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Dishi O, Rahav Y, Gidron O. π-Conjugated oligofuran macrocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:522-529. [PMID: 38109063 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article overviews a new class of π-conjugated materials - macrocyclic furans. Starting from their synthesis, we review their unique structural, optical and electronic properties, chemical reactivity, and potential application as synthons. Finally, we discuss the study of oligofuran macrocycles as a model system for exploring the concept of global aromaticity and the size limitation of Hückel's rule in neutral macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Dishi
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yuval Rahav
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ori Gidron
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Dishi O, Rahav Y, Carmieli R, Gidron O. A Macrocyclic Furan with Accessible Oxidation States: Switching Between Aromatic and Antiaromatic Global Ring Currents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202082. [PMID: 35932151 PMCID: PMC9826138 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic furans are predicted to switch between global aromaticity and antiaromaticity, depending on their oxidation states. However, the macrocyclic furans reported to date are stabilized by electron withdrawing groups, which result in inaccessible oxidation states. To circumvent this problem, a post-macrocyclization approach was applied to introduce methylene-substituted macrocyclic furans, which display an extremely low oxidation potential of -0.23 vs. Fc/Fc+ , and are partially oxidized in ambient conditions. Additional oxidation to the dication results in aromaticity switching to a global 30πe- aromatic state, as indicated by the formation of a strong diatropic current observed in the 1 H NMR spectrum. NICS and ACID calculations support this trend and provide evidence for a different pathway for the global current in the neutral and dicationic states. According to these findings, macrocyclic furans can be rendered as promising p-type materials with stable oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Dishi
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Yuval Rahav
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Chemical Research Support UnitWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem9190401Israel
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Dishi O, Malakar P, Shimon LJW, Ruhman S, Gidron O. Ring Size Determines the Conformation, Global Aromaticity and Photophysical Properties of Macrocyclic Oligofurans. Chemistry 2021; 27:17794-17801. [PMID: 34747542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In π-conjugated macrocycles, there is a trade-off between the global and local expression of effects such as aromaticity, with the outcome of the trade-off determined by the geometry and aromaticity of the constituent units. Compared with other aromatic rings, the aromatic character of furan is relatively small, and therefore global effects in macrocyclic furans are expected to be more pronounced. Following our introduction of macrocyclic oligofuran, we present the first synthesis of a series of π-conjugated bifuran macrocycles of various ring sizes, from trimer to hexamer, and characterize them using both computational and experimental methods. The properties of macrocyclic oligofurans change considerably with size: The smaller trimer is rigid, weakly emissive and planar as revealed by its single crystal structure, and displays global antiaromaticity. In contrast, the larger pentamer and hexamer are flexible, emissive, have non-planar structures, and exhibit local aromaticity. The results are supported by NICS and ACID calculations that indicate the global antiaromaticity of planar furan macrocycles, and by transient absorption measurements showing sharp absorption band for the trimer and only the internal conversion decay pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Dishi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Partha Malakar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Chemical Research Support Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Mulay SV, Dishi O, Fang Y, Niazi MR, Shimon LJW, Perepichka DF, Gidron O. A macrocyclic oligofuran: synthesis, solid state structure and electronic properties. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8527-8532. [PMID: 32055302 PMCID: PMC7003964 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The first π-conjugated macrocyclic system with an oligofuran backbone display planar conformation and forms large π-aggregates, in contrast to the twisted conformation of small macrocyclic oligothiophenes.
We report the first π-conjugated macrocyclic system with an oligofuran backbone. The calculated HOMO–LUMO gap is similar to that of the corresponding linear polymer, indicating a remarkable electron delocalization. The X-ray structure reveals a planar conformation, in contrast to the twisted conformation of macrocyclic oligothiophenes. The intermolecular π–π stacking distance is extremely small (3.17 Å), indicating very strong interactions. The macrocycle forms large π-aggregates in solution and shows a tendency toward highly ordered multilayer adsorption at the solid–liquid interface. The face-on orientation of molecules explains the higher hole mobility observed in the out-of-plane direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip V Mulay
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Jerusalem , Israel .
| | - Or Dishi
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Jerusalem , Israel .
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , QC H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Muhammad R Niazi
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , QC H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Chemical Research Support Unit , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | | | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Jerusalem , Israel .
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Yakir HR, Shimon LJW, Gidron O. Perfluorophenyl‐Bifuran: A Stable and Fluorescent Material Exhibiting Mechanofluorochromic Behavior. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadar R. Yakir
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Linda J. W. Shimon
- Chemical Research Support UnitWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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Laschuk NO, Ebralidze II, Poisson J, Egan JG, Quaranta S, Allan JTS, Cusden H, Gaspari F, Naumkin FY, Easton EB, Zenkina OV. Ligand Impact on Monolayer Electrochromic Material Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35334-35343. [PMID: 30230313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a range of efficient highly durable electrochromic materials that demonstrate excellent redox and lifetime stability, sufficient coloration contrast ratios, and the best-in-class electron-transfer constants. The materials were formed by anchoring as little as a monolayer of predefined iron complexes on a surface-enhanced conductive solid support. The thickness of the substrate was optimized to maximize the change in optical density. We demonstrate that even a slight change in molecular sterics and electronics results in materials with sufficiently different properties. Thus, minor changes in the ligand design give access to materials with a wide range of color variations, including green, purple, and brown. Moreover, ligand architecture dictates either orthogonal or parallel alignment of corresponding metal complexes on the surface due to mono- or bis-quaternization. We demonstrate that monoquaternization of the complexes during anchoring to the surface-bound template layer results in redshifts of the photoabsorption peak. The results of in-solution bis-methylation supported by density functional theory calculations show that the second quaternization may lead to an opposite blueshift (in comparison with monomethylated analogs), depending on the ligand electronics and the environmental change. It is shown that the variations of the photoabsorption peak position for different ligands upon attachment to the surface can be related to the calculated charge distribution and excitation-induced redistribution. Overall, the work demonstrates a well-defined method of electrochromic material color tuning via manipulation of sterics and electronics of terpyridine-based ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia O Laschuk
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Iraklii I Ebralidze
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Jade Poisson
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Jacquelyn G Egan
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Simone Quaranta
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Jesse T S Allan
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Hannah Cusden
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Franco Gaspari
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Fedor Y Naumkin
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - E Bradley Easton
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
| | - Olena V Zenkina
- Faculty of Science , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North , Oshawa , Ontario L1H 7K4 , Canada
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Balgley R, de Ruiter G, Evmenenko G, Bendikov T, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Light-Induced Conversion of Chemical Permeability to Enhance Electron and Molecular Transfer in Nanoscale Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16398-16406. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Balgley
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guennadi Evmenenko
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tatyana Bendikov
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milko E. van der Boom
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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Haviv E, Shimon LJW, Neumann R. Photochemical Reduction of CO2
with Visible Light Using a Polyoxometalate as Photoreductant. Chemistry 2016; 23:92-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eynat Haviv
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Linda J. W. Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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Yuan M, Tanabe I, Bernard-Schaaf JM, Shi QY, Schlegel V, Schurhammer R, Dowben PA, Doudin B, Routaboul L, Braunstein P. Influence of steric hindrance on the molecular packing and the anchoring of quinonoid zwitterions on gold surfaces. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The N-substituent on quinonoid zwitterions influences the molecules packing and impacts their anchoring on gold surfaces.
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Chen B, Neumann R. On the effect of ion pairing of Keggin type polyanions with quaternary ammonium cations on redox potentials in organic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22487-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of polyoxometalates in organic solvents show an interrelation between redox potentials, solvents and ion pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot
- Israel 76100
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot
- Israel 76100
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de Ruiter G, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Pyridine coordination chemistry for molecular assemblies on surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3407-16. [PMID: 25350402 DOI: 10.1021/ar500112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Since the first description of coordination complexes, many types of metal-ligand interactions have creatively been used in the chemical sciences. The rich coordination chemistry of pyridine-type ligands has contributed significantly to the incorporation of diverse metal ions into functional materials. Here we discuss molecular assemblies (MAs) formed with a variety of pyridine-type compounds and a metal containing cross-linker (e.g., PdCl2(PhCN2)). These MAs are formed using Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition from solution that allows for precise fitting of the assembly properties through molecular programming. The position of each component can be controlled by altering the assembly sequence, while the degree of intermolecular interactions can be varied by the level of π-conjugation and the availability of metal coordination sites. By setting the structural parameters (e.g., bond angles, number of coordination sites, geometry) of the ligand, control over MA structure was achieved, resulting in surface-confined metal-organic networks and oligomers. Unlike MAs that are constructed with organic ligands, MAs with polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium, osmium, and cobalt are active participants in their own formation and amplify the growth of the incoming molecular layer. Such a self-propagating behavior for molecular systems is rare, and the mechanism of their formation will be discussed. These exponentially growing MAs are capable of storing metal salts that can be used during the buildup of additional molecular layers. Various parameters influencing the film growth mechanism will be presented, including (i) the number of binding sites and geometry of the organic ligands, (ii) the metal and the structure of the polypyridyl complexes, (iii) the influence of the metal cross-linker (e.g., second or third row transition metals), and (iv) the deposition conditions. By systematic variation of these parameters, switching between linear and exponential growth could be demonstrated for MAs containing structurally well-defined polypyridyl complexes. The porosity of the MAs has been estimated by using electrochemically active probes. Incorporating multiple polypyridyl complexes of osmium and ruthenium into a single assembly give rise to composite materials that exhibit interesting electrochemical and electrochromic properties. These functional composites are especially attractive as they exhibit properties that neither of each metal complex possesses individually. Some of our MAs have very high coloration efficiencies, redox stability, fast responsive times and operate at voltages < 1.5 V. Moreover, their electrochemical properties are dependent on the deposition sequence of the polypyridyl complexes, resulting in MAs that possesses distinctive electron transfer pathways. Finally, some of these MAs are described in terms of their practical applications in electrochromic materials, storage-release chemistry, solar cells, and electron transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham de Ruiter
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milko E. van der Boom
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Li H, Zhu G, Bao SS, Wei S, Zheng LM, Ren M, Xu Z. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer activity of the biomolecule-based coordination complex nanotubes. J Mater Chem B 2014; 3:296-305. [PMID: 32261950 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-based coordination complex nanoassemblies are a new type of functional materials that are attracting increasing attention. They could possess functionalities that are not readily attainable with other materials, and represent a promising research area that can be exploited in coordination chemistry and materials science. Using bioactive folic acid molecule as a linker, Ni-folate-hydrazine coordination complex nanotubes (CCNTs) have been effectively constructed using the solvothermal method. This is not only the first example of the CCNTs being formed using a nonpyridyl-based molecule as a linker, but also the first report on biomolecule-based CCNTs (BMB-CCNTs) with anticancer activity. It does not require any post treatment to achieve targeted delivery and biocompatible performance. The BMB-CCNTs are sufficiently stable at normal pH of 7.4 until it enters a tumor cell, subsequently it breaks open to release drug in the tumor cell. Furthermore, it overcomes the major limitations of antibody-drug and folate-drug conjugates and is a potential smart multi-functional nanomedicine system. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay reveal that the antitumor ability of BMB-CCNTs is similar to cisplatin (CDDP), while their cytotoxicity for normal cells is lower than the latter. Furthermore, BMB-CCNTs exhibit excellent performance as drug carriers and target agents for delivering drugs into tumor cells. Bio-TEM and confocal laser scanning microscope images trace the uptake process of CDDP-CCNTs by a tumor cell. CDDP-CCNTs exhibit dual anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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Gidron O, Bendikov M. α-Oligofurane: eine aufstrebende Klasse konjugierter Oligomere für die organische Elektronik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gidron O, Bendikov M. α-Oligofurans: An Emerging Class of Conjugated Oligomers for Organic Electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2546-55. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li L, Gao P, Wang W, Müllen K, Fuchs H, Chi L. Growth of Ultrathin Organic Semiconductor Microstripes with Thickness Control in the Monolayer Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12530-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li L, Gao P, Wang W, Müllen K, Fuchs H, Chi L. Growth of Ultrathin Organic Semiconductor Microstripes with Thickness Control in the Monolayer Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sharma S, Bendikov M. α-Oligofurans: A Computational Study. Chemistry 2013; 19:13127-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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