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Zanotti G, Palmeri F, Raglione V. Phthalocyanines Synthesis: A State-of-The-Art Review of Sustainable Approaches Through Green Chemistry Metrics. Chemistry 2024:e202400908. [PMID: 38837556 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Driven by escalating environmental concerns, synthetic chemistry faces an urgent need for a green revolution. Green chemistry, with its focus on low environmental impacting chemicals and minimized waste production, emerges as a powerful tool in addressing this challenge. Metrics such as the E-factor guide the design of environmentally friendly strategies for chemical processes by quantifying the waste generated in obtaining target products, thus enabling interventions to minimize it. Phthalocyanines (Pcs), versatile molecules with exceptional physical and chemical properties, hold immense potential for technological applications. This review aims to bridge the gap between green chemistry and phthalocyanine synthesis by collecting the main examples of environmentally sustainable syntheses documented in the literature. The calculation of the E-factor of a selection of them provides insights on how crucial it is to evaluate a synthetic process in its entirety. This approach allows for a better evaluation of the actual sustainability of the phthalocyanine synthetic process and indicates possible strategies to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Federica Palmeri
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Venanzio Raglione
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
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Murata K, Koike Y, Ishii K. Novel method for preparing stable near-infrared absorbers: a new phthalocyanine family based on rhenium(i) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13760-13763. [PMID: 33030184 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04625f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of near-infrared (NIR) absorbing molecules is crucial for developing photofunctional materials. Here, we synthesized dinuclear and mononuclear Re(i) tricarbonyl phthalocyanine complexes that exhibit a sharp intense Q band in the NIR region. The unsymmetric coordination of electron-deficient metal unit(s) concomitantly produced a remarkable red shift of the Q band and improved the tolerance of the phthalocyanine ring to oxidation. This study presents a simple and effective strategy for the construction of NIR absorbers with high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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Castro-Latorre P, Miranda-Rojas S, Mendizabal F. Theoretical exploration of the forces governing the interaction between gold-phthalocyanine and gold surface clusters. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3895-3901. [PMID: 35492636 PMCID: PMC9049280 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we aim to explore the nature of the forces governing the adsorption of gold-phthalocyanine on gold substrates. For this, we designed computational models of metal-free phthalocyanine and gold-phthalocyanine deposited over a gold metallic surface represented by cluster models of different sizes and geometries. Thereby, we were able to determine the role of the metal center and of the size of the substrate in the interaction process. For this purpose, we worked within the framework provided by density functional theory, were the inclusion of the semi-empirical correction of the dispersion forces of Grimme's group was indispensable. It has been shown that the interaction between molecules and surfaces is ruled by van der Waals attractive forces, which determine the stabilization of the studied systems and their geometric properties. Their contribution was characterized by energy decomposition analysis and through the visualization of the dispersion interactions by means of the NCI methodology. Moreover, calculations of Density of States (DOS) showed that the molecule-surface system displays a metal-organic interface evidenced by changes in their electronic structure, in agreement with a charge transfer process found to take place between the interacting parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Latorre
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile Casilla 653 Santiago Chile
| | - Sebastián Miranda-Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello Avenida República 275 Santiago Chile
| | - Fernando Mendizabal
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile Casilla 653 Santiago Chile
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Grigore ME, Ion RM, Iancu L, Grigorescu RM. Tailored porphyrin–gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461930012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present an updated survey of the main synthesis methods of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in order to obtain various tailored nanosystems for biomedical imaging. The synthesis approach significantly impacts on the AuNPs properties such as surface chemistry, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. In recent years, nanomedicine emphasized the development of functionalized AuNPs for biomedical imaging. AuNPs are a good option for used as delivery photosensitizer agents for PDT of cancer. For example, the complex formed from AuNPs functionalized with PEGylate porphyrins presents several advantages in the medical field such as a better use in photodynamic therapy because of high triplet states and singlet oxygen quantum yield efficiency of porphyrin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina E. Grigore
- “Evaluation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage” Research Group, ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021, Romania
| | - Rodica-M. Ion
- “Evaluation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage” Research Group, ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021, Romania
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia, No. 13, 130005, Romania
| | - Lorena Iancu
- “Evaluation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage” Research Group, ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021, Romania
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia, No. 13, 130005, Romania
| | - Ramona M. Grigorescu
- “Evaluation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage” Research Group, ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021, Romania
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Liebold M, Sharikow E, Seikel E, Trombach L, Harms K, Zimcik P, Novakova V, Tonner R, Sundermeyer J. An experimental and computational study on isomerically pure, soluble azaphthalocyanines and their complexes and boron azasubphthalocyanines of a varying number of aza units. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6586-6599. [PMID: 30168830 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01705k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a series of isomerically pure, peripherally alkyl substituted, soluble and low aggregating azaphthalocyanines as well as their new, smaller hybrid homologues, azasubphthalocyanines. The focus lies on the effect of the systematically increasing number of aza building blocks [-N[double bond, length as m-dash]] replacing the non-peripheral [-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]] units and their influence on the physical and photophysical properties of these chromophores. The absolute and relative HOMO-LUMO energies of azaphthalocyanines were analyzed using UV-Vis and CV and compared to the density functional theory calculations (B3LYP, TD-DFT). The lowering of the HOMO level is revealed as the determining factor for the trend in the adsorption energies by electronic structure analysis. Crystals of substituted subphthalocyanines, N2-Pc*H2 and N4-[Pc*Zn·H2O], were obtained out of DCM. For the synthesis of the valuable tetramethyltetralin phthalocyanine building block a new highly efficient synthesis involving a nearly quantitative CoII catalyzed aerobic autoxidation step is introduced replacing inefficient KMnO4/pyridine as the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liebold
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Heinze K. Die Suche nach einkernigem Gold(II) und seine mögliche Rolle in Photokatalyse und Medizinalchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Heinze K. The Quest for Mononuclear Gold(II) and Its Potential Role in Photocatalysis and Drug Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16126-16134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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Preiß S, Förster C, Otto S, Bauer M, Müller P, Hinderberger D, Hashemi Haeri H, Carella L, Heinze K. Structure and reactivity of a mononuclear gold(II) complex. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1249-1255. [PMID: 29168491 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear gold(II) complexes are very rare labile species. Transient gold(II) species have been suggested in homogeneous catalysis and in medical applications, but their geometric and electronic structures have remained essentially unexplored: even fundamental data, such as the ionic radius of gold(II), are unknown. Now, an unprecedentedly stable neutral gold(II) complex of a porphyrin derivative has been isolated, and its structural and spectroscopic features determined. The gold atom adopts a 2+2 coordination mode in between those of gold(III) (four-coordinate square planar) and gold(I) (two-coordinate linear), owing to a second-order Jahn-Teller distortion enabled by the relativistically lowered 6s orbital of gold. The reactivity of this gold(II) complex towards dioxygen, nitrosobenzene and acids is discussed. This study provides insight on the ionic radius of gold(II), and allows it to be placed within the homologous series of nd9 Cu/Ag/Au divalent ions and the 5d8/9/10 Pt/Au/Hg 'relativistic' triad in the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Preiß
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department Chemie, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Department Chemie, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Haleh Hashemi Haeri
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luca Carella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Bilal C, Sevim AM, Gül A. Synthesis and characterization of a novel alkoxy substituted gold(III) phthalocyanine. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Roth T, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Cationic BPI‐Gold(III) Complexes: Controlling Ligating and Nonligating Anions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Roth
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.gade.uni‐hd.de/
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.gade.uni‐hd.de/
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.gade.uni‐hd.de/
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Shimizu S, Kobayashi N. Structurally-modified subphthalocyanines: molecular design towards realization of expected properties from the electronic structure and structural features of subphthalocyanine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6949-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This feature article summarizes recent contributions of the authors in the synthesis of structurally-modified subphthalocyanines, which covers (1) modification of the conjugated system, (2) core-modification, and (3) exterior-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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