1
|
Jiao F, Li H, Hu Q, Xu Y, Guo H, Du H. Amino-Acid-Assisted Synthesis of Hollow Hierarchical FER Zeolite with Improved Catalytic Performance. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301608. [PMID: 37552578 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical zeolites are highly-desired catalysts in the petrochemical industry due to their shorter diffusion length, faster diffusion rate, and better accessibility to active acid sites compared with conventional zeolites. Herein, we report a simple amino-acid-assisted method to synthesize urchin-like hollow hierarchical FER zeolites with abundant mesopores and macroporous inner cavities. An amino acid (i. e. L-lysine) is used to facilitate the agglomeration of primary gel nanoparticles. The preferential nucleation and crystal growth at the external surfaces together with the lagged crystallization of the inner core of the agglomerates results in the formation of hollow inner cavities after the exhaustion of interior materials. Thanks to the unique hierarchical structure and more accessible acid sites, the hollow hierarchical FER zeolite exhibits improved catalytic performance over the conventional one in the skeletal isomerization of 1-butene to isobutene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hailing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Key Laboratory of Catalysis, China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Hongbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nieuwelink AE, Vollenbroek JC, Tiggelaar RM, Bomer JG, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Weckhuysen BM. High-throughput activity screening and sorting of single catalyst particles with a droplet microreactor using dielectrophoresis. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
3
|
Gambino M, Nieuwelink A, Reints F, Veselý M, Filez M, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Meirer F, Weckhuysen B. Mimicking industrial aging in fluid catalytic cracking: A correlative microscopy approach to unravel inter-particle heterogeneities. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
4
|
Gabarre S, Vernaillen F, Baatsen P, Vints K, Cawthorne C, Boeynaems S, Michiels E, Vandael D, Gounko NV, Munck S. A workflow for streamlined acquisition and correlation of serial regions of interest in array tomography. BMC Biol 2021; 19:152. [PMID: 34330271 PMCID: PMC8323292 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Array tomography (AT) is a high-resolution imaging method to resolve fine details at the organelle level and has the advantage that it can provide 3D volumes to show the tissue context. AT can be carried out in a correlative way, combing light and electron microscopy (LM, EM) techniques. However, the correlation between modalities can be a challenge and delineating specific regions of interest in consecutive sections can be time-consuming. Integrated light and electron microscopes (iLEMs) offer the possibility to provide well-correlated images and may pose an ideal solution for correlative AT. Here, we report a workflow to automate navigation between regions of interest. Results We use a targeted approach that allows imaging specific tissue features, like organelles, cell processes, and nuclei at different scales to enable fast, directly correlated in situ AT using an integrated light and electron microscope (iLEM-AT). Our workflow is based on the detection of section boundaries on an initial transmitted light acquisition that serves as a reference space to compensate for changes in shape between sections, and we apply a stepwise refinement of localizations as the magnification increases from LM to EM. With minimal user interaction, this enables autonomous and speedy acquisition of regions containing cells and cellular organelles of interest correlated across different magnifications for LM and EM modalities, providing a more efficient way to obtain 3D images. We provide a proof of concept of our approach and the developed software tools using both Golgi neuronal impregnation staining and fluorescently labeled protein condensates in cells. Conclusions Our method facilitates tracing and reconstructing cellular structures over multiple sections, is targeted at high resolution ILEMs, and can be integrated into existing devices, both commercial and custom-built systems. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01072-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gabarre
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Light Microscopy Expertise Unit & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Vernaillen
- VIB BioInformatics Core, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Boeynaems
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Emiel Michiels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Vandael
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sebastian Munck
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Light Microscopy Expertise Unit & VIB BioImaging Core, O&N5 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Velthoen MEZ, Lucini Paioni A, Teune IE, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Matrix Effects in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Particle: Influence on Structure, Acidity, and Accessibility. Chemistry 2020; 26:11995-12009. [PMID: 32125038 PMCID: PMC7539955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix effects in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst have been studied in terms of structure, accessibility, and acidity. An extensive characterization study into the structural and acidic properties of a FCC catalyst, its individual components (i.e., zeolite H‐Y, binder (boehmite/silica) and kaolin clay), and two model FCC catalyst samples containing only two components (i.e., zeolite‐binder and binder‐clay) was performed at relevant conditions. This allowed the drawing of conclusions about the role of each individual component, describing their mutual physicochemical interactions, establishing structure‐acidity relationships, and determining matrix effects in FCC catalyst materials. This has been made possible by using a wide variety of characterization techniques, including temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, infrared spectroscopy in combination with CO as probe molecule, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Ar physisorption, and advanced nuclear magnetic resonance. By doing so it was, for example, revealed that a freshly prepared spray‐dried FCC catalyst appears as a physical mixture of its individual components, but under typical riser reactor conditions, the interaction between zeolite H‐Y and binder material is significant and mobile aluminum migrates and inserts from the binder into the defects of the zeolite framework, thereby creating additional Brønsted acid sites and restoring the framework structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein E Z Velthoen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E Teune
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nieuwelink A, Velthoen MEZ, Nederstigt YCM, Jagtenberg KL, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Single Particle Assays to Determine Heterogeneities within Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts. Chemistry 2020; 26:8546-8554. [PMID: 32112709 PMCID: PMC7384009 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E. Z. Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yoni C. M. Nederstigt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kristel L. Jagtenberg
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohammadian S, Agronskaia AV, Blab GA, van Donselaar EG, de Heus C, Liv N, Klumperman J, Gerritsen HC. Integrated super resolution fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 215:113007. [PMID: 32470633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), the capabilities of fluorescence microscopy (FM) and electron microscopy (EM) are united. FM combines a large field of view with high sensitivity for detecting fluorescence, which makes it an excellent tool for identifying regions of interest. EM has a much smaller field of view but offers superb resolution that allows studying cellular ultrastructure. In CLEM, the potentials of both techniques are combined but a limiting factor is the large difference in resolution between the two imaging modalities. Adding super resolution FM to CLEM reduces the resolution gap between FM and EM; it offers the possibility of identifying multiple targets within the diffraction limit and can increase correlation accuracy. CLEM is usually carried out in two separate setups, which requires transfer of the sample. This may result in distortion and damage of the specimen, which can complicate finding back regions of interest. By integrating the two imaging modalities, such problems can be avoided. Here, an integrated super resolution correlative microscopy approach is presented based on a wide-field super resolution FM integrated in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Switching imaging modalities is accomplished by rotation of the TEM sample holder. First imaging experiments are presented on sections of Lowicryl embedded Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells labeled for Caveolin both with Protein A-Gold, and Alexa Fluor®647. TEM and FM images were overlaid using fiducial markers visible in both imaging modalities with an overlay accuracy of 28 ± 11 nm. This is close to the optical resolution of ~50 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra V Agronskaia
- Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerhard A Blab
- Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elly G van Donselaar
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Q, Mayoral A, Terasaki O, Zhang Q, Ma B, Zhao C, Yang G, Yu J. Amino Acid-Assisted Construction of Single-Crystalline Hierarchical Nanozeolites via Oriented-Aggregation and Intraparticle Ripening. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3772-3776. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Alvaro Mayoral
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Osamu Terasaki
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Bing Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Guoju Yang
- State Key Laboratory
of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory
of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- International
Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Almas Q, Naeem MA, Baldanza MAS, Solomon J, Kenvin JC, Müller CR, Teixeira da Silva V, Jones CW, Sievers C. Transformations of FCC catalysts and carbonaceous deposits during repeated reaction-regeneration cycles. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transformations of an industrial zeolite-based fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and its coke deposits during regeneration following FCC reactions of a representative refinery stream are investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qandeel Almas
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Muhammad Awais Naeem
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- 8092 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica Solomon
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Micromeritics Instrument Corp
| | | | - Christoph R. Müller
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- 8092 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Layek A, Van Loon J, Roeffaers MBJ, Kubarev AV. Correlated super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy reveals the catalytically active nanorods within individual H-ZSM-22 zeolite particles. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00948e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy finds heterogeneity in the catalytic activity of H-ZSM-22 zeolite, related to the growth mechanism and structural imperfections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunasish Layek
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Jordi Van Loon
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Alexey V. Kubarev
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bai P, Etim UJ, Yan Z, Mintova S, Zhang Z, Zhong Z, Gao X. Fluid catalytic cracking technology: current status and recent discoveries on catalyst contamination. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2018.1549011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Ubong Jerome Etim
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Zifeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Spectrochemistry, ENSICAEN, Normandy University, CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, PetroChina Petrochemical Institute, CNPC, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- College of Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, China
| | - Xionghou Gao
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, PetroChina Petrochemical Institute, CNPC, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saarinen J, Gütter F, Lindman M, Agopov M, Fraser-Miller SJ, Scherließ R, Jokitalo E, Santos HA, Peltonen L, Isomäki A, Strachan CJ. Cell-Nanoparticle Interactions at (Sub)-Nanometer Resolution Analyzed by Electron Microscopy and Correlative Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800413. [PMID: 30350922 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of nanoparticles are playing an increasingly important role in drug delivery. Label-free imaging techniques are especially desirable to follow the cellular uptake and intracellular fate of nanoparticles. The combined correlative use of different techniques, each with unique advantages, facilitates more detailed investigation about such interactions. The synergistic use of correlative coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and electron microscopy (C-CARS-EM) imaging offers label-free, chemically-specific, and (sub)-nanometer spatial resolution for studying nanoparticle uptake into cells as demonstrated in the current study. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy offers chemically-specific (sub)micron spatial resolution imaging without fluorescent labels while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers (sub)-nanometer scale spatial resolution and thus visualization of precise nanoparticle localization at the sub-cellular level. This proof-of-concept imaging platform with unlabeled drug nanocrystals and macrophage cells revealed good colocalization between the CARS signal and electron dense nanocrystals in TEM images. The correlative TEM images revealed subcellular localization of nanocrystals inside membrane bound vesicles, showing multivesicular body (MVB)-like morphology typical for late endosomes (LEs), endolysosomes, and phagolysosomes. C-CARS-EM imaging has much potential to study the interactions between a wide range of nanoparticles and cells with high precision and confidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Saarinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and , University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Friederike Gütter
- Pharmaceutical Institute Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mervi Lindman
- Institute of Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9 (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and , University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and , University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Dodd-Walls Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, 9056 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Pharmaceutical Institute Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9 (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and , University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Isomäki
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8 (PO Box 63), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and , University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E (PO Box 56), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ando T, Bhamidimarri SP, Brending N, Colin-York H, Collinson L, De Jonge N, de Pablo PJ, Debroye E, Eggeling C, Franck C, Fritzsche M, Gerritsen H, Giepmans BNG, Grunewald K, Hofkens J, Hoogenboom JP, Janssen KPF, Kaufman R, Klumpermann J, Kurniawan N, Kusch J, Liv N, Parekh V, Peckys DB, Rehfeldt F, Reutens DC, Roeffaers MBJ, Salditt T, Schaap IAT, Schwarz US, Verkade P, Vogel MW, Wagner R, Winterhalter M, Yuan H, Zifarelli G. The 2018 correlative microscopy techniques roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2018; 51:443001. [PMID: 30799880 PMCID: PMC6372154 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Developments in microscopy have been instrumental to progress in the life sciences, and many new techniques have been introduced and led to new discoveries throughout the last century. A wide and diverse range of methodologies is now available, including electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, small-angle x-ray scattering and multiple super-resolution fluorescence techniques, and each of these methods provides valuable read-outs to meet the demands set by the samples under study. Yet, the investigation of cell development requires a multi-parametric approach to address both the structure and spatio-temporal organization of organelles, and also the transduction of chemical signals and forces involved in cell-cell interactions. Although the microscopy technologies for observing each of these characteristics are well developed, none of them can offer read-out of all characteristics simultaneously, which limits the information content of a measurement. For example, while electron microscopy is able to disclose the structural layout of cells and the macromolecular arrangement of proteins, it cannot directly follow dynamics in living cells. The latter can be achieved with fluorescence microscopy which, however, requires labelling and lacks spatial resolution. A remedy is to combine and correlate different readouts from the same specimen, which opens new avenues to understand structure-function relations in biomedical research. At the same time, such correlative approaches pose new challenges concerning sample preparation, instrument stability, region of interest retrieval, and data analysis. Because the field of correlative microscopy is relatively young, the capabilities of the various approaches have yet to be fully explored, and uncertainties remain when considering the best choice of strategy and workflow for the correlative experiment. With this in mind, the Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics presents a special roadmap on the correlative microscopy techniques, giving a comprehensive overview from various leading scientists in this field, via a collection of multiple short viewpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - H Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Niels De Jonge
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - P J de Pablo
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elke Debroye
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Optics, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Franck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Gerritsen
- Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kay Grunewald
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre of Structural Systems Biology Hamburg and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johan Hofkens
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | - Rainer Kaufman
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre of Structural Systems Biology Hamburg and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Klumpermann
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nyoman Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Viha Parekh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Diana B Peckys
- Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Florian Rehfeldt
- University of Göttingen, Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Tim Salditt
- University of Göttingen, Institute for X-Ray Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iwan A T Schaap
- SmarAct GmbH, Schütte-Lanz-Str. 9, D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Vogel
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard Wagner
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Haifeng Yuan
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Zifarelli
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hendriks FC, Mohammadian S, Ristanović Z, Kalirai S, Meirer F, Vogt ETC, Bruijnincx PCA, Gerritsen HC, Weckhuysen BM. Integrated Transmission Electron and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Correlates Reactivity with Ultrastructure in a Single Catalyst Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:257-261. [PMID: 29119721 PMCID: PMC5765468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Establishing structure-activity relationships in complex, hierarchically structured nanomaterials, such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, requires characterization with complementary, correlated analysis techniques. An integrated setup has been developed to perform transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-molecule fluorescence (SMF) microscopy on such nanostructured samples. Correlated structure-reactivity information was obtained for 100 nm thin, microtomed sections of a single FCC catalyst particle using this novel SMF-TEM high-resolution combination. High reactivity in a thiophene oligomerization probe reaction correlated well with TEM-derived zeolite locations, while matrix components, such as clay and amorphous binder material, were found not to display activity. Differences in fluorescence intensity were also observed within and between distinct zeolite aggregate domains, indicating that not all zeolite domains are equally active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular BiophysicsDepartment of Soft Condensed Matter and BiophysicsScience FacultyUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 1, 3584CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular BiophysicsDepartment of Soft Condensed Matter and BiophysicsScience FacultyUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 1, 3584CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hendriks FC, Mohammadian S, Ristanović Z, Kalirai S, Meirer F, Vogt ETC, Bruijnincx PCA, Gerritsen HC, Weckhuysen BM. Integrated Transmission Electron and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Correlates Reactivity with Ultrastructure in a Single Catalyst Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular Biophysics; Department of Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics; Department of Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Van Loon J, Janssen KPF, Franklin T, Kubarev AV, Steele JA, Debroye E, Breynaert E, Martens JA, Roeffaers MBJ. Rationalizing Acid Zeolite Performance on the Nanoscale by Correlative Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy. ACS Catal 2017; 7:5234-5242. [PMID: 28824822 PMCID: PMC5557613 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The performance of zeolites as solid acid catalysts is strongly influenced by the accessibility of active sites. However, synthetic zeolites typically grow as complex aggregates of small nanocrystallites rather than perfect single crystals. The structural complexity must therefore play a decisive role in zeolite catalyst applicability. Traditional tools for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts are unable to directly relate nanometer-scale structural properties to the corresponding catalytic performance. In this work, an innovative correlative super-resolution fluorescence and scanning electron microscope is applied, and the appropriate analysis procedures are developed to investigate the effect of small-port H-mordenite (H-MOR) morphology on the catalytic performance, along with the effects of extensive acid leaching. These correlative measurements revealed catalytic activity at the interface between intergrown H-MOR crystallites that was assumed inaccessible, without compromising the shape selective properties. Furthermore, it was found that extensive acid leaching led to an etching of the originally accessible microporous structure, rather than the formation of an extended mesoporous structure. The associated transition of small-port to large-port H-MOR therefore did not render the full catalyst particle functional for catalysis. The applied characterization technique allows a straightforward investigation of the zeolite structure-activity relationship beyond the single-particle level. We conclude that such information will ultimately lead to an accurate understanding of the relationship between the bulk scale catalyst behavior and the nanoscale structural features, enabling a rationalization of catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Van Loon
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kris P. F. Janssen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Thomas Franklin
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Alexey V. Kubarev
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Julian A. Steele
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Elke Debroye
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan A. Martens
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen T, Dong B, Chen K, Zhao F, Cheng X, Ma C, Lee S, Zhang P, Kang SH, Ha JW, Xu W, Fang N. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging of Surface Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7510-7537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Changbei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Dahak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ristanović Z, Kubarev AV, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Single Molecule Nanospectroscopy Visualizes Proton-Transfer Processes within a Zeolite Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13586-13596. [PMID: 27709925 PMCID: PMC5089756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing proton-transfer processes at the nanoscale is essential for understanding the reactivity of zeolite-based catalyst materials. In this work, the Brønsted-acid-catalyzed oligomerization of styrene derivatives was used for the first time as a single molecule probe reaction to study the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals in different zeolite framework, reactant and solvent environments. This was accomplished via the formation of distinct dimeric and trimeric fluorescent carbocations, characterized by their different photostability, as detected by single molecule fluorescence microscopy. The oligomerization kinetics turned out to be very sensitive to the reaction conditions and the presence of the local structural defects in zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals. The remarkably photostable trimeric carbocations were found to be formed predominantly near defect-rich crystalline regions. This spectroscopic marker offers clear prospects for nanoscale quality control of zeolite-based materials. Interestingly, replacing n-heptane with 1-butanol as a solvent led to a reactivity decrease of several orders and shorter survival times of fluorescent products due to the strong chemisorption of 1-butanol onto the Brønsted acid sites. A similar effect was achieved by changing the electrophilic character of the para-substituent of the styrene moiety. Based on the measured turnover rates we have established a quantitative, single turnover approach to evaluate substituent and solvent effects on the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V. Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schrimpf W, Ossato G, Hirschle P, Wuttke S, Lamb DC. Investigation of the Co-Dependence of Morphology and Fluorescence Lifetime in a Metal-Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3651-3657. [PMID: 27171620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials, due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, are important for a broad range of applications and are the subject of intense research. Most studies investigate the bulk properties of these materials, which are not sensitive to the effect of heterogeneities within the sample. Herein, a new strategy based on correlative fluorescence lifetime imaging and scanning electron microscopy is presented that allows the detection and localization of those heterogeneities, and connects them to morphological and structural features of the material. By applying this method to a dye-modified metal-organic framework (MOF), two independent fluorescence quenching mechanisms in the MOF scaffold are identified and quantified. The first mechanism is based on quenching via amino groups, while the second mechanism is influenced by morphology. Furthermore, a similar correlation between the inherent luminescence lifetime and the morphology of the unmodified MOF structure is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Schrimpf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Giulia Ossato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Patrick Hirschle
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Winter DA, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. FIB-SEM Tomography Probes the Mesoscale Pore Space of an Individual Catalytic Cracking Particle. ACS Catal 2016; 6:3158-3167. [PMID: 27453799 PMCID: PMC4954740 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The overall performance of a catalyst particle strongly depends on the ability of mass transport through its pore space. Characterizing the three-dimensional structure of the macro- and mesopore space of a catalyst particle and establishing a correlation with transport efficiency is an essential step toward designing highly effective catalyst particles. In this work, a generally applicable workflow is presented to characterize the transport efficiency of individual catalyst particles. The developed workflow involves a multiscale characterization approach making use of a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). SEM imaging is performed on cross sections of 10.000 μm2, visualizing a set of catalyst particles, while FIB-SEM tomography visualized the pore space of a large number of 8 μm3 cubes (subvolumes) of individual catalyst particles. Geometrical parameters (porosity, pore connectivity, and heterogeneity) of the material were used to generate large numbers of virtual 3D volumes resembling the sample's pore space characteristics, while being suitable for computationally demanding transport simulations. The transport ability, defined as the ratio of unhindered flow over hindered flow, is then determined via transport simulations through the virtual volumes. The simulation results are used as input for an upscaling routine based on an analogy with electrical networks, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the pore space over greater length scales. This novel approach is demonstrated for two distinct types of industrially manufactured fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles with zeolite Y as the active cracking component. Differences in physicochemical and catalytic properties were found to relate to differences in heterogeneities in the spatial porosity distribution. In addition to the characterization of existing FCC particles, our method of correlating pore space with transport efficiency does also allow for an up-front evaluation of the transport efficiency of new designs of FCC catalyst particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A.
Matthijs de Winter
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vogt ETC, Weckhuysen BM. Fluid catalytic cracking: recent developments on the grand old lady of zeolite catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7342-70. [PMID: 26382875 PMCID: PMC4594121 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry, and the largest commercial catalytic process that uses zeolite materials.
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry. FCC currently produces the majority of the world's gasoline, as well as an important fraction of propylene for the polymer industry. In this critical review, we give an overview of the latest trends in this field of research. These trends include ways to make it possible to process either very heavy or very light crude oil fractions as well as to co-process biomass-based oxygenates with regular crude oil fractions, and convert these more complex feedstocks in an increasing amount of propylene and diesel-range fuels. After providing some general background of the FCC process, including a short history as well as details on the process, reactor design, chemical reactions involved and catalyst material, we will discuss several trends in FCC catalysis research by focusing on ways to improve the zeolite structure stability, propylene selectivity and the overall catalyst accessibility by (a) the addition of rare earth elements and phosphorus, (b) constructing hierarchical pores systems and (c) the introduction of new zeolite structures. In addition, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art micro-spectroscopy methods for characterizing FCC catalysts at the single particle level. These new characterization tools are able to explain the influence of the harsh FCC processing conditions (e.g. steam) and the presence of various metal poisons (e.g. V, Fe and Ni) in the crude oil feedstocks on the 3-D structure and accessibility of FCC catalyst materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E T C Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Ristanović Z, Kerssens MM, Kubarev AV, Hendriks FC, Dedecker P, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. High-Resolution Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Zeolite Aggregates within Real-Life Fluid Catalytic Cracking Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Ristanović Z, Kerssens MM, Kubarev AV, Hendriks FC, Dedecker P, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. High-resolution single-molecule fluorescence imaging of zeolite aggregates within real-life fluid catalytic cracking particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1836-40. [PMID: 25504139 PMCID: PMC4506548 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a major process in oil refineries to produce gasoline and base chemicals from crude oil fractions. The spatial distribution and acidity of zeolite aggregates embedded within the 50–150 μm-sized FCC spheres heavily influence their catalytic performance. Single-molecule fluorescence-based imaging methods, namely nanometer accuracy by stochastic chemical reactions (NASCA) and super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) were used to study the catalytic activity of sub-micrometer zeolite ZSM-5 domains within real-life FCC catalyst particles. The formation of fluorescent product molecules taking place at Brønsted acid sites was monitored with single turnover sensitivity and high spatiotemporal resolution, providing detailed insight in dispersion and catalytic activity of zeolite ZSM-5 aggregates. The results point towards substantial differences in turnover frequencies between the zeolite aggregates, revealing significant intraparticle heterogeneities in Brønsted reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Marleen M Kerssens
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Alexey V Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee (Belgium)
| | - Frank C Hendriks
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee (Belgium)
- *E-mail: E-mail:
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
- *E-mail: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Peddie CJ, Blight K, Wilson E, Melia C, Marrison J, Carzaniga R, Domart MC, O'Toole P, Larijani B, Collinson LM. Correlative and integrated light and electron microscopy of in-resin GFP fluorescence, used to localise diacylglycerol in mammalian cells. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 143:3-14. [PMID: 24637200 PMCID: PMC4045205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy of GFP-tagged proteins is a fundamental tool in cell biology, but without seeing the structure of the surrounding cellular space, functional information can be lost. Here we present a protocol that preserves GFP and mCherry fluorescence in mammalian cells embedded in resin with electron contrast to reveal cellular ultrastructure. Ultrathin in-resin fluorescence (IRF) sections were imaged simultaneously for fluorescence and electron signals in an integrated light and scanning electron microscope. We show, for the first time, that GFP is stable and active in resin sections in vacuo. We applied our protocol to study the subcellular localisation of diacylglycerol (DAG), a modulator of membrane morphology and membrane dynamics in nuclear envelope assembly. We show that DAG is localised to the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasmic reticulum and curved tips of the Golgi apparatus. With these developments, we demonstrate that integrated imaging is maturing into a powerful tool for accurate molecular localisation to structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ken Blight
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Emma Wilson
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Charlotte Melia
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Marrison
- Department of Biology, The University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Peter O'Toole
- Department of Biology, The University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Banafshe Larijani
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC-UPV/EHU),Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Sambur
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850;
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850;
| |
Collapse
|