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Recent Advances in Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolidine-Based Organocatalysts and Their Application: A 15-Year Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052234. [PMID: 36903480 PMCID: PMC10005811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, chemists from Hoffmann-La Roche and Schering AG independently discovered a new asymmetric intramolecular aldol reaction catalyzed by the natural amino acid proline, a transformation now known as the Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction. These remarkable results remained forgotten until List and Barbas reported in 2000 that L-proline was also able to catalyze intermolecular aldol reactions with non-negligible enantioselectivities. In the same year, MacMillan reported on asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloadditions which were efficiently catalyzed by imidazolidinones deriving from natural amino acids. These two seminal reports marked the birth of modern asymmetric organocatalysis. A further important breakthrough in this field happened in 2005, when Jørgensen and Hayashi independently proposed the use of diarylprolinol silyl ethers for the asymmetric functionalization of aldehydes. During the last 20 years, asymmetric organocatalysis has emerged as a very powerful tool for the facile construction of complex molecular architectures. Along the way, a deeper knowledge of organocatalytic reaction mechanisms has been acquired, allowing for the fine-tuning of the structures of privileged catalysts or proposing completely new molecular entities that are able to efficiently catalyze these transformations. This review highlights the most recent advances in the asymmetric synthesis of organocatalysts deriving from or related to proline, starting from 2008.
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2
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Costa AM, Cascales V, Castro-Alvarez A, Vilarrasa J. Computational Study of the Stability of Pyrrolidine-Derived Iminium Ions: Exchange Equilibria between Iminium Ions and Carbonyl Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18247-18258. [PMID: 35694469 PMCID: PMC9178767 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tendency of carbonyl compounds to form iminium ions by reaction with pyrrolidine or chiral pyrrolidine derivatives (in other words, the relative stability to hydrolysis of these iminium ions) has been computationally examined, mainly using the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) method. We have thus obtained the equilibrium positions for R-CH=O + CH2=CH-CH=N+R2* → R-CH=N+R2* + CH2=CH-CH=O reactions and for related exchanges. In these exchanges, there is a transfer of a secondary amine between two carbonyl compounds. Their relative energies may be used to predict which iminium species can be predominantly formed when two or more carbonyl groups are present in a reaction medium. In the catalytic Michael additions of nucleophiles to iminium ions arising from conjugated enals, dienals, and trienals, if the formation of the new Nu-C bond is favorable, the chances of amino-catalyzed reactions to efficiently proceed, with high conversions, depend on the calculated energy values for these exchange equilibria, where the iminium tetrafluoroborates of the adducts (final iminium intermediates) must be more prone to hydrolysis than the initial iminium tetrafluoroborates. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the MacMillan catalysts and related oxazolidinones are especially suitable in this regard.
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Bing JA, Schley ND, Johnston JN. Fluorine-induced diastereodivergence discovered in an equally rare enantioselective syn-aza-Henry reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2614-2623. [PMID: 35356677 PMCID: PMC8890141 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention to the aza-Henry reaction, particularly over the past two decades, has resulted in a wide range of effective catalysts for the enantio- and diastereoselective versions, driven by the versatility of the β-amino nitroalkane products as precursors to secondary amines and vic-diamines. Despite this broad effort, syn-diastereoselective variants are exceedingly rare. We have discovered a subset of α-fluoro nitroalkane additions that are characterized by an unusual crossover in diastereoselection, often delivering the products with high selectivities. We report here a rigorous comparative analysis of non-fluorinated and α-fluoro nitroalkanes in their additions to azomethines. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis were applied to probe the possibility that this phenomenon might be more widely operative in the enantioselective additions of fluorine-substituted carbon nucleophiles. A complete correlation within four categories is described that uncovered a clear trend, while revealing a dramatic and distinct reversal of diastereoselection that would normally go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Bing
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
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4
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Desrues T, Merad J, Andrei D, Pons J, Parrain J, Médebielle M, Quintard A, Bressy C. Impact of the Difluoromethylene Group in the Organocatalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of α,α‐Difluorohydrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Desrues
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon ICBMS UMR 5246 Bât. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Daniela Andrei
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon ICBMS UMR 5246 Bât. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
- Dominican University 7900 West Division Street River Forest IL 60305 USA
| | - Jean‐Marc Pons
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Jean‐Luc Parrain
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon ICBMS UMR 5246 Bât. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
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5
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Desrues T, Merad J, Andrei D, Pons JM, Parrain JL, Médebielle M, Quintard A, Bressy C. Impact of the Difluoromethylene Group in the Organocatalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of α,α-Difluorohydrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24924-24929. [PMID: 34473886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the omnipresence of chiral organofluorine compounds in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material chemistry, the development of enantioselective methods for their preparation is highly desirable. In the present study, the enantioselective organocatalyzed acylation of α,α-difluorohydrins using a commercially available chiral isothiourea is reported through a kinetic resolution (KR) process. It reveals that the difluoromethylene moiety (C(sp3 )F2 ) can serve as a directing group through electrostatic fluorine-cation interactions, greatly improving the enantioselectivity of the KR. In this context, a broad range of fluorinated alcohols such as valuable 4,4-difluoro-1,3-diols could be synthesized with exquisite enantiocontrol (typically >99:1 er). Turning to 2,2-difluoro-1,3-diols, we also demonstrated that aromatic and fluorinated groups were mutually compatible to provide the expected enantioenriched adducts with >99:1 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Desrues
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bât. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniela Andrei
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bât. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Pons
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bât. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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6
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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7
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Vega-Peñaloza A, Paria S, Bonchio M, Dell’Amico L, Companyó X. Profiling the Privileges of Pyrrolidine-Based Catalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis: From Polar to Light-Driven Radical Chemistry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Suva Paria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Rodríguez‐Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Catalytic Enantioselective Flow Processes with Solid‐Supported Chiral Catalysts. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1872-1890. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Rodríguez‐Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de Barcelona 08080 Barcelona Spain
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9
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Aufiero M, Gilmour R. Informing Molecular Design by Stereoelectronic Theory: The Fluorine Gauche Effect in Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1701-1710. [PMID: 29894155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The axioms of stereoelectronic theory constitute an atlas to navigate the contours of molecular space. All too rarely lauded, the advent and development of stereoelectronic theory has been one of organic chemistry's greatest triumphs. Inevitably, however, in the absence of a comprehensive treatise, many of the field's pioneers do not receive the veneration that they merit. Rather their legacies are the stereoelectronic pillars that persist in teaching and research. This ubiquity continues to afford practitioners of organic chemistry with an abundance of opportunities for creative endeavor in reaction design, in conceiving novel activation modes, in preorganizing intermediates, or in stabilizing productive transition states and products. Antipodal to steric governance, which mitigates destabilizing nonbonding interactions, stereoelectronic control allows well-defined, often complementary, conformations to be populated. Indeed, the prevalence of stabilizing hyperconjugative interactions in biosynthetic processes renders this approach to molecular preorganization decidedly biomimetic and, by extension, expansive. In this Account, the evolution and application of a simple donor-acceptor model based on the fluorine gauche effect is delineated. Founded on reinforcing hyperconjugative interactions involving C(sp3)-H bonding orbitals and C(sp3)-X antibonding orbitals [σC-H → σC-X*], this general stratagem has been used in conjunction with an array of secondary noncovalent interactions to achieve acyclic conformational control (ACC) in structures of interest. These secondary effects range from 1,3-allylic strain (A1,3) through to electrostatic charge-dipole and cation-π interactions. Synergy between these interactions ensures that rotation about strategic C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds is subject to the stereoelectronic requirement for antiperiplanarity (180°). Logically, in a generic [X-CH2-CH2-Y] system (X, Y = electron withdrawing groups) conformations in which the two C(sp3)-X bonds are synclinal (i.e., gauche) are significantly populated. As such, simple donor-acceptor models are didactically and predictively powerful in achieving topological preorganization. In the case of the gauche effect, the low steric demand of fluorine ensures that the remaining substituents at the C(sp3) hybridized center are placed in a predictable area of molecular space: An exit vector analogy is thus appropriate. Furthermore, the intrinsic chemical stability of the C-F bond is advantageous, thus it may be considered as an inert conformational steering group: This juxtaposition of size and electronegativity renders fluorinated organic molecules unique among the organo-halogen series. Cognizant that the replacement of one fluorine atom in the difluoroethylene motif by another electron withdrawing group preserves the gauche conformation, it was reasoned that β-fluoroamines would be intriguing candidates for investigation. The burgeoning field of Lewis base catalysis, particularly via iminium ion activation, provided a timely platform from which to explore a postulated fluorine-iminium ion gauche effect. Necessarily, activation of this stereoelectronic effect requires a process of intramolecularization to generate the electron deficient neighboring group: Examples include protonation, condensation to generate iminium salts, or acylation. This process, akin to substrate binding, has obvious parallels with enzymatic catalysis, since it perturbs the conformational dynamics of the system [ synclinal-endo, antiperiplanar, synclinal-exo]. This Account details the development of conformationally predictable small molecules based on the [X-Cα-Cβ-F] motif through a logical process of molecular design and illustrates their synthetic value in enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Aufiero
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Izzo JA, Poulsen PH, Intrator JA, Jørgensen KA, Vetticatt MJ. Isotope Effects Reveal an Alternative Mechanism for "Iminium-Ion" Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8396-8400. [PMID: 29940119 PMCID: PMC6238210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel mechanism for the epoxidation of enals with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by diarylprolinol silyl ether supported by experimental 13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and density functional theory calculations is presented. Normal 13C KIEs, measured on both the carbonyl- and β-carbon atoms of the enal, suggest participation of both carbon atoms in the rate-determining step. Calculations show that the widely accepted iminium-ion mechanism does not account for this experimental observation. A syn-SN2' substitution mechanism, which avoids formation of a discrete iminium-ion intermediate, emerges as the most likely mechanism based on agreement between experimental and predicted KIEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | | | - Jeremy A. Intrator
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | | | - Mathew J. Vetticatt
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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11
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Influence of gauche effect on uncharged oxime reactivators for the reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE: quantum chemical and steered molecular dynamics studies. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:793-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Teschers CS, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Gilmour R. Conformational control enabled by the fluorine gauche effect in a model of the β2-AR agonist salbutamol (Ventolin™). J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Zhou D, Yu X, Zhang J, Wang W, Xie H. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of in Situ Oxidation-Generated ortho-Quinone Methides and Aldehydes. Org Lett 2017; 20:174-177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory
of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueting Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory
of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory
of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory
of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Hexin Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory
of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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14
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Bryliakov KP. Catalytic Asymmetric Oxygenations with the Environmentally Benign Oxidants H2O2 and O2. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11406-11459. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin P. Bryliakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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15
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Baranac-Stojanović M, Stojanović M, Aleksić J. Theoretical study of azido gauche effect and its origin. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The strength and origin of the azido gauche effect were studied by ab initio calculations and compared with the well-known fluorine gauche effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jovana Aleksić
- Center for Chemistry ICTM
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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16
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Scheidt F, Selter P, Santschi N, Holland MC, Dudenko DV, Daniliuc C, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Hansen MR, Gilmour R. Emulating Natural Product Conformation by Cooperative, Non-Covalent Fluorine Interactions. Chemistry 2016; 23:6142-6149. [PMID: 27788283 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pervasive in Nature, the propane unit is an essential component of numerous bioactive molecules. These range from acyclic systems, such as the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, through to the bicyclic nuclei of various chromanes and dihydrobenzofurans. In the latter case, cyclisation via cyclic ether formation ensures a highly pre-organised structure, whilst linear scaffolds display more dynamic conformational behaviour resulting from rotation about the two internal C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bonds. In this study, the replacement of -[CH2 ]- units by -[CHF]- centres is evaluated as a strategy to achieve acyclic conformational control by hindering these internal rotations. Reinforcing, non-covalent fluorine interactions are validated as powerful design features that result in programmable conformational behaviours: These are encoded by the relative configuration of each centre. By exploiting cooperative neighbouring stereoelectronic effects in a multi-vicinal fluoroalkane it is possible to emulate the overall conformation of the dihydrobenzofuran scaffold found in a variety of natural products with an acyclic mimic. This is described as a function of two bond vectors at the chain termini and validated by combined theoretical, crystallographic and spectroscopic analyses. In view of the favourable physicochemical properties associated with fluorine introduction, this approach to bioactive scaffold design may prove to be expansive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scheidt
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Nico Santschi
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Mareike C Holland
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Dmytro V Dudenko
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany.,Excellence Cluster EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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17
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Sun H, Cui B, Liu GQ, Li YM. MnI2-catalyzed regioselective intramolecular iodoamination of unfunctionalized olefins. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Molnár IG, Thiehoff C, Holland MC, Gilmour R. Catalytic, Vicinal Difluorination of Olefins: Creating a Hybrid, Chiral Bioisostere of the Trifluoromethyl and Ethyl Groups. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- István G. Molnár
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Thiehoff
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thiehoff
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Yannick P. Rey
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
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20
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Asymmetric epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by a spiro-pyrrolidine-derived organocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Vidhani DV, Krafft ME, Alabugin IV. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Allenyl Cope Rearrangement: Evolution from Asynchronicity to Trappable Intermediates Assisted by Stereoelectronic Switching. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2769-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh V. Vidhani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Marie E. Krafft
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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22
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Sagamanova I, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Molnár IG, Sayalero S, Gilmour R, Pericàs MA. Translating the Enantioselective Michael Reaction to a Continuous Flow Paradigm with an Immobilized, Fluorinated Organocatalyst. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sagamanova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - István Gábor Molnár
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sonia Sayalero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Excellence
Cluster EXC 1003 “Cells in Motion”, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08080 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Aleksić J, Stojanović M, Baranac-Stojanović M. Origin of Fluorine/Sulfur Gauche Effect of β-Fluorinated Thiol, Sulfoxide, Sulfone, and Thionium Ion. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10197-207. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aleksić
- Center
for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Stojanović
- Center
for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Thiehoff C, Holland MC, Daniliuc C, Houk KN, Gilmour R. Can acyclic conformational control be achieved via a sulfur-fluorine gauche effect? Chem Sci 2015; 6:3565-3571. [PMID: 29511517 PMCID: PMC5659174 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gauche conformation of the 1,2-difluoroethane motif is known to involve stabilising hyperconjugative interactions between donor (bonding, σC-H) and acceptor (antibonding, σ*C-F) orbitals. This model rationalises the generic conformational preference of F-Cβ-Cα-X systems (φFCCX ≈ 60°), where X is an electron deficient substituent containing a Period 2 atom. Little is known about the corresponding Period 3 systems, such as sulfur and phosphorus, where multiple oxidation states are possible. Conformational analyses of β-fluorosulfides, -sulfoxides and -sulfones are disclosed here, thus extending the scope of the fluorine gauche effect to the 3rd Period (F-C-C-S(O) n ; φFCCS ≈ 60°). Synergy between experiment and computation has revealed that the gauche effect is only pronounced in structures bearing an electropositive vicinal sulfur atom (S+-O-, SO2).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thiehoff
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 , Cells in Motion , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40 , Münster , Germany .
| | - M C Holland
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 , Cells in Motion , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40 , Münster , Germany .
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles 90095-1569 , USA .
| | - C Daniliuc
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 , Cells in Motion , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40 , Münster , Germany .
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles 90095-1569 , USA .
| | - R Gilmour
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 , Cells in Motion , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40 , Münster , Germany .
- Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 , Cells in Motion , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
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Holland MC, Metternich JB, Daniliuc C, Schweizer WB, Gilmour R. Aromatic Interactions in Organocatalyst Design: Augmenting Selectivity Reversal in Iminium Ion Activation. Chemistry 2015; 21:10031-8. [PMID: 25982418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substituting N-methylpyrrole for N-methyindole in secondary-amine-catalysed Friedel-Crafts reactions leads to a curious erosion of enantioselectivity. In extreme cases, this substrate dependence can lead to an inversion in the sense of enantioinduction. Indeed, these closely similar transformations require two structurally distinct catalysts to obtain comparable selectivities. Herein a focussed molecular editing study is disclosed to illuminate the structural features responsible for this disparity, and thus identify lead catalyst structures to further exploit this selectivity reversal. Key to effective catalyst re-engineering was delineating the non-covalent interactions that manifest themselves in conformation. Herein we disclose preliminary validation that intermolecular aromatic (CH-π and cation-π) interactions between the incipient iminium cation and the indole ring system is key to rationalising selectivity reversal. This is absent in the N-methylpyrrole alkylation, thus forming the basis of two competing enantio-induction pathways. A simple L-valine catalyst has been developed that significantly augments this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike C Holland
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles 90095-1569 (USA)
| | - Jan Benedikt Metternich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/
| | - W Bernd Schweizer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/. .,Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 "Cells in Motion", Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster (Germany).
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27
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Tatum NJ, Yufit DS, Cobb SL, Coxon CR. Synthesis, Ni(II) Schiff base complexation and structural analysis of fluorinated analogs of the ligand (S)-2-[N-(N′-benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone (BPB). J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Holland MC, Gilmour R. Deconstructing Covalent Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3862-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Sugiishi T. Drastic Influence of Fluorine Substitution in the Organic Molecules on Regio- and Enantioselective Catalytic Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Sugiishi T, Matsugi M, Hamamoto H, Amii H. Enhancement of stereoselectivities in asymmetric synthesis using fluorinated solvents, auxiliaries, and catalysts. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the drastic changes using fluorinated solvents, additives, auxiliaries, and catalysts in catalytic asymmetric transformations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyuka Sugiishi
- Division of Molecular Science
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Gunma University
- Kiryu
- Japan
| | | | | | - Hideki Amii
- Division of Molecular Science
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Gunma University
- Kiryu
- Japan
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32
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Holland MC, Metternich JB, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Gilmour R. Cation–π interactions in iminium ion activation: correlating quadrupole moment & enantioselectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5322-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A cation–π interaction is operational in the addition of uncharged nucleophiles to iminium salts derived from MacMillan's 1st generation catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Holland
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
| | - J. B. Metternich
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
| | - C. Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
| | - R. Gilmour
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
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33
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Holland MC, Meemken F, Baiker A, Gilmour R. Chiral imidazolidinone and proline-derived surface modifiers for the Pt-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation of activated ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Baranac-Stojanović M, Aleksić J, Stojanović M. Energy decomposition analysis of gauche preference in 2-haloethanol, 2-haloethylamine (halogen = F, Cl), their protonated forms and anti preference in 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01164g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, electronegative elements contribute more electrostatic and orbital stabilization to the anti → gauche isomerization, and greater steric repulsion. The first and the latter actually oppose our traditional view of conformational equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jovana Aleksić
- Center for Chemistry ICTM
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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35
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Mukaiyama T, Ogata K, Ono T, Hayashi Y. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Epoxidation of 2-Oxoindoline-3-ylidene Acetaldehydes. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Erdmann H, An F, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Lakhdar S, Mayr H. Structures and Reactivities of 2-Trityl- and 2-(Triphenylsilyl)pyrrolidine-Derived Enamines: Evidence for Negative Hyperconjugation with the Trityl Group. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14263-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Erdmann
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Feng An
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, UMR CNRS 6507, 6 Boulevard
Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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37
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Baranac-Stojanović M. Gauche preference in 1,2-difluoroethane originates from both orbital and electrostatic stabilization interactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07909d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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38
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Abstract
Note from the Editor: Science, collegiality, travel without borders. Big smiles and warmth. Eternally youthful vigor. When I think of Tetsuo Nozoe, these are the images that immediately come to mind. When I think of the Nozoe Autograph Books, I also think of time. For 40 years, Nozoe carried with him his autograph books and collected his treasures which The Chemical Record is now publishing. Vladimir Prelog signed first when he was 47 and signed last when he was almost 80. Derek Barton signed first when he was 35 and signed last when he was almost 70. Time! I was fascinated by Eva Wille's recommendation that we publish an essay by Eva-Maria Tanzer, a young organic chemist with already a lifetime's experience in exploring chemical research in laboratories around the world. Tanzer brings to us a charming, even innocent perspective that embraces so much of Tetsuo Nozoe's ideals. We are privileged to include Tanzer's vision and her experiences in the collection of essays that accompany the Nozoe Autograph Books. Our contributors range in age and experiences, from the youthful Tanzer to the more mature (including myself!) as do the signatories in the autograph books. Tetsuo Nozoe would have beamed!--Jeffrey I. Seeman Guest Editor University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA E-mail: jseeman@richmond.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Tanzer
- Department of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Correnstr. 40, Münster, Germany.
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39
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Gökcan H, Konuklar FAS. Stereoelectronic explanations for the mechanistic details of transimination and HF elimination reactions. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 51:173-83. [PMID: 24929816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The β-fluoroamines are commonly used as substrate analogs to determine the mechanistic details of enzymatic reactions. Presence of fluorine atom gives rise to the alterations in the electronic profile and the pKa of molecules which results in mechanistic deviations. The fluorine-substituted mechanism-based substrate analogs are widely used in the inactivation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. The presence of fluorine atom also alters the sequence of reactions taking place in PLP-dependent enzymes where the HF elimination reaction appears in between the transimination and inactivation reactions. Despite the amount of the works on β-fluoroamines, the effect of stereoelectronic differences on the transimination and HF elimination reactions taking place in PLP-dependent enzymes has not been investigated yet. A density functional theory study is conducted to elucidate mechanistic details of the reactions occurring in PLP-dependent enzymes. In order to understand the mechanistic insights of different isomers and the effect of the fluorine atom, 4-amino-3-fluorobutanoic acid (3-F-GABA) enantiomers are chosen to be investigated besides 4-aminobutanoic acid (GABA), which is the natural substrate for γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT). The investigated β-fluoroamines are the experimentally proposed potential inhibitors of PLP-dependent enzyme GABA-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Gökcan
- Istanbul Technical University, Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering Division, Ayazağa Campus, 34496 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Aylin Sungur Konuklar
- Istanbul Technical University, Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering Division, Ayazağa Campus, 34496 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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40
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Cornwall RG, Shi Y. Organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation and aziridination of olefins and their synthetic applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8199-256. [PMID: 24785198 DOI: 10.1021/cr500064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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41
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Desmarchelier A, Coeffard V, Moreau X, Greck C. Asymmetric organocatalytic functionalization of α,α-disubstituted aldehydes through enamine activation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Rey YP, Zimmer LE, Sparr C, Tanzer EM, Schweizer WB, Senn HM, Lakhdar S, Gilmour R. Molecular Design Exploiting a FluorinegaucheEffect as a Stereoelectronic Trigger. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Molnár IG, Tanzer EM, Daniliuc C, Gilmour R. Enantioselective aziridination of cyclic enals facilitated by the fluorine-iminium ion gauche effect. Chemistry 2013; 20:794-800. [PMID: 24338989 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective, organocatalytic aziridination of small, medium and macro-cyclic enals is reported using (S)-2-(fluorodiphenyl methyl)-pyrrolidine. Central to the reaction design is the reversible formation of a β-fluoroiminium ion intermediate, which is pre-organised on account of the fluorine-iminium ion gauche effect. This conformational effect positions the fluorine substituent synclinal-endo to the electropositive nitrogen centre thus benefiting from favourable stereoelectronic and electrostatic interactions (σC-H →σC-F *; F(δ-…︁) N(+) ). Consequently, one of the shielding groups on the fluorine-bearing carbon atom is positioned above the π-system, forming the basis of an enantioinduction strategy. Treatment of this intermediate with a "nitrene" source furnished a series of novel, optically active aziridines (e.r. up to 99.5:0.5). Further derivatisation of the product aziridines gives facile access to various amino acid derivatives, including β-fluoroamino acids. Crystallographic analyses of both the aziridines and their derivatives are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Gábor Molnár
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany), Homepage: www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour
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44
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Rey YP, Gilmour R. Modulating NHC catalysis with fluorine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2812-20. [PMID: 24367445 PMCID: PMC3869272 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorination often confers a range of advantages in modulating the conformation and reactivity of small molecule organocatalysts. By strategically introducing fluorine substituents, as part of a β-fluoroamine motif, in a triazolium pre-catalyst, it was possible to modulate the behaviour of the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) with minimal steric alterations to the catalyst core. In this study, the effect of hydrogen to fluorine substitution was evaluated as part of a molecular editing study. X-ray crystallographic analyses of a number of derivatives are presented and the conformations are discussed. Upon deprotonation, the fluorinated triazolium salts generate catalytically active N-heterocyclic carbenes, which can then participate in the enantioselective Steglich rearrangement of oxazolyl carbonates to C-carboxyazlactones (e.r. up to 87.0:13.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick P Rey
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Excellence Cluster EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
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45
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Funabiki K, Ohta M, Sakaida Y, Oida K, Kubota Y, Matsui M. High Diastereoselectivity Induced by a Fluorous Alkyl Group in the Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by a Prolinol Methyl Ether. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Abstract
All domains of chemistry are increasingly impacted by organofluorine molecules, often favorably. In asymmetric synthesis of fluorinated compounds, significant achievements are the result of extensive research efforts toward appropriate experimental conditions rather than of the rationalization of fluorine effects. Most of the time, the influence of fluorine is inspected retrospectively. When elaborating a synthetic plan, the question should not be only when and how to introduce fluorine but also how to use the effects of fluorine for a desirable result. The subtle effects of fluorine atom(s) on the course of asymmetric reactions are outlined in this tutorial review. We present some selected examples of asymmetric reactions that involve fluorinated components either as reactants, catalysts, solvents or additives, and a comparative study of the stereochemical outcomes with reactions carried out in the presence of non-fluorinated analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Cahard
- UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, Normandie Université et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
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47
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Paul S, Schweizer WB, Rugg G, Senn HM, Gilmour R. The fluorine-NHC gauche effect: a structural and computational study. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Petruzziello D, Stenta M, Mazzanti A, Cozzi PG. A Rational Approach Towards a New Ferrocenyl Pyrrolidine for Stereoselective Enamine Catalysis. Chemistry 2013; 19:7696-700. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pou A, Moyano A. Stereoselective Organocatalytic Approach to α,β-Disubstituted-β-amino Acids: A Short Enantioselective Synthesis of Cispentacin. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pandey AK, Naduthambi D, Thomas KM, Zondlo NJ. Proline editing: a general and practical approach to the synthesis of functionally and structurally diverse peptides. Analysis of steric versus stereoelectronic effects of 4-substituted prolines on conformation within peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4333-63. [PMID: 23402492 PMCID: PMC4209921 DOI: 10.1021/ja3109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized proline residues have diverse applications. Herein we describe a practical approach, proline editing, for the synthesis of peptides with stereospecifically modified proline residues. Peptides are synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis to incorporate Fmoc-hydroxyproline (4R-Hyp). In an automated manner, the Hyp hydroxyl is protected and the remainder of the peptide synthesized. After peptide synthesis, the Hyp protecting group is orthogonally removed and Hyp selectively modified to generate substituted proline amino acids, with the peptide main chain functioning to "protect" the proline amino and carboxyl groups. In a model tetrapeptide (Ac-TYPN-NH2), 4R-Hyp was stereospecifically converted to 122 different 4-substituted prolyl amino acids, with 4R or 4S stereochemistry, via Mitsunobu, oxidation, reduction, acylation, and substitution reactions. 4-Substituted prolines synthesized via proline editing include incorporated structured amino acid mimetics (Cys, Asp/Glu, Phe, Lys, Arg, pSer/pThr), recognition motifs (biotin, RGD), electron-withdrawing groups to induce stereoelectronic effects (fluoro, nitrobenzoate), handles for heteronuclear NMR ((19)F:fluoro; pentafluorophenyl or perfluoro-tert-butyl ether; 4,4-difluoro; (77)SePh) and other spectroscopies (fluorescence, IR: cyanophenyl ether), leaving groups (sulfonate, halide, NHS, bromoacetate), and other reactive handles (amine, thiol, thioester, ketone, hydroxylamine, maleimide, acrylate, azide, alkene, alkyne, aryl halide, tetrazine, 1,2-aminothiol). Proline editing provides access to these proline derivatives with no solution-phase synthesis. All peptides were analyzed by NMR to identify stereoelectronic and steric effects on conformation. Proline derivatives were synthesized to permit bioorthogonal conjugation reactions, including azide-alkyne, tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene, oxime, reductive amination, native chemical ligation, Suzuki, Sonogashira, cross-metathesis, and Diels-Alder reactions. These proline derivatives allowed three parallel bioorthogonal reactions to be conducted in one solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Devan Naduthambi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Krista M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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