1
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Ye L, Thompson BC. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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2
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Nozawa-Kumada K, Nakamura K, Kurosu S, Iwakawa Y, Denneval C, Shigeno M, Kondo Y. Tetramethylammonium Fluoride Tetrahydrate-Mediated Transition Metal-Free Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Unactivated Arenes in Air. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1042-1045. [PMID: 31582624 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biaryls are important compounds with widespread applications in many fields. Tetramethylammonium fluoride tetrahydrate was found to promote the biaryl coupling of aryl iodides bearing electron-withdrawing substituents with unactivated arenes. The reaction takes place at temperatures between 100 and 150°C and can be applied to a wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings, affording the products in moderate to high yields. The reaction does not require strong bases or expensive additives that are employed in the existing methods and can be conducted in air and moisture without any precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Satoshi Kurosu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yuki Iwakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | | | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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3
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Boultwood T, Bull JA. Synthesis of Selenoaziridines: A Study on Stereochemical Outcomes of the Reaction of Aziridine Radicals and Anions Generated from Iodoaziridines. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:870-879. [PMID: 31459364 PMCID: PMC6648590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new functional group in the form of selenyl-substituted aziridines is described. Selenoaziridines are stereoselectively prepared by functionalization of intact aziridine precursors involving radical and anionic intermediates. Radicals are generated from cis-N-Ts iodoaziridines by activation of the C-I bond using alkoxides as a source of single electrons. These form predominantly trans-substituted selenoaziridines dependent on the size of the diselenide. cis-Aziridinyllithiums generated by Li-I exchange also react with diselenides stereospecifically to form a range of cis-selenoaziridines. Proposals for the stereochemical outcome are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Boultwood
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - James A. Bull
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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4
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Martinez GE, Nugent JW, Fout AR. Simple Nickel Salts for the Amination of (Hetero)aryl Bromides and Iodides with Lithium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Espinosa Martinez
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joseph W. Nugent
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alison R. Fout
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Shigeno M, Kai Y, Yamada T, Hayashi K, Nozawa-Kumada K, Denneval C, Kondo Y. Construction of Biaryl Scaffolds from Iodoarenes and C−H Heteroarenes Using an Amide Base Generatedin situfrom Aminosilane and Fluoride Anion. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kai
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Charline Denneval
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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6
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Barham JP, Dalton SE, Allison M, Nocera G, Young A, John MP, McGuire T, Campos S, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Dual Roles for Potassium Hydride in Haloarene Reduction: CSNAr and Single Electron Transfer Reduction via Organic Electron Donors Formed in Benzene. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11510-11518. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Samuel E. Dalton
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Giuseppe Nocera
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Matthew P. John
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Sebastien Campos
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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7
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Nocera G, Young A, Palumbo F, Emery KJ, Coulthard G, McGuire T, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron Transfer Reactions: KO tBu (but not NaO tBu) Photoreduces Benzophenone under Activation by Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9751-9757. [PMID: 29996048 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing controversial reports of electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone have been investigated and resolved. The mismatch in the oxidation potential of KO tBu (+0.10 V vs SCE in DMF) and the first reduction potential of benzophenone (of many values cited in the literature, the least negative value is -1.31 V vs SCE in DMF), preclude direct electron transfer. Experimental and computational results now establish that a complex is formed between the two reagents, with the potassium ion providing the linkage, which markedly shifts the absorption spectrum to provide a tail in the visible light region. Photoactivation at room temperature by irradiation at defined wavelength (365 or 400 nm), or even by winter daylight, leads to the development of the blue color of the potassium salt of benzophenone ketyl, whereas no reaction is observed when the reaction mixture is maintained in darkness. So, no electron transfer occurs in the ground state. However, when photoexcited, electron transfer occurs within a complex formed from benzophenone and KO tBu. TDDFT studies match experimental findings and also define the electronic transition within the complex as n → π*, originating on the butoxide oxygen. Computation and experiment also align in showing that this reaction is selective for KO tBu; no such effect occurs with NaO tBu, providing the first case where such alkali metal ion selectivity is rationalized in detail. Chemical evidence is provided for the photoactivated electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone: tert-butoxyl radicals are formed and undergo fragmentation to form (acetone and) methyl radicals, some of which are trapped by benzophenone. Likewise, when KOC(Et)3 is used in place of KO tBu, then ethylation of benzophenone is seen. Further evidence of electron transfer was seen when the reaction was conducted in benzene, in the presence of p-iodotoluene; this triggered BHAS coupling to form 4-methylbiphenyl in 74% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocera
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Katie J Emery
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , 319 Milton Road , Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
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8
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Kim J, Hong SH. Ligand-Promoted Direct C–H Arylation of Simple Arenes: Evidence for a Cooperative Bimetallic Mechanism. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro
1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro
1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Chen J, Wu J. Transition-Metal-Free C3 Arylation of Indoles with Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3951-3955. [PMID: 28256786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented transition metal-free coupling of indoles with aryl halides. The reaction is promoted by KOtBu and is regioselective for C3 over N. The use of degassed solvents devoid of oxygen is necessary for the success of the transformation. Preliminary studies implicate a hybrid mechanism that involves both aryne intermediates and non-propagative radical processes. Electron transfer is also a distinct possibility. These conclusions were substantiated by EPR data, isotopic labeling studies, and the use of radical scavengers and electron transfer inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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10
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Chen J, Wu J. Transition-Metal-Free C3 Arylation of Indoles with Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
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11
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Tamang SR, Hoefelmeyer JD. Direct arylation catalysis with chloro[8-(dimesitylboryl)quinoline-κN]copper(I). Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2757-2762. [PMID: 28144346 PMCID: PMC5238606 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report direct arylation of arylhalides with unactivated sp2 C–H bonds in benzene and naphthalene using a copper(I) catalyst featuring an ambiphilic ligand, (quinolin-8-yl)dimesitylborane. Direct arylation could be achieved with 0.2 mol % catalyst and 3 equivalents of base (KO(t-Bu)) at 80 °C to afford TON ≈160–190 over 40 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Raj Tamang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - James D Hoefelmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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12
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13
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Barham JP, Coulthard G, Emery KJ, Doni E, Cumine F, Nocera G, John MP, Berlouis LEA, McGuire T, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. KOtBu: A Privileged Reagent for Electron Transfer Reactions? J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7402-10. [PMID: 27183183 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have used KOtBu in organic reactions that involve single electron transfer; in the literature, the electron transfer is proposed to occur either directly from the metal alkoxide or indirectly, following reaction of the alkoxide with a solvent or additive. These reaction classes include coupling reactions of halobenzenes and arenes, reductive cleavages of dithianes, and SRN1 reactions. Direct electron transfer would imply that alkali metal alkoxides are willing partners in these electron transfer reactions, but the literature reports provide little or no experimental evidence for this. This paper examines each of these classes of reaction in turn, and contests the roles proposed for KOtBu; instead, it provides new mechanistic information that in each case supports the in situ formation of organic electron donors. We go on to show that direct electron transfer from KOtBu can however occur in appropriate cases, where the electron acceptor has a reduction potential near the oxidation potential of KOtBu, and the example that we use is CBr4. In this case, computational results support electrochemical data in backing a direct electron transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Barham
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Katie J Emery
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Florimond Cumine
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Giuseppe Nocera
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Matthew P John
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Leonard E A Berlouis
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- AstraZeneca R&D , The Darwin Building, Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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14
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Zhou S, Doni E, Anderson GM, Kane RG, MacDougall SW, Ironmonger VM, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Identifying the Roles of Amino Acids, Alcohols and 1,2-Diamines as Mediators in Coupling of Haloarenes to Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17818-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengze Zhou
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Greg M. Anderson
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan G. Kane
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott W. MacDougall
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M. Ironmonger
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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15
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Hussain I, Singh T. Synthesis of Biaryls through Aromatic CH Bond Activation: A Review of Recent Developments. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Salanouve E, Bouzemame G, Blanchard S, Derat E, Desage-El Murr M, Fensterbank L. Tandem CH Activation/Arylation Catalyzed by Low-Valent Iron Complexes with Bisiminopyridine Ligands. Chemistry 2014; 20:4754-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Tilly D, Dayaker G, Bachu P. Cobalt mediated C–H bond functionalization: emerging tools for organic synthesis. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a perspective on C–H bond functionalization mediated by cobalt complexes used in either stoichiometric or catalytic amounts, without the contribution of any other transition metal, for organic synthesis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tilly
- UMR CNRS 6226 Université de Rennes 1
- 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gandrath Dayaker
- Institut des biomolécules Max Mousseron
- Faculté de Pharmacie Av. Charles Flahault
- 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Prabhakar Bachu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Zhou S, Anderson GM, Mondal B, Doni E, Ironmonger V, Kranz M, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Organic super-electron-donors: initiators in transition metal-free haloarene–arene coupling. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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19
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Longstreet AR, Opalka SM, Campbell BS, Gupton BF, McQuade DT. Investigating the continuous synthesis of a nicotinonitrile precursor to nevirapine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2570-8. [PMID: 24367421 PMCID: PMC3869350 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Chloro-3-amino-4-picoline (CAPIC) is a strategic building block for the preparation of nevirapine, a widely-prescribed non-nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-infected patients. A continuous synthesis to the bromo derivative of a CAPIC intermediate, 2-bromo-4-methylnicotinonitrile, that terminates in a dead-end crystallization is described. The route uses inexpensive, acyclic commodity-based raw materials and has the potential to enable lower cost production of nevirapine as well as other value added structures that contain complex pyridines. The route terminates in a batch crystallization yielding high purity CAPIC. This outcome is expected to facilitate regulatory implementation of the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Longstreet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Suzanne M Opalka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Brian S Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - B Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P.O. Box 842006 Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
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20
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Chan TL, Wu Y, Choy PY, Kwong FY. A radical process towards the development of transition-metal-free aromatic carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:15802-14. [PMID: 24166759 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free cross-coupling reactions have been a hot topic in recent years. With the aid of a radical initiator, a number of unactivated arene C-H bonds can be directly arylated/functionalized by using aryl halides through homolytic aromatic substitution. Commercially available or specially designed promoters (e.g. diamines, diols, and amino alcohols) have been used to make this synthetically attractive method viable. This protocol offers an inexpensive, yet efficient route to aromatic C-C bond formations since transition metal catalysts and impurities can be avoided by using this reaction system. In this article, we focus on the significance of the reaction conditions (e.g. bases and promoters), which allow this type of reaction to proceed smoothly. Substrate scope limitations and challenges, as well as mechanistic discussion are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tek Long Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Fax: (+852) 2364-9932
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21
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Kappe CO. Unraveling the mysteries of microwave chemistry using silicon carbide reactor technology. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1579-87. [PMID: 23463987 DOI: 10.1021/ar300318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, the use of microwave energy to heat chemical reactions has become an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique has slowly progressed from a laboratory curiosity to an established method commonly used both in academia and in industry. Because of its efficiency, microwave heating dramatically reduces reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) and improves product purities or material properties among other advantages. Since the early days of microwave chemistry, researchers have observed rate-accelerations and, in some cases, altered product distributions as compared with reactions carried out using classical oil-bath heating. As a result, researchers have speculated that so-called specific or nonthermal microwave effects could be responsible for these differences. Much of the debate has centered on the question of whether the electromagnetic field can exert a direct influence on a chemical transformation outside of the simple macroscopic change in bulk reaction temperature. In 2009, our group developed a relatively simple "trick" that allows us to rapidly evaluate whether an observed effect seen in a microwave-assisted reaction results from a purely thermal phenomenon, or involves specific or nonthermal microwave effects. We use a microwave reaction vessel made from silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic. Because of its high microwave absorptivity, the vessel shields its contents from the electromagnetic field. As a result, we can easily mimic a conventionally heated autoclave experiment inside a microwave reactor under carefully controlled reaction conditions. The switch from an almost microwave transparent glass (Pyrex) to a strongly microwave absorbing SiC reaction vial under otherwise identical reaction conditions (temperature profiles, pressure, stirring speed) then allows us to carefully evaluate the influence of the electromagnetic field on the particular chemical transformation. Over the past five years we have subjected a wide variety of chemical transformations, including organic reactions, preparations of inorganic nanoparticles, and the hydrolysis of proteins, to the "SiC test." In nearly all of the studied examples, we obtained identical results from reactions carried out in Pyrex vials and those carried out in SiC vials. The data obtained from these investigations confirm that in the overwhelming majority of cases a bulk temperature phenomenon drives the enhancements in microwave chemistry and that the electromagnetic field has no direct influence on the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Sharma A, Vacchani D, Van der Eycken E. Developments in direct C-H arylation of (hetero)arenes under microwave irradiation. Chemistry 2013; 19:1158-68. [PMID: 23293098 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This minireview describes the progress made in the development of direct C-H arylation approaches through the application of focused microwave irradiation. The synergistic combination of microwave-assisted techniques with the rapidly evolving domain of C-H arylation has opened new vistas in the efficient synthesis of a diverse array of biologically important (hetero)arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Kappe CO, Pieber B, Dallinger D. Microwave Effects in Organic Synthesis: Myth or Reality? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1088-94. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kappe CO, Pieber B, Dallinger D. Mikrowelleneffekte in der organischen Synthese - Mythos oder Wirklichkeit? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wu Y, Wong SM, Mao F, Chan TL, Kwong FY. Intramolecular Direct C–H Bond Arylation from Aryl Chlorides: A Transition-Metal-Free Approach for Facile Access of Phenanthridines. Org Lett 2012; 14:5306-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302489n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chiroscience and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shun Man Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chiroscience and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Chiroscience and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tek Long Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chiroscience and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuk Yee Kwong
- State Key Laboratory of Chiroscience and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kuhl N, Hopkinson MN, Wencel-Delord J, Glorius F. Ohne dirigierende Gruppen: übergangsmetallkatalysierte C-H-Aktivierung einfacher Arene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kuhl N, Hopkinson MN, Wencel-Delord J, Glorius F. Beyond Directing Groups: Transition-Metal-Catalyzed CH Activation of Simple Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10236-54. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1440] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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