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Adebar N, Keupp J, Emenike VN, Kühlborn J, Vom Dahl L, Möckel R, Smiatek J. Scientific Deep Machine Learning Concepts for the Prediction of Concentration Profiles and Chemical Reaction Kinetics: Consideration of Reaction Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:929-944. [PMID: 38271617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Emerging concepts from scientific deep machine learning such as physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) enable a data-driven approach for the study of complex kinetic problems. We present an extended framework that combines the advantages of PINNs with the detailed consideration of experimental parameter variations for the simulation and prediction of chemical reaction kinetics. The approach is based on truncated Taylor series expansions for the underlying fundamental equations, whereby the external variations can be interpreted as perturbations of the kinetic parameters. Accordingly, our method allows for an efficient consideration of experimental parameter settings and their influence on the concentration profiles and reaction kinetics. A particular advantage of our approach, in addition to the consideration of univariate and multivariate parameter variations, is the robust model-based exploration of the parameter space to determine optimal reaction conditions in combination with advanced reaction insights. The benefits of this concept are demonstrated for higher-order chemical reactions including catalytic and oscillatory systems in combination with small amounts of training data. All predicted values show a high level of accuracy, demonstrating the broad applicability and flexibility of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Julian Keupp
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Victor N Emenike
- HP BioP Launch and Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Jonas Kühlborn
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Lisa Vom Dahl
- Development NCE, Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Robert Möckel
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Development NCE, Strategy NCEs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-88397 Biberach (Riss), Germany
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2
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Shinozaki Y, Popov S, Plenio H. Fluorescent organometallic dyads and triads: establishing spatial relationships. Chem Sci 2023; 14:350-361. [PMID: 36687348 PMCID: PMC9811503 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET pairs involving up to three different Bodipy dyes are utilized to provide information on the assembly/disassembly of organometallic complexes. Azolium salts tagged with chemically robust and photostable blue or green or red fluorescent Bodipy, respectively, were synthesized and the azolium salts used to prepare metal complexes [(NHC_blue)ML], [(NHC_green)ML] and [(NHC_red)ML] (ML = Pd(allyl)Cl, IrCl(cod), RhCl(cod), AuCl, Au(NTf2), CuBr). The blue and the green Bodipy and the green and the red Bodipy, respectively, were designed to allow the formation of efficient FRET pairs with minimal cross-talk. Organometallic dyads formed from two subunits enable the transfer of excitation energy from the donor dye to the acceptor dye. The blue, green and red emission provide three information channels on the formation of complexes, which is demonstrated for alkyne or sulfur bridged digold species and for ion pairing of a red fluorescent cation and a green fluorescent anion. This approach is extended to probe an assembly of three different subunits. In such a triad, each component is tagged with either a blue, a green or a red Bodipy and the energy transfer blue →green → red proves the formation of the triad. The tagging of molecular components with robust fluorophores can be a general strategy in (organometallic) chemistry to establish connectivities for binuclear catalyst resting states and binuclear catalyst decomposition products in homogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Stepan Popov
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
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3
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Organic reaction mechanism classification using machine learning. Nature 2023; 613:689-695. [PMID: 36697863 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of catalytic organic reactions is crucial for the design of new catalysts, modes of reactivity and the development of greener and more sustainable chemical processes1-13. Kinetic analysis lies at the core of mechanistic elucidation by facilitating direct testing of mechanistic hypotheses from experimental data. Traditionally, kinetic analysis has relied on the use of initial rates14, logarithmic plots and, more recently, visual kinetic methods15-18, in combination with mathematical rate law derivations. However, the derivation of rate laws and their interpretation require numerous mathematical approximations and, as a result, they are prone to human error and are limited to reaction networks with only a few steps operating under steady state. Here we show that a deep neural network model can be trained to analyse ordinary kinetic data and automatically elucidate the corresponding mechanism class, without any additional user input. The model identifies a wide variety of classes of mechanism with outstanding accuracy, including mechanisms out of steady state such as those involving catalyst activation and deactivation steps, and performs excellently even when the kinetic data contain substantial error or only a few time points. Our results demonstrate that artificial-intelligence-guided mechanism classification is a powerful new tool that can streamline and automate mechanistic elucidation. We are making this model freely available to the community and we anticipate that this work will lead to further advances in the development of fully automated organic reaction discovery and development.
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Młodzikowska-Pieńko K, Trzaskowski B. Decomposition of Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts: Unsymmetrical N-Heterocyclic Carbenes versus Cyclic Alkyl Amino Carbenes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Młodzikowska-Pieńko
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Nascimento D, Foscato M, Occhipinti G, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Bimolecular Coupling in Olefin Metathesis: Correlating Structure and Decomposition for Leading and Emerging Ruthenium-Carbene Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11072-11079. [PMID: 34270895 PMCID: PMC8397316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular catalyst decomposition is a fundamental, long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis. Emerging ruthenium-cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) catalysts, which enable breakthrough advances in productivity and general robustness, are now known to be extraordinarily susceptible to this pathway. The details of the process, however, have hitherto been obscure. The present study provides the first detailed mechanistic insights into the steric and electronic factors that govern bimolecular decomposition. Described is a combined experimental and theoretical study that probes decomposition of the key active species, RuCl2(L)(py)(═CH2) 1 (in which L is the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) H2IMes, or a CAAC ligand: the latter vary in the NAr group (NMes, N-2,6-Et2C6H3, or N-2-Me,6-iPrC6H3) and the substituents on the quaternary site flanking the carbene carbon (i.e., CMe2 or CMePh)). The transiently stabilized pyridine adducts 1 were isolated by cryogenic synthesis of the metallacyclobutanes, addition of pyridine, and precipitation. All are shown to decompose via second-order kinetics at -10 °C. The most vulnerable CAAC species, however, decompose more than 1000-fold faster than the H2IMes analogue. Computational studies reveal that the key factor underlying accelerated decomposition of the CAAC derivatives is their stronger trans influence, which weakens the Ru-py bond and increases the transient concentration of the 14-electron methylidene species, RuCl2(L)(═CH2) 2. Fast catalyst initiation, a major design goal in olefin metathesis, thus has the negative consequence of accelerating decomposition. Inhibiting bimolecular decomposition offers major opportunities to transform catalyst productivity and utility, and to realize the outstanding promise of olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
L. Nascimento
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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6
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Blanco CO, Sims J, Nascimento DL, Goudreault AY, Steinmann SN, Michel C, Fogg DE. The Impact of Water on Ru-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis: Potent Deactivating Effects Even at Low Water Concentrations. ACS Catal 2021; 11:893-899. [PMID: 33614193 PMCID: PMC7886052 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis are widely viewed as water-tolerant. Evidence is presented, however, that even low concentrations of water cause catalyst decomposition, severely degrading yields. Of 11 catalysts studied, fast-initiating examples (e.g., the Grela catalyst RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CHC6H4-2-O i Pr-5-NO2) were most affected. Maximum water tolerance was exhibited by slowly initiating iodide and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) derivatives. Computational investigations indicated that hydrogen bonding of water to substrate can also play a role, by retarding cyclization relative to decomposition. These results have important implications for olefin metathesis in organic media, where water is a ubiquitous contaminant, and for aqueous metathesis, which currently requires superstoichiometric "catalyst" for demanding reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O. Blanco
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Joshua Sims
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Daniel L. Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Alexandre Y. Goudreault
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Carine Michel
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen,
Norway
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7
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Nascimento D, Reim I, Foscato M, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Challenging Metathesis Catalysts with Nucleophiles and Brønsted Base: Examining the Stability of State-of-the-Art Ruthenium Carbene Catalysts to Attack by Amines. ACS Catal 2020; 10:11623-11633. [PMID: 33123412 PMCID: PMC7587145 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Critical to advancing the uptake of olefin metathesis in leading contexts, including pharmaceutical manufacturing, is identification of highly active catalysts that resist decomposition. Amines constitute an aggressive challenge to ruthenium metathesis catalysts. Examined here is the impact of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), morpholine, n-butylamine, and triethylamine on Ru metathesis catalysts that represent the current state of the art, including cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. Accordingly, the amine-tolerance of the nitro-Grela catalyst RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CHAr) (nG; Ar = C6H4-2-O i Pr-5-NO2) is compared with that of its CAAC analogues nGC1 and nGC2, and the Hoveyda-class catalyst RuCl2(C2)(=CHAr') HC2 (Ar' = C6H4-2-O i Pr). In C1, the carbene carbon is flanked by an N-2,6-Et2C6H3 group and a CMePh quaternary carbon; in C2, by an N-2- i Pr-6-MeC6H3 group and a CMe2 quaternary carbon. The impact of 1 equiv amine per Ru on turnover numbers (TONs) in ring-closing metathesis of diethyl diallylmalonate was assessed at 9 ppm Ru, at RT and 70 °C. The deleterious impact of amines followed the trend NEt3 ∼ NH2 n Bu ≪ DBU ∼ morpholine. Morpholine is shown to decompose nGC1 by nucleophilic abstraction of the methylidene ligand; DBU, by proton abstraction from the metallacyclobutane. Decomposition was minimized at 70 °C, at which nGC1 enabled TONs of ca. 60 000 even in the presence of morpholine or DBU, vs ca. 80 000 in the absence of base. Unexpectedly, H2IMes catalyst nG delivered 70-90% of the performance of nGC1 at high temperatures, and underwent decomposition by Brønsted base at a similar rate. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis shows that this similarity is due to comparable net electron donation by the H2IMes and C1 ligands. Catalysts bearing the smaller C2 ligand were comparatively insensitive to amines, owing to rapid, preferential bimolecular decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
L. Nascimento
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Immanuel Reim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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8
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Jongkind LJ, Rahimi M, Poole D, Ton SJ, Fogg DE, Reek JNH. Protection of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts by Encapsulation in a Self‐assembled Resorcinarene Capsule. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Jongkind
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Rahimi
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1 N 6 N5 Canada
| | - David Poole
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J. Ton
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1 N 6 N5 Canada
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1 N 6 N5 Canada
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands
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9
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Nascimento DL, Fogg DE. Origin of the Breakthrough Productivity of Ruthenium–Cyclic Alkyl Amino Carbene Catalysts in Olefin Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19236-19240. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
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10
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Kamal F, Colombel-Rouen S, Dumas A, Guégan JP, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Baslé O, Rouen M, Mauduit M. Activation of olefin metathesis complexes containing unsymmetrical unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbenes by copper and gold transmetalation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11583-11586. [PMID: 31495849 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05776e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of ruthenium-indenylidene complexes containing two unsymmetrical unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbenes (u2-NHCs) by a transmetalation process is reported. The use of copper(i) or gold(i) chlorides promotes the rapid trapping of one NHC ligand, which releases the catalytically active Ru-species. Impressive initiation rates with full-conversions are observed within one minute. This practical protocol demonstrates excellent catalytic performances in various ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and self-metathesis (SM) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Kamal
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Colombel-Rouen
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Adrien Dumas
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Guégan
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Rouen
- DEMETA SAS, 6 rue Pierre-Joseph Colin, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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11
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Nascimento DL, Gawin A, Gawin R, Guńka PA, Zachara J, Skowerski K, Fogg DE. Integrating Activity with Accessibility in Olefin Metathesis: An Unprecedentedly Reactive Ruthenium-Indenylidene Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10626-10631. [PMID: 31248254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Access to leading olefin metathesis catalysts, including the Grubbs, Hoveyda, and Grela catalysts, ultimately rests on the nonscaleable transfer of a benzylidene ligand from an unstable, impure aryldiazomethane. The indenylidene ligand can be reliably installed, but to date yields much less reactive catalysts. A fast-initiating, dimeric indenylidene complex (Ru-1) is reported, which reconciles high activity with scaleable synthesis. Each Ru center in Ru-1 is stabilized by a state-of-the-art cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC, C1) and a bridging chloride donor: the lability of the latter elevates the reactivity of Ru-1 to a level previously attainable only with benzylidene derivatives. Evaluation of initiation rate constants reveals that Ru-1 initiates >250× faster than indenylidene catalyst M2 (RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)(Ind)), and 65× faster than UC (RuCl2(C1)2(Ind)). The slow initiation previously regarded as characteristic of indenylidene catalysts is hence due to low ligand lability, not inherently slow cycloaddition at the Ru=CRR' site. In macrocyclization and "ethenolysis" of methyl oleate (i.e., transformation into α-olefins via cross-metathesis with C2H4), Ru-1 is comparable or superior to the corresponding, breakthrough CAAC-benzylidene catalyst. In ethenolysis, Ru-1 is 5× more robust to standard-grade (99.9%) C2H4 than the top-performing catalyst, probably reflecting steric protection at the quaternary CAAC carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Anna Gawin
- Apeiron Synthesis , Duńska 9 , 54-427 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Rafał Gawin
- Apeiron Synthesis , Duńska 9 , 54-427 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Janusz Zachara
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Deryn E Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
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12
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Peschek N, Wannowius KJ, Plenio H. The Initiation Reaction of Hoveyda–Grubbs Complexes with Ethene. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Peschek
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jürgen Wannowius
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Rufh SA, Goudreault AY, Foscato M, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Rapid Decomposition of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts by a Truncated N-Heterocyclic Carbene: Efficient Catalyst Quenching and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Vinylation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Rufh
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Alexandre Y. Goudreault
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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14
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Lecourt C, Dhambri S, Allievi L, Sanogo Y, Zeghbib N, Ben Othman R, Lannou MI, Sorin G, Ardisson J. Natural products and ring-closing metathesis: synthesis of sterically congested olefins. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:105-124. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights RCM reactions towards the synthesis of sterically congested natural products throughout the recent evolution of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lecourt
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - S. Dhambri
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - L. Allievi
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - Y. Sanogo
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - N. Zeghbib
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - R. Ben Othman
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - M.-I. Lannou
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - G. Sorin
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
| | - J. Ardisson
- Paris Descartes University
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
- Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMÈTE
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06
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15
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Remarkable Ability of the Benzylidene Ligand To Control Initiation of Hoveyda–Grubbs Metathesis Catalysts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Griffiths JR, Keister JB, Diver ST. From Resting State to the Steady State: Mechanistic Studies of Ene-Yne Metathesis Promoted by the Hoveyda Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5380-91. [PMID: 27076098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of intermolecular ene-yne metathesis (EYM) with the Hoveyda precatalyst (Ru1) has been studied. For 1-hexene metathesis with 2-benzoyloxy-3-butyne, the experimental rate law was determined to be first-order in 1-hexene (0.3-4 M), first-order in initial catalyst concentration, and zero-order for the terminal alkyne. At low catalyst concentrations (0.1 mM), the rate of precatalyst initiation was observed by UV-vis and the alkyne disappearance was observed by in situ FT-IR. Comparison of the rate of precatalyst initiation and the rate of EYM shows that a low, steady-state concentration of active catalyst is rapidly produced. Application of steady-state conditions to the carbene intermediates provided a rate treatment that fit the experimental rate law. Starting from a ruthenium alkylidene complex, competition between 2-isopropoxystyrene and 1-hexene gave a mixture of 2-isopropoxyarylidene and pentylidene species, which were trappable by the Buchner reaction. By varying the relative concentration of these alkenes, 2-isopropoxystyrene was found to be 80 times more effective than 1-hexene in production of their respective Ru complexes. Buchner-trapping of the initiation of Ru1 with excess 1-hexene after 50% loss of Ru1 gave 99% of the Buchner-trapping product derived from precatalyst Ru1. For the initiation process, this shows that there is an alkene-dependent loss of precatalyst Ru1, but this does not directly produce the active catalyst. A faster initiating precatalyst for alkene metathesis gave similar rates of EYM. Buchner-trapping of ene-yne metathesis failed to deliver any products derived from Buchner insertion, consistent with rapid decomposition of carbene intermediates under ene-yne conditions. An internal alkyne, 1,4-diacetoxy-2-butyne, was found to obey a different rate law. Finally, the second-order rate constant for ene-yne metathesis was compared to that previously determined by the Grubbs second-generation carbene complex: Ru1 was found to promote ene-yne metathesis 62 times faster at the same initial precatalyst concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Jerome B Keister
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Steven T Diver
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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17
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Tracz A, Matczak M, Urbaniak K, Skowerski K. Nitro-Grela-type complexes containing iodides - robust and selective catalysts for olefin metathesis under challenging conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1823-32. [PMID: 26664602 PMCID: PMC4660961 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodide-containing nitro-Grela-type catalysts have been synthesized and applied to ring closing metathesis (RCM) and cross metathesis (CM) reactions. These new catalysts have exhibited improved efficiency in the transformation of sterically, non-demanding alkenes. Additional steric hindrance in the vicinity of ruthenium related to the presence of iodides ensures enhanced catalyst stability. The benefits are most apparent under challenging conditions, such as very low reaction concentrations, protic solvents or with the occurrence of impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Tracz
- Apeiron Synthesis SA, Duńska 9, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland ; Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Skowerski K, Pastva J, Czarnocki SJ, Janoscova J. Exceptionally Stable and Efficient Solid Supported Hoveyda-Type Catalyst. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Pastva
- Apeiron Synthesis
SA, Duńska 9, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jana Janoscova
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Structure
and Dynamics in Catalysis, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Republic and University of Pardubice, Department of Inorganic Technology, Doubravice 41, 532
10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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19
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Bieszczad B, Barbasiewicz M. The Key Role of the Nonchelating Conformation of the Benzylidene Ligand on the Formation and Initiation of Hoveyda-Grubbs Metathesis Catalysts. Chemistry 2015; 21:10322-5. [PMID: 26074213 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies of Hoveyda-Grubbs metathesis catalysts reveal important consequences of substitution at the 6-position of the chelating benzylidene ligand. The structural modification varies conformational preferences of the ligand that affects its exchange due to the interaction of the coordinating site with the ruthenium center. As a consequence, when typical S-chelated systems are formed as kinetic trans-Cl2 products, for 6-substituted benzylidenes the preference is altered toward direct formation of thermodynamic cis-Cl2 isomers. Activity data and reactions with tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3 ) support also a similar scenario for O-chelated complexes, which display fast trans-Cl2 ⇄cis-Cl2 equilibrium observed by NMR EXSY studies. The presented conformational model reveals that catalysts, which cannot adopt the optimal nonchelating conformation of benzylidene ligand, initiate through a high-energy associative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bieszczad
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw (Poland), Fax: (+48) 22 822 5996
| | - Michał Barbasiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw (Poland), Fax: (+48) 22 822 5996.
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20
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Grudzień K, Barbasiewicz M. Studies on synthesis of quinonylidene Hoveyda-type complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Grudzień
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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21
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Sacco M, Charnay C, De Angelis F, Radoiu M, Lamaty F, Martinez J, Colacino E. Microwave-ultrasound simultaneous irradiation: a hybrid technology applied to ring closing metathesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14938f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol micelles were suitable nanoreactors for ring-closing metathesis reaction activated by a hybrid microwave-ultrasound reactor. Nine different Ru-catalysts were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sacco
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS – Université Montpellier – ENSCM
- Green Chemistry and Enabling Technology Team
- Université Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - C. Charnay
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2, CC1502
- Université Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5
- France
| | - F. De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche Università dell'Aquila e Consorzio INCA
- 67100 L'Aquila
- Italy
| | | | - F. Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS – Université Montpellier – ENSCM
- Green Chemistry and Enabling Technology Team
- Université Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - J. Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS – Université Montpellier – ENSCM
- Green Chemistry and Enabling Technology Team
- Université Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - E. Colacino
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS – Université Montpellier – ENSCM
- Green Chemistry and Enabling Technology Team
- Université Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5
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23
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Kinetico-mechanistic studies on CX (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) bond activation reactions on organoplatinum(II) complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Guérin D, Gaumont AC, Dez I, Mauduit M, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X. Access to Fluorinated Lactams through Ring-Closing Metathesis of Reluctant Fluoroalkenes Promoted by Appropriate Substitution of a Double Bond. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500559p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Guérin
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA and University of Rouen, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507 & FR 3038, ENSICAEN and University of Caen-Basse Normandie, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Dez
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507 & FR 3038, ENSICAEN and University of Caen-Basse Normandie, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 − OMC, 11 avenue de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex
7, France
| | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA and University of Rouen, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA and University of Rouen, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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25
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The Influence of Structure on Reactivity in Alkene Metathesis. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800256-8.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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