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Zalibera M, Ziegs F, Schiemenz S, Dubrovin V, Lubitz W, Savitsky A, Deng SHM, Wang XB, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Metallofullerene photoswitches driven by photoinduced fullerene-to-metal electron transfer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7818-7838. [PMID: 34168836 PMCID: PMC8188499 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the discovery and detailed exploration of the unconventional photo-switching mechanism in metallofullerenes, in which the energy of the photon absorbed by the carbon cage π-system is transformed to mechanical motion of the endohedral cluster accompanied by accumulation of spin density on the metal atoms. Comprehensive photophysical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies augmented by theoretical modelling are performed to address the phenomenon of the light-induced photo-switching and triplet state spin dynamics in a series of Y x Sc3-x N@C80 (x = 0-3) nitride clusterfullerenes. Variable temperature and time-resolved photoluminescence studies revealed a strong dependence of their photophysical properties on the number of Sc atoms in the cluster. All molecules in the series exhibit temperature-dependent luminescence assigned to the near-infrared thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and phosphorescence. The emission wavelengths and Stokes shift increase systematically with the number of Sc atoms in the endohedral cluster, whereas the triplet state lifetime and S1-T1 gap decrease in this row. For Sc3N@C80, we also applied photoelectron spectroscopy to obtain the triplet state energy as well as the electron affinity. Spin distribution and dynamics in the triplet states are then studied by light-induced pulsed EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies. The spin-lattice relaxation times and triplet state lifetimes are determined from the temporal evolution of the electron spin echo after the laser pulse. Well resolved ENDOR spectra of triplets with a rich structure caused by the hyperfine and quadrupolar interactions with 14N, 45Sc, and 89Y nuclear spins are obtained. The systematic increase of the metal contribution to the triplet spin density from Y3N to Sc3N found in the ENDOR study points to a substantial fullerene-to-metal charge transfer in the excited state. These experimental results are rationalized with the help of ground-state and time-dependent DFT calculations, which revealed a substantial variation of the endohedral cluster position in the photoexcited states driven by the predisposition of Sc atoms to maximize their spin population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Radlinského 9 81237 Bratislava Slovakia .,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim (Ruhr) Germany
| | - Frank Ziegs
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Vasilii Dubrovin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim (Ruhr) Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim (Ruhr) Germany.,Faculty of Physics, Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Shihu H M Deng
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
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2
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Schlesier C, Liu F, Dubrovin V, Spree L, Büchner B, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Mixed dysprosium-lanthanide nitride clusterfullerenes DyM 2N@C 80-I h and Dy 2MN@C 80-I h (M = Gd, Er, Tm, and Lu): synthesis, molecular structure, and quantum motion of the endohedral nitrogen atom. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13139-13153. [PMID: 31268459 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Systematic exploration of the synthesis of mixed-metal Dy-M nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs, M = Gd, Er, Tm, Lu) is performed, and the impact of the second metal on the relative yield is evaluated. We demonstrate that the ionic radius of the metal appears to be the main factor allowing explanation of the relative yields in Dy-M mixed-metal systems with M = Sc, Lu, Er, and Gd. At the same time, Dy-Tm NCFs show anomalously low yields, which is not consistent with the relatively small ionic radius of Tm3+ but can be explained by the high third ionization potential of Tm. Complete separation of Dy-Gd and Dy-Er, as well as partial separation of Dy-Lu M3N@C80 nitride clusterfullerenes, is accomplished by recycling HPLC. The molecular structures of DyGd2N@C80 and DyEr2N@C80 are analyzed by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A remarkable ordering of mixed-metal nitride clusters is found despite similar size and electronic properties of the metals. Possible pyramidalization of the nitride clusters in these and other nitride clusterfullerenes is critically analyzed with the help of DFT calculations and reconstruction of the nitrogen inversion barrier in M3N@C80 molecules is performed. Although a double-well potential with a pyramidal cluster structure is found to be common for most of them, the small size of the inversion barrier often leads to an apparent planar structure of the cluster. This situation is found for those M3N@C80 molecules in which the energy of the lowest vibrational level exceeds that of the inversion barrier, including Dy3N@C80 and DyEr2N@C80. The genuine pyramidal structure can be observed by X-ray diffraction only when the lowest vibrational level is below the inversion barrier, such as those found in Gd3N@C80 and DyGd2N@C80. The quantum nature of molecular vibrations becomes especially apparent when the size of the inversion barrier is comparable to the energy of the lowest vibrational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schlesier
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - F Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - V Dubrovin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - L Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - B Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - S M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Brandenburg A, Krylov DS, Beger A, Wolter AUB, Büchner B, Popov AA. Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C 80 featuring three different metals in the endohedral cluster and its single-ion magnetism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10683-10686. [PMID: 30087957 PMCID: PMC6839965 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C80-Ih with three different metal atoms in the endohedral cluster is obtained by arc-discharge synthesis with methane as reactive gas and is successfully isolated by HPLC. The compound shows single-molecule magnetism (SMM) with magnetic hysteresis below 8 K. The SMM properties of DyYTiC@C80 are compared to those of DySc2N@C80 and the influence of the central atom in the endohedral cluster is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Brandenburg
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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4
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Wei T, Jin F, Guan R, Huang J, Chen M, Li Q, Yang S. Blending Non-Group-3 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Metal into a C80
Fullerene Cage with D
5h
Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10273-10277. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui 230601 China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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5
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Wei T, Jin F, Guan R, Huang J, Chen M, Li Q, Yang S. Blending Non-Group-3 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Metal into a C80
Fullerene Cage with D
5h
Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui 230601 China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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6
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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7
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Abella L, Wang Y, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Chen N, Poblet JM. Current status of oxide clusterfullerenes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Wei T, Wang S, Lu X, Tan Y, Huang J, Liu F, Li Q, Xie S, Yang S. Entrapping a Group-VB Transition Metal, Vanadium, within an Endohedral Metallofullerene: V(x)Sc(3-x)N@I(h)-C80 (x = 1, 2). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:207-14. [PMID: 26645852 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
So far the entrapped metals for the isolated endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are primarily limited to rare earth metals, whereas except group-IVB metals, whether it is possible to entrap other d-block transition metals remains unclear. Herein we report the successful entrapment of the group-VB transition metal vanadium(V) into fullerene cage, affording the heretofore unknown V-containing EMFs. Two novel V-containing EMFs--V(x)Sc(3-x)N@C80 (x = 1, 2)--were isolated, and their molecular structures were unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography to be I(h)(7)-C80 cage entrapping the planar VSc2N/V2ScN clusters. V(x)Sc(3-x)N@I(h)(7)-C80 (x = 1, 2) were further characterized by UV-vis-NIR and ESR spectroscopies and electrochemistry, revealing that the electronic and magnetic properties of V(x)Sc(3-x)N@I(h)(7)-C80 (x = 1, 2) are tunable upon varying the number of entrapped V atoms (i.e., x value). The molecular structures and electronic properties of V(x)Sc(3-x)N@I(h)(7)-C80 (x = 1, 2) were further compared with those of the reported analogous EMFs based on lanthanide metals and the adjacent group-IVB transition metal Ti, revealing the peculiarity of the group-VB transition metal V-based EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale & Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fupin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale & Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Suyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
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9
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Stevenson S, Thompson HR, Arvola KD, Ghiassi KB, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Isolation of CeLu2N@Ih-C80through a Non-Chromatographic, Two-Step Chemical Process and Crystallographic Characterization of the Pyramidalized CeLu2N within the Icosahedral Cage. Chemistry 2015; 21:10362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Zhao J, Huang X, Jin P, Chen Z. Magnetic properties of atomic clusters and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Krylov D, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Popov AA. Magnetic anisotropy of endohedral lanthanide ions: paramagnetic NMR study of MSc 2N@C 80- Ih with M running through the whole 4f row. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2328-2341. [PMID: 29308147 PMCID: PMC5645780 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramagnetic and variable temperature 13C and 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance studies are performed for nitride clusterfullerenes MSc2N@C80 with icosahedral Ih(7) carbon cage, where M runs through all lanthanides forming nitride clusters. The influence of the endohedral lanthanide ions on the NMR spectral pattern is carefully followed, and dramatic differences are found in peak positions and line widths. Thus, 13C lines broaden from 0.01-0.02 ppm in diamagnetic MSc2N@C80 molecules (M = La, Y, Lu) to several ppm in TbSc2N@C80 and DySc2N@C80. Direction of the paramagnetic shift depends on the shape of the 4f electron density in corresponding lanthanide ions. In TmSc2N@C80 and ErSc2N@C80 with prolate 4f-density of lanthanide ions, 13C signals are shifted down-field, whereas 45Sc peaks are shifted up-field versus diamagnetic values. In all other MSc2N@C80 molecules lanthanide ions have oblate-shaped 4f electron density, and the lanthanide-induced shift is negative for 13C and positive for 45Sc peaks. Analysis of the pseudocontact and contact contributions to chemical shifts revealed that the pseudocontact term dominates both in 13C and 45Sc NMR spectra, although contact shifts for 13C signals are also considerable. Point charge computations of the ligand field splitting are performed to explain experimental results, and showed reasonable agreement with experimental pseudocontact shifts. Nitrogen atom bearing large negative charge and located close to the lanthanide ion results in large magnetic anisotropy of lanthanide ions in nitride clusterfullerenes with quasi-uniaxial ligand field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - D Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - M Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - S Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
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12
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Wei T, Liu F, Wang S, Zhu X, Popov AA, Yang S. An Expanded Family of Dysprosium-Scandium Mixed-Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of the Lanthanide Metal on the Carbon Cage Size Distribution. Chemistry 2015; 21:5750-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Zhang Z, Liu Y, Han P, Zhuang S, Wang T, Luo S, Xu B. Metallofullerenes Encaging Mixed-Metal Clusters: Synthesis and Structural Studies of GdxHo3−xN@C80and GdxLu3−xN@C80. Chemphyschem 2014; 16:295-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, Krylov D, Schiemenz S, Rosenkranz M, Westerström R, Dreiser J, Greber T, Büchner B, Popov AA. Cluster-size dependent internal dynamics and magnetic anisotropy of Ho ions in HoM2N@C80 and Ho2MN@C80 families (M = Sc, Lu, Y). NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11431-11438. [PMID: 25149908 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paramagnetic NMR study of HoM2N@C80-Ih and Ho2MN@C80-Ih nitride cluster fullerenes (M = Sc, Lu, Y) reveals strong dependence of Ho-induced paramagnetic shifts (δ(para)) in (13)C NMR spectra on the size of the diamagnetic metal in the cluster. In particular, the δ(para) value in HoY2N@C80 is almost doubled in comparison to that in HoSc2N@C80. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism studies show that all Ho-nitride cluster fullerenes have the same magnetic ground state of Ho(3+). Point-charge ligand-field splitting calculations show that the increase of the M(3+) radius in going from Sc to Y results in a considerable increase of the energy splitting between different Jz states. This leads to a 19% higher magnetic anisotropy of Ho(3+) in HoY2N@C80 than in HoSc2N@C80 at 300 K. Variations of the molecular geometry and cluster dynamics with the size of the cluster are found to have even greater influence on δ(para) values. This work shows that the magnetic properties of the species confined inside the fullerene cages can be tuned using the geometrical factors such as the cluster and the cage size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Dreiser J, Westerström R, Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L, Krämer K, Liu S, Decurtins S, Greber T. The Metallofullerene Field‐Induced Single‐Ion Magnet HoSc
2
N@C
80. Chemistry 2014; 20:13536-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dreiser
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland)
| | - Rasmus Westerström
- Physik‐Institut, Universität Zürich, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden (Germany)
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden (Germany)
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden (Germany)
| | - Karl Krämer
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern (Switzerland)
| | - Shi‐Xia Liu
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern (Switzerland)
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern (Switzerland)
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik‐Institut, Universität Zürich, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Endohedral metal or a fullerene cage based oxidation? Redox duality of nitride clusterfullerenes Ce(x)M(3-x)N@C(78-88) (x = 1, 2; M = Sc and Y) dictated by the encaged metals and the carbon cage size. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1038-1048. [PMID: 24292599 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox behavior of endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular their oxidation process, can be classified as a fullerene-based or endohedral species-based process according to the mechanism of the electron transfer. Here we report on the phenomenon of the strain-driven electrochemical behavior achieved by encapsulating the cerium-containing clusters into a series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88. The Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes CexM3-xN@C2n (x = 1, 2; M = Sc or Y; 2n = 78-88) were synthesized and characterized. The magnitude of the inherent strain caused by the limited inner space of the carbon cage for the relatively large nitride clusters can be varied by choosing different scaffold metals (Sc, Lu, or Y) to tailor the size of the encaged CexM3-xN cluster and by matching the nitride cluster with different fullerene cages in the size range from C78 to C88. The redox properties of CexM3-xN@C2n were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes, in particular whether the fullerene-based oxidation or the Ce(III) → Ce(IV) process is observed, is found to be dependent on the scaffold metal and the size of the fullerene cage. The endohedral oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) was observed for a number of compounds as revealed by the negative shift of their oxidation potentials with respect to the values measured for the non-Ce analogues. Experimental studies are supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that the prerequisites for the Ce-based endohedral oxidation process are suitable inherent cluster-cage strain and sufficiently high oxidation potential of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Svitova AL, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Gd-Sc-based mixed-metal nitride cluster fullerenes: mutual influence of the cage and cluster size and the role of scandium in the electronic structure. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3368-80. [PMID: 23469831 DOI: 10.1021/ic400049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the cage as well as of the cluster size has been studied in Gd-Sc nitride cluster fullerenes, which have been synthesized and isolated for these studies. A series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88 have been synthesized, isolated, and characterized in detail using absorption and vibrational spectroscopy as well as electrochemistry and density functional theory calculations. Gd-Sc mixed-metal cluster fullerenes in carbon cages different from C80 were described for the first time. A review of their structures, properties, and stability is given. The synthesis was performed with melamine as an effective solid source of nitrogen, providing high fullerene yield and suppressing empty fullerene formation. Substitution of gadolinium by scandium imposes a noticeable influence on the electronic structure of nitride cluster fullerenes as revealed by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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