1
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Zohaib HM, Saqlain M, Khan MA, Masood S, Gul I, Irfan M, Li H. Exploring enantioselective recognition of dTMP-Co-bpe coordination polymer for natural amino acids using molecular simulations and circular dichroism. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13076-13086. [PMID: 39034765 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01245c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The 1D homochiral coordination polymer (CP-1) {[Co(dTMP)(bpe)2(H2O)3]·9H2O}n was constructed by using 2'-deoxy thymidine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (dTMP·2Na), and auxiliary ligand bpe (1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene) and characterized by single-crystal XRD, PXRD, IR, UV-visible, CD and TGA analyses. Molecular simulations revealed the selective chiral behaviour of CP-1 towards phenylalanine and histidine, as indicated by their higher binding free energies compared to other amino acids. Theoretical parameters were also compared with experimental UV-visible verdicts. Notably, the D-enantiomers of phenylalanine and histidine demonstrated strong bonding abilities and optimal configurations for probing and distinguishing them from their L-counterparts. These findings led to propositions suggesting that the dissimilarities between these D and L amino acid forms and their binding orientations with CP-1 may contribute to alterations in the CD signal. CP-1 exhibited a robust inherent circular dichroism (CD) signal in aqueous solutions, modulated by the presence of specific amino acids, namely D/L phenylalanine and D/L histidine. Leveraging the measurement of CD signal intensity, a sensor capable of detecting unmodified amino acids has been developed. Unlike previously reported approaches that relied on complex chemical reactions between initially CD-silent molecules and probed amino acids, this new method offers a more straightforward means of amplifying the CD signal. Consequently, this change facilitates a more accurate differentiation between the enantiomers of these specific amino acids compared to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Madiha Saqlain
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Maroof Ahmad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Sara Masood
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Gul
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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2
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Formen JSSK, Howard JR, Anslyn EV, Wolf C. Circular Dichroism Sensing: Strategies and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400767. [PMID: 38421186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition, and concentration of chiral compounds are frequently encountered tasks across the chemical and health sciences. Chiroptical sensing methods can streamline this work and allow high-throughput screening with remarkable reduction of operational time and cost. During the last few years, significant methodological advances with innovative chirality sensing systems, the use of computer-generated calibration curves, machine learning assistance, and chemometric data processing, to name a few, have emerged and are now matched with commercially available multi-well plate CD readers. These developments have reframed the chirality sensing space and provide new opportunities that are of interest to a large group of chemists. This review will discuss chirality sensing strategies and applications with representative small-molecule CD sensors. Emphasis will be given to important milestones and recent advances that accelerate chiral compound analysis by outperforming traditional methods, conquer new directions, and pioneering efforts that lie at the forefront of chiroptical high-throughput screening developments. The goal is to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the current state and a perspective of future directions of this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Howard
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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3
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Kalarikkal MG, Drechsler C, Tusha G, Schäfer LV, Van Craen D. Chiroptical Recognition of Carboxylates with Charge-Neutral Double-Stranded Zinc(II) Helicates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301613. [PMID: 37518186 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chirality analysis of small molecules for the determination of their enantiopurity is nowadays ruled by streamlined chromatographic methods which utilize chiral stationary phases. Chiroptical probes which rely on host-guest interactions are so far overshadowed by the latter but have the benefit of depending only on common spectroscopic techniques such as CD spectroscopy to distinguish enantiomers and to quantify their ratio. Interest into this receptor-based approach is constantly rising because non-invasive high-throughput screenings with a minimal waste production can be performed. In this study we investigate the possibility to utilize metal-based containers in form of charge-neutral helicates able to recognize anions for this purpose. Key building block of the helicates are triazole units which show rotational freedom and give rise to either a meso-structure or a racemic mixture of the right- and left-handed complex. A chiroptical response of the probe is observed upon recognition of chiral mono- or dicarboxylates and chirality analysis of tartrate is conducted by CD spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika G Kalarikkal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gers Tusha
- Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars V Schäfer
- Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Penasa R, Begato F, Licini G, Wurst K, Abbate S, Longhi G, Zonta C. Fluorescence detected circular dichroism (FDCD) of a stereodynamic probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6714-6717. [PMID: 37191071 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01249b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of chiroptical techniques in combination with stereodynamic probes is becoming one of the leading strategies for chiral sensing. While in most of the reported studies circular dichroism (CD) is the adopted spectroscopic technique, examples regarding the use of vibrational CD (VCD), circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and Raman optical activity (ROA) are emerging as innovative tools. In this communication, an anthracene-decorated tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine zinc complex (TPMA) is reported for its capability to act as a chiral sensor using either CD or fluorescence detected circular dichroism (FDCD). The latter technique offers the unique possibility to determine the enantiomeric excess of a series of carboxylic acids at sensor concentrations down to 0.1 μM. Limitations and possibilities opened by the use of this methodology, in particular regarding the specificity of the probe in the presence of another contaminant, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Penasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Federico Begato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Giulia Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine Università degli Studi di Brescia Viale Europa 11 - 25123 Brescia - BS (Italy) and Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), CNR, Research Unit of Brescia, via Branze 45, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine Università degli Studi di Brescia Viale Europa 11 - 25123 Brescia - BS (Italy) and Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), CNR, Research Unit of Brescia, via Branze 45, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
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5
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Wootten MM, Tshepelevitsh S, Leito I, Clayden J. A Chemically Fuelled Molecular Automaton Displaying Programmed Migration of Zn 2+ Between Alternative Binding Sites. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202247. [PMID: 35880579 PMCID: PMC9804598 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A molecular system comprising a cationic zinc complex and an amino acid-derived ambident ligand having phosphate and carboxylate binding sites undergoes a series of rearrangements in which the metal cation migrates autonomously from one site to another. The location of the metal is identified by the circular dichroism spectrum of a ligated bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (BQPA) chromophore, which takes a characteristic shape at each binding site. Migration is fuelled by the decomposition of trichloroacetic acid to CO2 and CHCl3 , which progressively neutralises the acidity of the system as a function of time, revealing in sequence binding sites of increasing basicity. The migration rate responds to control by variation of the temperature, water content and triethylamine concentration, while an excess of fuel controls the duration of an induction period before the migration event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wootten
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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6
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Begato F, Penasa R, Licini G, Zonta C. Chiroptical Enhancement of Chiral Dicarboxylic Acids from Confinement in a Stereodynamic Supramolecular Cage. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1390-1394. [PMID: 35472260 PMCID: PMC9150167 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The fundamental implications
that chirality has in science and
technology require continuous efforts for the development of fast,
economic, and reliable quantitative methods for enantiopurity assessment.
Among the different analytical approaches, chiroptical techniques
in combination with supramolecular methodologies have shown promising
results in terms of both costs and time analysis. In this article,
a tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines (TPMA)-based supramolecular
cage is able to amplify the circular dichroism (CD) signal of a series
of chiral dicarboxylic acids also in the presence of a complex mixture.
This feature has been used to quantify tartaric acid in wines and
to discriminate different matrixes using principal component analysis
(PCA) of the raw CD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Begato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Penasa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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7
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Sripada A, Thanzeel FY, Wolf C. Unified sensing of the concentration and enantiomeric composition of chiral compounds with an achiral probe. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Wootten MM, Le Bailly BAF, Tshepelevitsh S, Leito I, Clayden J. Inducing a pH-dependent conformational response by competitive binding to Zn 2+ of a series of chiral ligands of disparate basicity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2258-2269. [PMID: 35310487 PMCID: PMC8864710 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules that change shape in response to environmental conditions are central to biological molecular communication devices and their synthetic chemical analogues. Here we report a molecular system in which a series of chiral anionic ligands of differing basicity are selectively protonated according to the pH of the medium. A cationic circular dichroism (CD) reporter complex responds to anion binding by selecting one of two alternative enantiomeric conformations. Exploiting the principle that less basic anions have, in general, weaker electrostatic interactions than more basic anions, a set of three chiral acids with large (>5 unit) pKa differences and differing configurations were sequentially deprotonated in acetonitrile by addition of base, allowing the most basic anion in the mixture at any time to bind to the reporter complex. A characteristic CD output resulted, which changed in sign as the next-most basic anion was revealed by the next deprotonation in the series. Four cycles of switching between three ligand-bound states were achieved with minimal changes in signal magnitude, by alternating addition of base and acid. The pH-dependent conformational response was used to transduce a signal by appending to the binding site a 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) oligomer, whose M or P helical conformation depended on the chirality of the bound ligand, and was reported by a remote 13C-labelled NMR reporter group. The multicomponent system thus converts a pH signal into a programmable conformational response which induces a remote spectroscopic effect. A chemical system comprising a series of chiral acids of differing pKa, a metal, and a conformationally labile chromophore responds to pH with a CD spectrum that reports the absolute stereochemistry of the most basic anion in the mixture.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wootten
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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9
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Ikbal SA, Sakata Y, Akine S. A chiral spirobifluorene-based bis(salen) zinc(ii) receptor towards highly enantioselective binding of chiral carboxylates. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4119-4123. [PMID: 33662079 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a new chiral receptor based on two salen zinc(ii) complex units connected with a spirobifluorene framework. The chiral receptor is proven to enantioselectively bind chiral carboxylate guests and the differences between the binding constants of enantiomeric guests were up to more than one order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Asif Ikbal
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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10
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Bravin C, Badetti E, Licini G, Zonta C. Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines as emerging scaffold in supramolecular chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Li B, Zhang J, Li L, Chen G. A rapid and sensitive method for chiroptical sensing of α-amino acids via click-like labeling with o-phthalaldehyde and p-toluenethiol. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2504-2508. [PMID: 34164017 PMCID: PMC8179345 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05749e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly practical method for comprehensive chiroptical sensing of free α amino acids with streamlined operation and high sensitivity via dual CD/UV measurements is developed. The assay takes advantage of an efficient and selective three-component labeling reaction of primary amines with o-phthalaldehyde and p-toluenethiol reagents to derivatize the NH2 group of analytes into an isoindole. The covalent labeling generates sensitive UV and CD readouts, both of which show an excellent linear relationship with the concentration of analytes. The high reactivity and the novel optical reporting mechanism allow fast and accurate measurement without background interference. The sensing assay works well for a remarkably broad range of analyte concentrations, with an unprecedented lower limit of 10 micromolar concentration. A highly practical method for comprehensive chiroptical sensing of free α amino acids with streamlined operation and high sensitivity via dual CD/UV measurements is developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China .,State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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12
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Badetti E, Lloveras V, Scaramuzzo FA, Wurst K, Veciana J, Vidal-Gancedo J, Licini G, Zonta C. Tris-pyridylmethylamine (TPMA) complexes functionalized with persistent nitronyl nitroxide organic radicals. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10011-10016. [PMID: 32643714 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chance to have persistent organic radicals in combination with metals has attracted much interest since it offers the possibility of having new functional molecules with multiple open-shell elements. In this study, we report the synthesis of two tripodal tris(2-pyridyl)methylamine ligands (TPMA) functionalized with nitronyl nitroxide persistent radicals. The newly formed ligands have been used to coordinate zinc(ii), copper(ii), iron(ii) and cobalt(ii). The resulting complexes have been investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), ESI-MS, FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. An electron reduction of the N-O radical moiety has been observed, depending on the metal used for the formation of the complex and the reaction conditions. We have observed small differences in the EPR spectra depending on the meta or para position of the radical moiety in the complex structure and some antiferromagnetic interactions between the paramagnetic M(ii) ions and the radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Badetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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13
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Pilicer SL, Dragna JM, Garland A, Welch CJ, Anslyn EV, Wolf C. High-Throughput Determination of Enantiopurity by Microplate Circular Dichroism. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10858-10864. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Pilicer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | | | - Adam Garland
- Water Lens, LLC, Houston, Texas 77027, United States
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Indiana Consortium for Analytical Science & Engineering (ICASE), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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14
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Reengineering a Reversible Covalent-Bonding Assembly to Optically Detect ee in β-Chiral Primary Alcohols. Chem 2019; 5:3196-3206. [PMID: 33392417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of parallel synthesis protocols for asymmetric reaction discovery has increased the need for new methods to rapidly determine enantiomeric excess (ee) values. Most chirality sensing is performed on stereocenters that are α (i.e., proximal) to the target functional group. Finding a general approach to detect more distant point chirality would increase the substrate scope of such assays. Herein, we demonstrate a design principle to "reach out" to more distant stereocenters, in this case β-chirality in primary alcohols. Therefore, we see the design principles established in this work as a step forward in sensing distant point chirality and, eventually, multi-stereocenter relationships.
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15
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Thanzeel FY, Sripada A, Wolf C. Quantitative Chiroptical Sensing of Free Amino Acids, Biothiols, Amines, and Amino Alcohols with an Aryl Fluoride Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16382-16387. [PMID: 31564090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive determination of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric ratio, and total amount of standard amino acids by optical methods adaptable to high-throughput screening with modern plate readers has remained a major challenge to date. We now present a small-molecular probe that smoothly reacts with amino acids and biothiols in aqueous solution and thereby generates distinct chiroptical responses to accomplish this task. The achiral sensor is readily available, inexpensive, and suitable for chiroptical analysis of each of the 19 standard amino acids, biothiols, aliphatic, and aromatic amines and amino alcohols. The sensing method is operationally simple, and data collection and processing are straightforward. The utility and practicality of the assay are demonstrated with the accurate analysis of 10 aspartic acid samples covering a wide concentration range and largely varying enantiomeric compositions. Accurate er sensing of 85 scalemic samples of Pro, Met, Cys, Ala, methylpyrrolidine, 1-(2-naphthyl)amine, and mixtures thereof is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets , Washington , D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Archita Sripada
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets , Washington , D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets , Washington , D.C. 20057 , United States
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16
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Lynch CC, De Los Santos ZA, Wolf C. Chiroptical sensing of unprotected amino acids, hydroxy acids, amino alcohols, amines and carboxylic acids with metal salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6297-6300. [PMID: 31089587 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical chirality sensing of unprotected amino acids, hydroxy acids, amino alcohols, amines and carboxylic acids based on a practical mix-and-measure protocol with readily available copper, iron, palladium, manganese, cerium or rhodium salts is demonstrated. The generation of strong cotton effects allows quantitative ee analysis of small sample amounts with high speed. In contrast to previously reported assays the use of chromophoric reporter ligands and the control of metal coordination kinetics and redox chemistry are not necessary which greatly simplifies the sensing procedure with the benefit of reduced waste production and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán C Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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17
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Osawa K, Tagaya H, Kondo SI. Induced Circular Dichroism of Achiral Cyclic Bisurea via Hydrogen Bonds with Chiral Carboxylates. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6623-6630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Osawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tagaya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kondo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
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18
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Scaramuzzo FA, Badetti E, Licini G, Zonta C. Extending substrate sensing capabilities of zinc tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine‐based stereodynamic probe. Chirality 2019; 31:375-383. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Badetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
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19
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De los Santos ZA, Lynch CC, Wolf C. Optische Chiralitätssensorik mit ligandenfreien, weit verbreiteten Cobaltsalzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeus A. De los Santos
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Ciarán C. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
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20
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De los Santos ZA, Lynch CC, Wolf C. Optical Chirality Sensing with an Auxiliary‐Free Earth‐Abundant Cobalt Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1198-1202. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeus A. De los Santos
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Ciarán C. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
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21
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Herrera BT, Pilicer SL, Anslyn EV, Joyce LA, Wolf C. Optical Analysis of Reaction Yield and Enantiomeric Excess: A New Paradigm Ready for Prime Time. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10385-10401. [PMID: 30059621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights the advances of optical methods for asymmetric reaction discovery. Optical analysis allows for the determination of absolute configuration, enantiomeric excess and reaction yield that is amenable to high-throughput experimentation. Thus, the synthetic organic community is encouraged to incorporate the methods discussed to expedite the development of high-yielding, enantioselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden T Herrera
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Samantha L Pilicer
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Leo A Joyce
- Department of Process Research & Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
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22
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Zardi P, Wurst K, Licini G, Zonta C. Concentration-Independent Stereodynamic g-Probe for Chiroptical Enantiomeric Excess Determination. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15616-15619. [PMID: 29039937 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomeric excess (ee) determination is crucial in many aspects of science, from synthesis to materials. Within this subject, coupling molecular sensors with chiroptical techniques is a straightforward approach to the stereochemical analysis of chiral molecules, especially in terms of process immediacy and labor. Stereodynamic probes typically consist of racemic mixtures of rapidly interconverting enantiomeric conformers able to recognize a chiral analyte and greatly amplify its chiroptical readout. A great number of sensors have been developed, but their activity is generally restricted to one or a few classes of chemicals, and the analysis outcome relies on precise knowledge of the probe and analyte concentrations. This aspect in particular limits the potential practical applications. Here we report an oxo-vanadium(V) aminotriphenolate complex that was found to act as a concentration-independent stereodynamic sensor for a wide range of compounds. The bare complex is CD-silent, but coordination of an enantioenriched substrate immediately gives rise to intense Cotton effects in the visible region. Furthermore, a geometry change during the substrate-complex interaction leads to a marked optical response, as witnessed by a strong red-shift of the probe absorption bands, thus allowing the generation of dichroic signals in an "interference-free" area of the spectrum. This peculiarity allows for a linear correlation at high wavelengths between the ee of the analyte and anisotropy g-factor. This parameter derives from the differential circularly polarized light absorption of the sample but is independent of concentration. The newly developed sensor based on a simple coordination process has an unprecedented general character in terms of substrate scope and employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giulia Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , 35131 Padova, Italy
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23
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Zhao YW, Wang Y, Zhang XM. Homochiral MOF as Circular Dichroism Sensor for Enantioselective Recognition on Nature and Chirality of Unmodified Amino Acids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20991-20999. [PMID: 28541029 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of zinc salt with rationally designed chiral ligand, (1R,2R)-2-(pyridine-4-ylcarbamoyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (RR-PCCHC) generated 2D homochiral metal-organic framework [Zn(RR-PCCHC)2] (HMOF-1) that is composed of DNA-like right-handed double-helix structure. HMOF-1 shows high solvent and thermal stability and is also stable in neutral, weak acidic and weak basic aqueous solution. Emulsified HMOF-1 shows strong inherent circular dichroism (CD) signal in aqueous solution, which can show regular intensity change by induction of amino acids. On the basis of the measuring of CD signal intensity, a chemosensor for unmodified amino acids is fabricated, which differ from reported those in which CD signal is amplified by a complicated chemical reaction of originally CD-silent molecule with probed amino acids. This chemosensor can be used for rapid, convenient and sensitive detection of micro amount of amino acids. Most remarkably, 3 × 10-8 mol of l-aspartic acid and 4 × 10-8 mol of d-aspartic acid in aqueous solution can completely quench CD signal of emulsified HMOF-1 in H2O. It is found that the difference of recognition ability between d- and l-proline is the largest in all probed amino acids. The LOD (limit of detection) of the proposed sensor for the determination of aspartic acid is 13.31 ppm. The recognition efficiency η = [Formula: see text] × 100% for l-aspartic acid is as high as 92.1%. The interacting mechanism of DNA-like HMOF-1 with probed amino acids is similar to that of groove binding of targeting drug with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wu Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen 041004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen 041004, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Lvliang University , Lishi 033000, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen 041004, P. R. China
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24
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Bravin C, Badetti E, Scaramuzzo FA, Licini G, Zonta C. Triggering Assembly and Disassembly of a Supramolecular Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6456-6460. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bravin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Badetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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25
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De Los Santos ZA, Wolf C. Chiroptical Asymmetric Reaction Screening via Multicomponent Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13517-13520. [PMID: 27696842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of a stereodynamic phosphine ligand, Pd(II), and a chiral amine, amino alcohol, or amino acid generates characteristic UV and CD signals that can be used for quantitative stereochemical analysis of the bound substrate. A robust mix-and-measure chiroptical sensing protocol has been developed and used to determine the absolute configuration, ee, and yield of an amine produced by Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of an iminium salt. The analysis requires only 1 mg of the crude reaction mixture and minimizes cost, labor, time, and waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeus A De Los Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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26
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Badetti E, Wurst K, Licini G, Zonta C. Multimetallic Architectures from the Self-assembly of Amino Acids and Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Zinc(II) Complexes: Circular Dichroism Enhancement by Chromophores Organization. Chemistry 2016; 22:6515-8. [PMID: 26888188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stereodynamic optical probes are becoming very popular for their capability to act as molecular sensors for the determination of the enantiomeric excess (ee) of chiral compounds. Herein, we describe a new molecular architecture formed by the self-assembly of three zinc metal ions, two modified tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligands, and two amino acids. This system is the structural and functional serendipitous evolution of our previous probe for the determination of amino acids ee. In the new system, one of the metals templates in close proximity two chromophores enhancing their exciton coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Badetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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27
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Bentley KW, Joyce LA, Sherer EC, Sheng H, Wolf C, Welch CJ. Antenna Biphenols: Development of Extended Wavelength Chiroptical Reporters. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1185-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W. Bentley
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Department
of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Department
of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department
of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Department
of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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28
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De los Santos ZA, Ding R, Wolf C. Quantitative chirality sensing of amines and amino alcohols via Schiff base formation with a stereodynamic UV/CD probe. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1934-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A readily available probe is used for quantitative sensing of the concentration and ee of chiral amines and amino alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ransheng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
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29
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Bentley KW, Santos ZA, Weiss MJ, Wolf C. Chirality Sensing With Stereodynamic Biphenolate Zinc Complexes. Chirality 2015; 27:700-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeus A. Santos
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington D.C
| | - Mary J. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington D.C
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington D.C
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30
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Zhu F, Li X, Li Y, Yan M, Liu S. Enantioselective Circular Dichroism Sensing of Cysteine and Glutathione with Gold Nanorods. Anal Chem 2014; 87:357-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Ministry
of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key
Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Ministry
of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Key
Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Ministry
of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Mei Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Ministry
of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Ministry
of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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31
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Butler SJ. Ratiometric detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in water and real-time monitoring of apyrase activity with a tripodal zinc complex. Chemistry 2014; 20:15768-74. [PMID: 25303281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two tripodal fluorescent probes Zn⋅L(1,2) have been synthesised, and their anion-binding capabilities were examined by using fluorescence spectroscopy. Probe Zn⋅L(1) allows the selective and ratiometric detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at physiological pH, even in the presence of several competing anions, such as ADP, phosphate and bicarbonate. The probe was applied to the real-time monitoring of the apyrase-catalysed hydrolysis of ATP, in a medium that mimics an extracellular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE (UK).
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32
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Dai C, Wang Y, Quan Y, Chen Q, Cheng Y, Zhu C. Chiral sensing of Eu(III)-containing achiral polymer complex from chiral amino acids coordination induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Dai
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yiwu Quan
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Qingmin Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
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33
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Jo HH, Lin CY, Anslyn EV. Rapid optical methods for enantiomeric excess analysis: from enantioselective indicator displacement assays to exciton-coupled circular dichroism. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2212-21. [PMID: 24892802 DOI: 10.1021/ar500147x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The advent of high-throughput screening (HTS) for chiral catalysts has encouraged the development of fast methods for determining enantiomeric excess (ee). Traditionally, chromatographic methods such as chiral HPLC have been used for ee determination in HTS. These methods, however, are not optimal because of high duty cycle. Their long analysis time results in a bottleneck in the HTS process. A more ideal method for HTS that requires less analysis time such as chiroptical methods are thus of interest. In this Account, we summarize our efforts to develop host-guest systems for ee determination. The first part includes our enantioselective indicator displacement assays (eIDAs), and the second part focuses on our circular dichroism based host-guest systems. Our first eIDA utilizes chiral boronic acid receptors, along with prescreened indicators, to determine ee for chiral α-hydroxyacids and vicinal diols with ±7% average error (AE). To further the practicality for this system, a HTS protocol was developed. Our second eIDA uses diamino chiral ligands and Cu(II) as the receptor for the ee determination of α-amino acids. The system reported ±12% AE, and a HTS protocol was developed for this system. Our first CD based host-guest system uses metal complexes composed of Cu(I) or Pd(II) with enantiopure 2,2'-diphenylphosphino-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINAP) as host to determine the ee of chiral vicinal diamines (±4% AE), primary amines (±17% AE), and cyclohexanones (±7% AE). Primary amines and cyclohexanones were derivatized to form chiral imines or chiral hydrazones to allow coordination with the metal complex. Upon coordination of chiral analytes, the metal-to-ligand (BINAP) charge transfer band was modulated, thus allowing the discrimination of chiral analytes. As an effort to improve the accuracy for chiral primary amine ee determination, a system with a host composed of o-formylphenyl boronic acid (FPBA) and enantiopure 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) was used to reduce the AE to ±5.8%. In the presence of amines, the FPBA-BINOL host forms an imine-coordinated boronic ester, thus affecting the CD signal of the boron complex. Another chiral primary amine ee determination system was developed with Fe(II) and 3-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarbaldehyde. The chiral imines, formed by the pyridinecarbaldehyde and chiral amines, would coordinate to the Fe(II) ion yielding exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) active metal complexes. This system was able to determine the ee of chiral amines with ±5% AE. Furthermore, this imine-Fe(II) complex system also successfully determined the ee of α-chiral aldehydes with ±5% AE. Other ECCD based hosts were subsequently developed; one with bisquinolylpyridylamine and Cu(II) for chiral carboxylates and amino acids and another multicomponent system with pyridine chromophores for chiral secondary alcohol ee determination. Both of the systems were able to determine ee of the chiral analytes with ±3% AE. Overall, our group has developed ee determining host-guest systems that target various functionalities. To date, we are able to determine the ee of vicinal diols, α-hydroxyacids, vicinal diamines, cyclohexanones, amines, α-chiral aldehydes, carboxylates, amino acids, and secondary alcohols with ±7% or lower average error. Future development will involve improving the average error and employing the current systems to analyze real-life samples resulting from parallel syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwa Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chung-Yon Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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34
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Bentley KW, Wolf C. Comprehensive chirality sensing: development of stereodynamic probes with a dual (chir)optical response. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6517-31. [PMID: 24936934 DOI: 10.1021/jo500959y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of a salicylaldehyde ring and a cofacial aryl or heteroaryl N-oxide chromophore onto a naphthalene scaffold affords stereodynamic probes designed to rapidly bind amines, amino alcohols, or amino acids and to translate this binding event via substrate-to-receptor chirality amplification into a dual (chir)optical response. 1-(3'-Formyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-8-(9'-anthryl)naphthalene (1) was prepared via two consecutive Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, and the three-dimensional structure and racemization kinetics were studied by crystallography and dynamic HPLC. This probe proved successful for chirality sensing of several compounds, but in situ IR monitoring of the condensation reaction between the salicylaldehyde moiety in 1 and phenylglycinol showed that the imine formation takes 2 h. Optimization of the substrate binding rate and the circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence readouts led to the replacement of anthracene with smaller fluorophores capable of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. 1-(3'-Formyl-4'-methoxyphenyl)-8-(4'-isoquinolyl)naphthalene N-oxide (2) and its pyridyl analogue 3 combine fast substrate binding with distinctive chiral amplification. This asymmetric transformation of the first kind prompts CD and fluorescence responses that can be used for in situ determination of the absolute configuration, ee, and total concentration of many compounds. The general utility of the three chemosensors was successfully tested on 18 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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35
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Irfanoglu B, Wolf C. Circular Dichroism Sensing of Chiral Compounds Using an Achiral Metal Complex as Probe. Chirality 2014; 26:379-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Irfanoglu
- Department of Chemistry; Georgetown University; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry; Georgetown University; Washington District of Columbia
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36
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Seo MS, Lee A, Kim H. 2,2′-Dihydroxybenzil: A Stereodynamic Probe for Primary Amines Controlled by Steric Strain. Org Lett 2014; 16:2950-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501088v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seob Seo
- Department
of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Center
for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Ansoo Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Center
for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Center
for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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37
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Zhao S, Ito S, Ohba Y, Katagiri H. Determination of the absolute configuration and identity of chiral carboxylic acids using a Cu(II) complex of pyridine–benzimidazole-based ligand. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Joyce LA, Sherer EC, Welch CJ. Imine-based chiroptical sensing for analysis of chiral amines: from method design to synthetic application. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust chiroptical method for fast enantiopurity determination of chiral amines utilizing HPLC-CD, applied to monitoring crude transamination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A. Joyce
- Process and Analytical Chemistry
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Rahway, USA
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Process and Analytical Chemistry
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Rahway, USA
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39
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Wolf C, Bentley KW. Chirality sensing using stereodynamic probes with distinct electronic circular dichroism output. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5408-24. [PMID: 23482984 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is one of the most useful techniques for the stereochemical analysis of chiral biopolymers and fine chemicals. It has become invaluable for the assignment of the absolute configuration, the study of conformational isomers, and the determination of racemization kinetics of CD active chiral compounds. Molecular interactions between a nonracemic chiral substrate and a chromophoric, CD-silent probe that is achiral or exists as a racemic mixture of rapidly interconverting enantiomeric conformations or configurations can induce a strong, characteristic chiroptical readout. A covalent or noncovalent binding event that coincides with a well-defined asymmetric induction process can effectively imprint the chiral information of the substrate on the stereodynamic sensor and thus generate intense Cotton effects in the UV region of the latter. The probe can thus function as a stereochemical reporter unit and analysis of the CD spectrum often provides accurate information about the absolute configuration and enantiomeric composition of the substrate used. In this review, recent developments in circular dichroism analysis of chiral compounds with stereodynamic probes are described and particular emphasis is given to sensor design, chiral induction processes and applications scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Bentley KW, Nam YG, Murphy JM, Wolf C. Chirality Sensing of Amines, Diamines, Amino Acids, Amino Alcohols, and α-Hydroxy Acids with a Single Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410428b#_blank] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W. Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Yea G. Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jaslynn M. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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Bentley KW, Nam YG, Murphy JM, Wolf C. Chirality sensing of amines, diamines, amino acids, amino alcohols, and α-hydroxy acids with a single probe. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18052-5. [PMID: 24261969 DOI: 10.1021/ja410428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A stereodynamic probe for determination of the absolute configuration and enantiomeric composition of chiral amines, diamines, amino alcohols, amino acids, and α-hydroxy carboxylic acids is described. The chirality sensing is based on spontaneous asymmetric transformation of the first kind with stereolabile binaphtholate boron and zinc complexes. The substrate binding and chiral amplification processes yield a distinctive chiroptical sensor output at high wavelength that can be used for rapid and accurate ee detection of minute sample amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, DC 20057, United States
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Scaramuzzo FA, Licini G, Zonta C. Determination of amino acid enantiopurity and absolute configuration: synergism between configurationally labile metal-based receptors and dynamic covalent interactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:16809-13. [PMID: 24173828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reliable determination of the enantiomeric excess of free amino acids can be obtained by measuring the induced circular dichroism of a multicomponent assembly formed by a modified tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligand, a zinc salt, and the amino acid of interest. The systems furnish reliable information for all natural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca A Scaramuzzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova (Italy)
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International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Award der Volksrepublik China: R. N. Zare und F. Besenbacher / Eugene J. Houdry Award: G. Bellussi / Paul H. Emmett Award: C. W. Jones / Preise beim International Symposium on Macrocyclic and Supramol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Award of the People's Republic of China: R. N. Zare and F. Besenbacher / Eugene J. Houdry Award: G. Bellussi / Paul H. Emmett Award: C. W. Jones / Awards at the International Symposium on Macrocyclic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Álvarez CM, Carrillo R, García-Rodríguez R, Miguel D. Stereoselective Aldol Addition to Rhenium(I) Complexes and Reversible Dimerization with Epimerization of the Metal Center. Chemistry 2013; 19:8285-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ito H, Tsukube H, Shinoda S. Chirality transfer in propeller-shaped cyclen-calcium(II) complexes: metal-coordinating and ion-pairing anion procedures. Chemistry 2013; 19:3330-9. [PMID: 23404763 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of quadruple-stranded Na(+) and Ca(2+) complexes with octadentate cyclen ligands was synthesized to produce complexes that contained four different side-arm combinations (one triazole-coumarin group and three pyridine groups (1), four pyridine groups (2), one triazole-coumarin group and three quinoline groups (3), and four quinoline groups (4)). X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that no significant changes occurred in the stereostructure of these complexes upon replacing one pyridine group with a triazole-coumarin moiety, or by replacing Na(+) ions with Ca(2+) ions, although the coordination number of the complexes in the solid state decreased when pyridine groups were replaced by quinoline groups. In solution, all of the side arms were arranged in a propeller-like pattern to yield an enantiomer pair of Δ and Λ forms in each metal complex. The addition of a tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected amino acid anion, that is, a coordinative chiral carboxylate anion, to the cyclen-Ca(2+) complex induced circular dichroism (CD) signals in the aromatic region by forming a 1:1 mixture of diastereomeric ternary complexes with opposite complex chirality, whilst the corresponding Na(+) complexes rarely showed any response. In complexes 1-Ca(2+) and 3-Ca(2+), this chirality-transfer process was efficiently followed by considering the induction of the CD signals at two different wavelengths, that is, the coumarin-chromophore region and the aza-aromatic region. The sign and intensity of the CD signal were significantly dependent on both the nature of the aza-aromatic moiety and the enantiomeric purity of the external anion. These Ca(2+) complexes worked as effective probes for the determination of the enantiomeric excess of the chiral anion. The cyclen-Ca(2+) complexes also interacted with the non-coordinative Δ-TRISPHAT anion through an ion-pairing mechanism to achieve chirality transfer from the anion to the metal complex; both complexes 1-Ca(2+) and 3-Ca(2+) clearly showed induced CD signals in the coumarin-chromophore region, owing to ion-paring interactions with the Δ-TRISPHAT anion. Thus, the proper combination of an octadentate cyclen ligand and a metal center demonstrated effective chirality transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ito
- JST, CREST, and Department of Chemistry, Graduated School of Science Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Lee JH, Oh CH. ChemoselectiveO-Benzylation of the Propargylic Hydroxy Group in Polyols. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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