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Waelès P, Gauthier M, Coutrot F. Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-Synthetic Modification of Interlocked Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16778-16799. [PMID: 32894812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several strategies have been successfully utilised to obtain a wide range of interlocked molecules. However, some interlocked compounds are still not obtained directly and/or efficiently from non-interlocked components because the requisites for self-assembly cannot always be enforced. To circumvent such a synthetic problem, a strategy that consists of synthesizing an isolable and storable interlocked building block in a step that precedes its modification is an appealing chemical route to more sophisticated interlocked molecules. Synthetic opportunities and challenges are closely linked to the fact that the mechanical bond might greatly affect the reactivity of a functionality of the encircled axle, but that the interlocked architecture needs to be preserved during the synthesis. Hence, the mechanical bond plays a fundamental role in the strategy employed. This Review focuses on the challenging post-synthetic modifications of interlocked molecules, sometimes through cleavage of the axle's main chain, but always with conservation of the mechanical bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Waelès P, Gauthier M, Coutrot F. Challenges and Opportunities in the Post‐Synthetic Modification of Interlocked Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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Han X, Liu G, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes using an imine clipping reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10331-10351. [PMID: 27714207 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly provide a valuable chance to understand the complicated topological structures on a molecular level. Two types of classical mechanically interlocked molecules, rotaxanes and catenanes, possess non-covalent mechanical bonds and have attracted more attention not only in supramolecular chemistry but also in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology and bioscience. In the past decades, the template-directed clipping reaction based on imine chemistry has become one of the most efficient methods for the construction of functionalized rotaxanes and catenanes. In this review, we outlined the main progress of rotaxanes and catenanes using the template-directed clipping approach of imine chemistry. The review contains the novel topological structures of rotaxanes and catenanes, functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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Liu P, Chen Q, Ma J. Design of [2]rotaxane through image threshold segmentation of electrostatic potential image. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2228-41. [PMID: 27439676 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An electrostatic potential (ESP)-based image segmentation method has been used to estimate the ability of proton donation and acceptance involved in ring-rod recognition. The relative binding strength of [2]rotaxane has also been further estimated from the difference of the characteristic image-segmentation derived ESP between proton donor and proton acceptor. The size and electrostatic compatibility criteria are introduced to guide the design of interlocked [2]rotaxane. A library of 75 thermodynamically stable [2]rotaxane candidates has been generated, including 16 experimentally known systems. The theoretical results for 16 experimentally known [2]rotaxanes are in good agreement with both the experimental association constants and density functional theory-calculated binding energies. Our ESP-based image segmentation model is also applicable to the tristable [2]rotaxane molecular shuttle as well as [1]rotaxane with self-inclusion function, indicating this simple method is generic in the field of constructing other supramolecular architectures formed with donor/acceptor molecular recognition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen, 333403, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufeng Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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Nagai H, Suzaki Y, Osakada K. Chemical Modification of a [2]Rotaxane Composed of Dithiacrown Ether and Dialkylammonium with Organic and Inorganic Compounds. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tabacchi G, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A, Fois E. Dethreading of a Photoactive Azobenzene-Containing Molecular Axle from a Crown Ether Ring: A Computational Investigation. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1913-9. [PMID: 26918775 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorotaxanes formed by a dibenzo[24]crown-8 ring (R) and a dialkylammonium axle bearing either two E- or two Z-azobenzene units (EE-A or ZZ-A) revealed useful for the construction of light-powered molecular machines and motors, as they provide the opportunity of photocontrolling self-assembly/disassembly processes. The potential energies profiles for the dethreading of these complexes have been investigated by adopting a combination of first-principles molecular dynamics, metadynamics and quantum-chemical geometry optimization approaches. While the dethreading of the EE-A axle is associated with a monotonic energy increase, for that of the ZZ-A axle a transition state and an intermediate structure, in which the components are still threaded together, are found. The rate determining step for the dethreading of the ZZ axle has a higher energy barrier than that of the EE axle, in agreement with the experimental kinetic data. Moreover, the results suggest that the elliptic shape of the ring cavity is important for discriminating between the E and Z terminal azobenzene during dethreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tabacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia and INSTM, Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory and Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Venturi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory and Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory and Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ettore Fois
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia and INSTM, Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-, 22100, Como, Italy.
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A redox-controllable molecular switch based on weak recognition of BPX26C6 at a diphenylurea station. Molecules 2015; 20:1775-87. [PMID: 25621422 PMCID: PMC6272467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20021775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+ ion–assisted recognition of urea derivatives by BPX26C6 has allowed the construction of a redox-controllable [2]rotaxane-type molecular switch based on two originally very weakly interacting host/guest systems. Using NOBF4 to oxidize the triarylamine terminus into a corresponding radical cation attracted the macrocyclic component toward its adjacent carbamate station; subsequent addition of Zn powder moved the macrocyclic component back to its urea station.
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Nagai H, Suzaki Y, Osakada K. Thiacrown Ethers with Oxygen and Sulfur for Coordination: Formation of the Pd and Pt Complexes and Pseudorotaxane with Dialkylammonium. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ho TH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Rotaxanes Synthesized Through Sodium-Ion-Templated Clipping of Macrocycles Around Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Chemistry 2014; 20:4563-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Saha S, Santra S, Ghosh P. Cu
II
‐Templated Threading of a Bis‐amide‐tris‐amine Macrocycle by Substituted 2,2′‐Bipyridyl Derivatives Assisted by Strong π–π Stacking and Second‐Sphere H‐Bonding Interactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Saha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India, http://www.iacs.res.in/inorg/icpg/
| | - Saikat Santra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India, http://www.iacs.res.in/inorg/icpg/
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India, http://www.iacs.res.in/inorg/icpg/
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Lin YH, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Five additional macrocycles that allow Na+ ion-templated threading of guest units featuring a single urea or amide functionality. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2907-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five analogues of the macrocycle BPX26C6 are also capable of recognizing single urea and/or amide functionalities in the presence of templating Na+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Han Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology
- National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics
- China Medical University Hospital
- Taichung, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
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Tung ST, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Synthesis of a [2]Catenane from the Sodium Ion Templated Orthogonal Arrangement of Two Diethylene Glycol Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tung ST, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Synthesis of a [2]Catenane from the Sodium Ion Templated Orthogonal Arrangement of Two Diethylene Glycol Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13269-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lin YH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Sodium Ions Template the Formation of Rotaxanes from BPX26C6 and Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lin YH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Sodium Ions Template the Formation of Rotaxanes from BPX26C6 and Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10231-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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