [(TMP)2AlZn(Cp*)] which displays a special reactivity towards carbodiimides and carbon dioxide involving both its Al-N bonds, leaving its Al-Zn bond untouched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestraße 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestraße 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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Blundell TJ, Taylor LJ, Valentine AJ, Lewis W, Blake AJ, McMaster J, Kays DL. A transition metal–gallium cluster formed via insertion of “GaI”. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8139-8142. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new transition metal-group 13 cluster from a low-coordinate diaryl and “GaI”, demonstrates entry into new cluster compounds.
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Mayer K, Weßing J, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Intermetalloid Clusters: Molecules and Solids in a Dialogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14372-14393. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Jana Weßing
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
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Mayer K, Weßing J, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Intermetalloide Cluster: Moleküle und Festkörper im Dialog. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Jana Weßing
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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Abstract
This review article provides a survey of contemporary investigations on main group metal cluster formation, addressing homo- and heterometallic clusters (including small numbers of transition metal atoms), with or without an external ligand shell, thereby excluding clusters with non-metal atoms as bridging ligands. Most of the studies reflected herein represent insights into the formation of intermediates from the starting material, or the final cluster formation from established intermediates. In rare cases, the entire process was suggested as a result of comprehensive, multi-method elucidations. The article is to be understood as a state-of-the-art report, as the subject matter is currently a rising field of research, which is still in its infancy, despite some early activities that date back to the 1980s. At the same time, the article intends to point toward both the importance and the feasibility of according studies, in order to encourage researchers to gain even more knowledge in this field. Only deep understanding of cluster formation will allow for design, and ultimately control, of their syntheses, with the long-term goal of their optimization and purposeful application in catalysis or novel material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mitzinger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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Hornung J, Weßing J, Molon M, Dilchert K, Gemel C, Fischer RA. Chemistry of Hume-Rothery inspired organometallics: Selective functionalization of [M(ZnCp*) 4 (ZnCH 3 ) 4 ] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) with terminal alkynes to yield [M(ZnCp*) 4 (ZnCCSi i Pr) 4 ]. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Freitag K, Molon M, Jerabek P, Dilchert K, Rösler C, Seidel RW, Gemel C, Frenking G, Fischer RA. Zn···Zn interactions at nickel and palladium centers. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6413-6421. [PMID: 28451097 PMCID: PMC5355958 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The analogy between ZnR fragments and the hydrogen radical represents a fruitful concept in organometallic synthesis. The organozinc(ii) and -zinc(i) sources ZnMe2 (Me = methyl) and [Zn2Cp*2] (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) provide one-electron fragments ·ZnR (R = Me, Cp*), which can be trapped by transition metal complexes [L a M], yielding [L b (ZnR) n ]. The addition of the dizinc compound [Zn2Cp*2] to coordinatively unsaturated [L a M] by the homolytic cleavage of the Zn-Zn bond can be compared to the classic oxidative addition reaction of H2, forming dihydride complexes [L a M(H)2]. It has also been widely shown that dihydrogen coordinates under preservation of the H-H bond in the case of certain electronic properties of the transition metal fragment. The σ-aromatic triangular clusters [Zn3Cp*3]+ and [Zn2CuCp*3] may be regarded as the first indication of this so far unknown, side-on coordination mode of [Zn2Cp*2]. With this background in mind the question arises if a series of complexes featuring the Zn2M structural motif can be prepared exhibiting a (more or less) intact Zn-Zn interaction, i.e. di-zinc complexes which are analogous to non-classical dihydrogen complexes of the Kubas type. In order to probe this idea, a series of interrelated organozinc nickel and palladium complexes and clusters were synthesized and characterized as model compounds: [Ni(ZnCp*)(ZnMe)(PMe3)3] (1), [Ni(ZnCp*)2(ZnMe)2(PMe3)2] (2), [{Ni(CN t Bu)2(μ2-ZnCp*)(μ2-ZnMe)}2] (3), [Pd(ZnCp*)4(CN t Bu)2] (4) and [Pd3Zn6(PCy3)2(Cp*)4] (5). The dependence of Zn···Zn interactions as a function of the ligand environments and the metal centers was studied. Experimental X-ray crystallographic structural data and DFT calculations support the analogy between dihydrogen and dizinc transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Freitag
- Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry , Technical University Munich , D-85748 , Garching , Germany . ;
| | - Mariusz Molon
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Organometallics & Materials , Ruhr-University Bochum , D-44780 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , D-35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Katharina Dilchert
- Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry , Technical University Munich , D-85748 , Garching , Germany . ;
| | - Christoph Rösler
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Organometallics & Materials , Ruhr-University Bochum , D-44780 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Rüdiger W Seidel
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Organometallics & Materials , Ruhr-University Bochum , D-44780 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry , Technical University Munich , D-85748 , Garching , Germany . ;
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , D-35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry , Technical University Munich , D-85748 , Garching , Germany . ;
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Molon M, Gemel C, Jerabek P, Trombach L, Frenking G, Fischer RA. Hume-Rothery phase-inspired metal-rich molecules: cluster expansion of [Ni(ZnMe)₆(ZnCp*)₂] by face capping with Ni⁰(η⁶-toluene) and Ni(I)(η⁵-Cp*). Inorg Chem 2014; 53:10403-11. [PMID: 25244516 DOI: 10.1021/ic5014335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The novel all-hydrocarbon ligand-stabilized binuclear clusters of metal-core composition Ni2Zn7E, [(η(5)-Cp*)Ni2(ZnMe)6(ZnCp*)(ECp*)] (1-Zn, E = Zn; 1-Ga, E = Ga) and [(η(6)-toluene)Ni2(ZnCp*)2(ZnMe)6] (2; Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), were obtained via Ga/Zn and Al/Zn exchange reactions using the starting compounds [Ni2(ECp*)3(η(2)-C2H4)2] (E = Al/Ga) and an excess of ZnMe2 (Me = CH3). Compounds 1-Zn and 1-Ga are very closely related and differ only by one Zn or Ga atom in the group 12/13 metal shell (Zn/Ga) around the two Ni centers. Accordingly, 1-Zn is EPR-active and 1-Ga is EPR-silent. The compounds were derived as a crystalline product mixture. All new compounds were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometric analysis using liquid-injection field desorption ionization, and elemental analysis, and their molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In addition, the electronic structure has been investigated by DFT and QTAIM calculations, which suggest that there is a Ni1-Ni2 binding interaction. Similar to Zn-rich intermetallic phases of the Hume-Rothery type, the transition metals (here Ni) are distributed in a matrix of Zn atoms to yield highly Zn-coordinated environments. The organic residues, ancillary ligands (Me, Cp*, and toluene), can be viewed as the "protecting" shell of the 10-metal-atom core structures. The soft and flexible binding properties of Cp* and transferability of Me substituents between groups 12 and 13 are essential for the success of this precedence-less type of cluster formation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Molon
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Ganesamoorthy C, Weßing J, Kroll C, Seidel RW, Gemel C, Fischer RA. Der intermetalloide Cluster [(Cp*AlCu)6H4], Stabilisierung eines Cu6-Kerns in einer oktaedrischen Al6-Hülle: molekulare Modellverbindungen für Hume-Rothery-Nanophasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ganesamoorthy C, Weßing J, Kroll C, Seidel RW, Gemel C, Fischer RA. The intermetalloid cluster [(Cp*AlCu)6H4], embedding a Cu6 core inside an octahedral Al6 shell: molecular models of Hume-Rothery nanophases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7943-7. [PMID: 24962074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Defined molecular models for the surface chemistry of Hume-Rothery nanophases related to catalysis are very rare. The Al-Cu intermetalloid cluster [(Cp*AlCu)6H4] was selectively obtained from the clean reaction of [(Cp*Al)4] and [(Ph3PCuH)6]. The stronger affinity of Cp*Al towards Cu sweeps the phosphine ligands from the copper hydride precursor and furnishes an octahedral Al6 cage to encapsulate the Cu6 core. The resulting hydrido cluster M12H4 reacts with benzonitrile to give the stoichiometric hydrometalation product [(Cp*AlCu)6H3(N=CHPh)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelladurai Ganesamoorthy
- Anorganische Chemie II-Organometallics & Materials, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum (Germany)
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Freitag K, Banh H, Gemel C, Seidel RW, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Fischer RA. Molecular brass: Cu₄Zn₄, a ligand protected superatom cluster. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8681-4. [PMID: 24957407 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of ligand protected Cu-Zn clusters is described. Reaction of [CpCu(CN(t)Bu)] with [Zn2Cp*2] yields [(CuCN(t)Bu)4(ZnCp*)4] (1a) and [(CuCN(t)Bu)4(ZnCp*)3(ZnCp)] (1b). According to DFT calculations, the [Cu4Zn4] unit fulfils the unified superatom model for cluster valence shell closing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Freitag
- Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Molon M, Gemel C, Fischer RA. Organogallium- and organozinc-rich palladium and platinum clusters. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3114-20. [PMID: 24292372 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Molon
- Anorganische Chemie II, Organometallics and Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Molon M, Dilchert K, Gemel C, Seidel RW, Schaumann J, Fischer RA. Clusters [Ma(GaCp*)b(CNR)c] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt): Synthesis, Structure, and Ga/Zn Exchange Reactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:14275-83. [PMID: 24283457 DOI: 10.1021/ic4022189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Molon
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, and §Inorganic Chemistry III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina Dilchert
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, and §Inorganic Chemistry III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, and §Inorganic Chemistry III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rüdiger W. Seidel
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, and §Inorganic Chemistry III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Schaumann
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, and §Inorganic Chemistry III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Inorganic Chemistry II-Organometallics & Materials, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, and §Inorganic Chemistry III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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