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Abstract
The defining feature of the Nazarov cyclization is a 4π-conrotatory electrocyclization, resulting in the stereospecific formation of functionalized cyclopentanones. The reaction provides access to structural motifs that are found in many natural products and drug targets. Harnessing the full potential of the Nazarov cyclization broadens its utility by enabling the development of new methodologies and synthetic strategies. To achieve these goals through efficient cyclization design, it is helpful to think of the reaction as a two-stage process. The first stage involves a 4π-electrocyclization leading to the formation of an allylic cation, and the second stage corresponds to the fate of this cationic intermediate. With a complete understanding of the discrete events that characterize the overall process, one can optimize reactivity and control the selectivity of the different Stage 2 pathways.In this Account, we describe the development of methods that render the Nazarov cyclization catalytic and chemoselective, focusing specifically on advances made in our lab between 2002 and 2015. The initial discovery made in our lab involved reactions of electronically asymmetric ("polarized") substrates, which cyclize efficiently in the catalytic regime using mild Lewis acidic reagents. These cyclizations also exhibit selective eliminative behavior, increasing their synthetic utility. Research directed toward catalytic asymmetric Nazarov cyclization led to the serendipitous discovery of a 4π-cyclization coupled to a well-behaved Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, representing an underexplored Stage 2 process. With careful choice of promoter and loading, it is possible to access either the rearrangement or the elimination pathway. Additional experimental and computational studies provided an effective model for anticipating the migratory behavior of substiutents in the rearrangements. Problem-solving efforts prompted investigation of alternative methods for generating pentadienyl cation intermediates, including oxidation of allenol ethers and addition of nucleophiles to dienyl diketones. These Nazarov cyclization variants afford cyclopentenone products with vicinal stereogenic centers and a different arrangement of substituents around the ring. A nucleophilic addition/cyclization/elimination sequence can be executed enantioselectively using catalytic amounts of a nonracemic chiral tertiary amine.In summary, the discovery and development of several new variations on the Nazarov electrocyclization are described, along with synthetic applications. This work illustrates how strongly substitution patterns can impact the efficiency of the 4π-electrocyclization (Stage 1), allowing for mild Lewis acid catalysis. Over the course of these studies, we have also identified new ways to access the critical pentadienyl cation intermediates and demonstrated strategies that exploit and control the different cationic pathways available post-electrocyclization (Stage 2 processes). These advances in Nazarov chemistry were subsequently employed in the synthesis of natural product targets such as (±)-merrilactone A, (±)-rocaglamide, and (±)-enokipodin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Frontier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jackson J. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Mietke T, Cruchter T, Larionov VA, Faber T, Harms K, Meggers E. Asymmetric Nazarov Cyclizations Catalyzed by Chiral-at-Metal Complexes. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mietke
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Thomas Cruchter
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Vladimir A. Larionov
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6 117198 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Tabea Faber
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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Abstract
A novel synthetic procedure for meso-aryl-substituted corrphycenes has been developed. Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of α,α'-dibromodipyrrin with vic-diborylalkene and o-diborylbenzene afforded ethenylene- and phenylene-bridged bisdipyrrins, respectively, which were transformed to the corresponding corrphycenes upon treatment with palladium acetate. The bridging units significantly affect the macrocyclic π-conjugation circuits, thus changing the aromatic characters and absorption features of corrphycenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Ateşin TA, Martinez GM, Flores D. It Is Not Just Up to the Substrate: Palladium(0) Cyclizes Nazarov Substrates through Intramolecular Allylic Alkylation. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tülay A. Ateşin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539-2999, United States
| | - Gabriela M. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539-2999, United States
| | - David Flores
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539-2999, United States
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Carmichael RA, Chalifoux WA. One-pot synthesis of [6-5-6] tricyclic products via a double Diels-Alder/Nazarov tandem reaction of unsymmetrically substituted cross-conjugated diynones. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Carmichael RA, Sophanpanichkul P, Chalifoux WA. β-Silyl-Assisted Tandem Diels–Alder/Nazarov Reaction of 1-Aryl-3-(trimethylsilyl) Ynones. Org Lett 2017; 19:2592-2595. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Punyanuch Sophanpanichkul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Vinogradov MG, Turova OV, Zlotin SG. Nazarov reaction: current trends and recent advances in the synthesis of natural compounds and their analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8245-8269. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of the Nazarov reaction to stereoselective synthesis of pharmacology-relevant cyclopentenone scaffolds are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim G. Vinogradov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Turova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
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Jana N, Driver TG. Assembly of functionalized carbocycles or N-heterocycles through a domino electrocyclization-[1,2] migration reaction sequence. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:9720-41. [PMID: 26275170 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01334h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of processes that streamline the synthesis of complex, functionalized carbocycles and heterocycles remains a hotly pursued topic because their scaffolds are present in a range of bioactive molecules and electronic materials. Although the Nazarov reaction has emerged to be useful in the synthesis of carbocycles and heterocycles, using an electrocyclization to trigger a migration remains underdeveloped. By constructing several bonds in one operation, domino reaction sequences are particularly effective at improving the efficiency of synthesis. The use of transition metal catalysts has the potential to render these processes stereoselective. This review examines the use of electrocyclization-[1,2] migrations to construct molecules and is organized by the type of ring constructed and the order of the two steps in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navendu Jana
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Chemistry, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Carmichael RA, Chalifoux WA. Multicomponent Double Diels–Alder/Nazarov Tandem Cyclization of Symmetric Cross‐Conjugated Diynones to Generate [6‐5‐6] Tricyclic Products. Chemistry 2016; 22:8781-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
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Omori H, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. The synthesis of NiII and AlIII 10-azacorroles through coordination-induced cyclisation involving 1,2-migration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3540-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10247b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized NiII and AlIII 10-azacorroles through coordination-induced cyclisation of nitrogen-bridged bisdipyrrins. The α-substituent (X = Br or Ph) shifted to the adjacent β-position during cyclisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Omori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
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Sheikh NS. 4π electrocyclisation in domino processes: contemporary trends and synthetic applications towards natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10774-96. [PMID: 26440536 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent most instructive and reliable literature reports which deal with domino processes involving conrotatory 4π electrocyclic reactions, along with a precise mechanistic insight and latest synthetic applications towards biologically active natural products are concisely reviewed. To inspire further research in this domain, a real insight into the overarching emerging themes and potential imminent prospects is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem S Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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Asari AH, Lam YH, Tius MA, Houk KN. Origins of the Stereoselectivity in a Thiourea–Primary Amine-Catalyzed Nazarov Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13191-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin H. Asari
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Marcus A. Tius
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- The Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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Patel A, West FG, Houk KN. Reactivity and Stereoselectivity of 6π and Nazarov Electrocyclizations of Bridged Bicyclic Trienes and Divinyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2790-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashay Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - F. G. West
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lebœuf
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire
et des Matériaux (UMR 8182), Equipe de Catalyse Moléculaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schulz
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire
et des Matériaux (UMR 8182), Equipe de Catalyse Moléculaire, 91405 Orsay, France
- CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire
et des Matériaux (UMR 8182), Equipe de Catalyse Moléculaire, 91405 Orsay, France
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15
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Zhu YP, Cai Q, Jia FC, Liu MC, Gao QH, Meng XG, Wu AX. Electronic tuning cyclization of aryl-1,4-enediones: AlCl3-mediated Nazarov-type cyclization to synthesize polysubstituted-1-indanones. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wenz DR, Read de Alaniz J. The Nazarov Cyclization: A Valuable Method to Synthesize Fully Substituted Carbon Stereocenters. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Scadeng O, West FG. Ready Access to Alkylidenecyclopentenones by Nazarov Cyclization/β-Elimination of 2-Hydroxyalkyl-1,4-dien-3-ones. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Flynn BL, Manchala N, Krenske EH. Opposing Auxiliary Conformations Produce the Same Torquoselectivity in an Oxazolidinone-Directed Nazarov Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9156-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4036434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard L. Flynn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Narasimhulu Manchala
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
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