1
|
Formen JSSK, Wolf C. Optical Enantiodifferentiation of Chiral Nitriles. Org Lett 2024; 26:7644-7649. [PMID: 39229874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Chiroptical sensing of nitriles is achieved with excellent functional group tolerance by hydrozirconation and subsequent transmetalation of the corresponding iminate to a chromophoric palladium complex. A one-pot workflow that uses the Schwartz reagent and [(η3-1-tert-butylindenyl)(μ-Cl)Pd]2 as sensor generates a palladium complex displaying red-shifted CD inductions and characteristic UV changes. These chiroptical responses are accurately correlated to the enantiomeric ratio and total concentration of the original nitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S S K Formen
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Formen JSSK, Howard JR, Anslyn EV, Wolf C. Circular Dichroism Sensing: Strategies and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400767. [PMID: 38421186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition, and concentration of chiral compounds are frequently encountered tasks across the chemical and health sciences. Chiroptical sensing methods can streamline this work and allow high-throughput screening with remarkable reduction of operational time and cost. During the last few years, significant methodological advances with innovative chirality sensing systems, the use of computer-generated calibration curves, machine learning assistance, and chemometric data processing, to name a few, have emerged and are now matched with commercially available multi-well plate CD readers. These developments have reframed the chirality sensing space and provide new opportunities that are of interest to a large group of chemists. This review will discuss chirality sensing strategies and applications with representative small-molecule CD sensors. Emphasis will be given to important milestones and recent advances that accelerate chiral compound analysis by outperforming traditional methods, conquer new directions, and pioneering efforts that lie at the forefront of chiroptical high-throughput screening developments. The goal is to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the current state and a perspective of future directions of this rapidly emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Howard
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Formen JSSK, Hassan DS, Wolf C. Chemometric sensing of stereoisomeric compound mixtures with a redox-responsive optical probe. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1498-1504. [PMID: 38274061 PMCID: PMC10806675 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of mixtures of chiral compounds is a common task in academic and industrial laboratories typically achieved by laborious and time-consuming physical separation of the individual stereoisomers to allow interference-free quantification, for example using chiral chromatography coupled with UV detection. Current practice thus impedes high-throughput and slows down progress in countless chiral compound development projects. Here we describe a chemometric solution to this problem using a redox-responsive naphthoquinone that enables chromatography-free click chemistry sensing of challenging mixtures. The achiral probe covalently binds amino alcohols within a few minutes at room temperature and generates characteristic UVA and CDA spectra that are intentionally altered via sodium borohydride reduction to provide a second, strikingly different chiroptical data set (UVB and CDB). Chemometric partial least squares processing of the chiroptical outputs then enables spectral deconvolution and accurate determination of individual analyte concentrations. The success of this approach is demonstrated with 35 samples covering considerably varied total analyte amounts and stereoisomeric ratios. All chemicals and machine learning algorithms are readily available and can be immediately adapted by any laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diandra S Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De los Santos ZA, Lynch CC, Wolf C. Dynamic Covalent Optical Chirality Sensing with a Sterically Encumbered Aminoborane. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202028. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciarán C. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Korch KM, Hayes JC, Kim RS, Sampson J, Kelly AT, Watson DA. Selected Ion Monitoring Using Low-Cost Mass Spectrum Detectors Provides a Rapid, General, and Accurate Method for Enantiomeric Excess Determination in High-Throughput Experimentation. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6737-6745. [PMID: 36743967 PMCID: PMC9894240 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-Throughput Experimentation (HTE) workflows are efficient means of surveying a broad array of chiral catalysts in the development of catalytic asymmetric reactions. However, use of traditional HPLC-UV/vis methodology to determine enantiomeric excess (ee) from the resulting reactions is often hampered by co-elution of other reaction components, resulting in erroneous ee determination when crude samples are used, and ultimately requiring product isolation prior to ee analysis. In this study, using four published reactions selected as model systems, we demonstrate that the use of LC-MS, SFC-MS, and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mass chromatography provides a highly accurate means to determine ee of products in crude reaction samples using commonplace, low-cost MS detectors. By using ion selection, co-eluting signals can be deconvoluted to provide accurate integrations of the target analytes. We also show that this method is effective for samples lacking UV/vis chromophores, making it ideal for HTE workflows in asymmetric catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina M. Korch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jacob C. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Raphael S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jessica Sampson
- High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,Corresponding Authors Donald A. Watson – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States, ; Jessica Sampson – High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States. ; Austin T. Kelly – High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,
| | - Austin T. Kelly
- High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,Corresponding Authors Donald A. Watson – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States, ; Jessica Sampson – High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States. ; Austin T. Kelly – High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,
| | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,Corresponding Authors Donald A. Watson – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States, ; Jessica Sampson – High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States. ; Austin T. Kelly – High Throughput Experimentation Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nelson E, Formen JSSK, Wolf C. Rapid organocatalytic chirality analysis of amines, amino acids, alcohols, amino alcohols and diols with achiral iso(thio)cyanate probes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8784-8790. [PMID: 34257878 PMCID: PMC8246279 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread occurrence and significance of chiral compounds does not only require new methods for their enantioselective synthesis but also efficient tools that allow rapid determination of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and overall concentration of nonracemic mixtures. Although chiral analysis is a frequently encountered challenge in the chemical, environmental, materials and health sciences it is typically addressed with slow and laborious chromatographic or NMR spectroscopic techniques. We now show with almost 40 analytes representing 5 different compound classes, including mono-alcohols which are particularly challenging sensing targets, that this task can be solved very quickly by chiroptical sensing with a single, readily available arylisocyanate probe. The probe reacts smoothly and irreversibly with amino and alcohol groups when an organocatalyst is used at room temperature toward urea or carbamate products exhibiting characteristic UV and CD signals above 300 nm. The UV signal induction is not enantioselective and correlated to the total concentration of both enantiomers, the concomitant generation of a CD band allows determination of the enantiomeric composition from the same sample, and the sense of the induced Cotton effect reveals the absolute configuration by comparison with a reference. This approach eliminates complications that can arise when enantiomerically impure NMR derivatizing agents are used and it outperforms time-consuming HPLC protocols. The generation of distinct UV and CD signals at high wavelengths overcomes issues with insufficient resolution of overlapping signals often encountered with chiral NMR solvating agents that rely on weak binding forces. The broad solvent compatibility is another noteworthy and important characteristic of this assay. It addresses frequently encountered problems with insufficient solubility of polar analytes, for example pharmaceuticals, in standard mobile phase mixtures required for chiral HPLC analysis. We anticipate that the broad application spectrum, ruggedness and practicality of organocatalytic chiroptical sensing with aryliso(thio)cyanate probes together with the availability of automated CD multi-well plate readers carry exceptional promise to accelerate chiral compound development projects at reduced cost and with less waste production. Organocatalysis with a simple arylisocyanate probe enables accelerated optical concentration and enantiomeric ratio determination of a large variety of chiral compounds based on straightforward UV/CD analysis.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | | | - C Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakakoji T, Sato H, Ono D, Miyake H, Mieda E, Shinoda S, Tsukube H, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R, Shizuma M. One-pot analysis of enantiomeric excess of free amino acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36237-36241. [PMID: 35492793 PMCID: PMC9043479 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06542d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous analysis of the enantiomeric excess of free amino acids, without chromatographic separation, was demonstrated using a quasi-racemic mixture of deuterium-labelled and unlabelled chiral copper(ii) complexes. This convenient method enables the simultaneous high-sensitivity determination of the enantiomeric excess of 12 amino acids. A mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous analysis of the enantiomeric excess of free amino acids, without chromatographic separation, was demonstrated using a quasi-racemic mixture of deuterium-labelled and unlabelled chiral Cu(ii) complexes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakakoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ono
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Eiko Mieda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shinoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsukube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Motohiro Shizuma
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thanzeel FY, Balaraman K, Wolf C. Quantitative Chirality and Concentration Sensing of Alcohols, Diols, Hydroxy Acids, Amines and Amino Alcohols using Chlorophosphite Sensors in a Relay Assay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thanzeel FY, Balaraman K, Wolf C. Quantitative Chirality and Concentration Sensing of Alcohols, Diols, Hydroxy Acids, Amines and Amino Alcohols using Chlorophosphite Sensors in a Relay Assay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21382-21386. [PMID: 32762103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods that allow simultaneous determination of the concentration and enantiomeric composition of small sample amounts and are also compatible with high-throughput multi-well plate technology have received increasing attention in recent years. We now introduce a new class of broadly useful small-molecule probes and a relay sensing strategy that together accomplish these tasks with five classes of compounds including the challenging group of mono-alcohols-a scope that stands out among previously reported UV, fluorescence, and CD assays. Several chlorophosphite probes and aniline indicators have been evaluated and used for on-the-fly CD/UV sensing following a continuous workflow. The wide application range of the readily available sensors is highlighted with almost 30 alcohols, diols, hydroxy acids, amines and amino alcohols, and the accuracy of the stereochemical analysis is showcased with samples covering a wide range of concentrations and enantiomeric ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
De los Santos ZA, MacAvaney S, Russell K, Wolf C. Tandem Use of Optical Sensing and Machine Learning for the Determination of Absolute Configuration, Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Ratios, and Concentration of Chiral Samples. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean MacAvaney
- Department of Computer Science Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Katina Russell
- Department of Computer Science Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Los Santos ZA, MacAvaney S, Russell K, Wolf C. Tandem Use of Optical Sensing and Machine Learning for the Determination of Absolute Configuration, Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Ratios, and Concentration of Chiral Samples. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:2440-2448. [PMID: 31714669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an optical method for accurate concentration, er, and dr analysis of amino alcohols based on a simple mix-and-measure workflow that is fully adaptable to multiwell plate technology and microscale analysis. The conversion of the four aminoindanol stereoisomers with salicylaldehyde to the corresponding Schiff base allows analysis of the dr based on a change in the UV maximum at 420 nm that is very different for the homo- and heterochiral diastereomers and of the concentration of the sample using a hypsochromic shift of another absorption band around 340 nm that is independent of the analyte stereochemistry. Subsequent in situ formation of CuII assemblies in the absence and presence of base enables quantification of the er values for each diastereomeric pair by CD analysis. Applying a linear programming method and a parameter sweep algorithm, we determined the concentration and relative amounts of each of the four stereoisomers in 20 samples of vastly different stereoisomeric compositions with an averaged absolute percent error of 1.7 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean MacAvaney
- Department of Computer Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Katina Russell
- Department of Computer Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi Y, Zhou M, Zhang K, Ma L, Kong X. Chiral Differentiation of Non-Covalent Diastereomers Based on Multichannel Dissociation Induced by 213-nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2297-2305. [PMID: 31410655 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the implementation of 213-nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) in a FT-ICR mass spectrometer for chiral differentiation in the gas phase. The L/D amino acid-substituted serine octamer ions were selected as examples of diastereoisomers for chiral analysis. Several kinds of fragment ions were observed in these experiments, including fragment ions that are similar to the ones observed in corresponding collision-activated dissociation (CAD) experiments, fragment ions generated with different protonation sites by only destroying non-covalent bonds, and unique non-covalent cluster radical ions. The latter two kinds of fragment ions are found to be more sensitive to the chirality of the substituted units. Further experiments suggest that the formation of radical ions is mainly affected by chromophores on side chains of the substituted units and micro surroundings of the characterized non-covalent diastereoisomers. A comparing experiment performed by only changing the wavelength of UV laser to 266 nm shows that the 213-nm UV laser has the priority in the diversity of fragmentation pathways and potential of further application in chiral differentiation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lifu Ma
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thanzeel FY, Balaraman K, Wolf C. Streamlined Asymmetric Reaction Development: A Case Study with Isatins. Chemistry 2019; 25:11020-11025. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Yushra Thanzeel
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ayon NJ, Sharma AD, Gutheil WG. LC-MS/MS-Based Separation and Quantification of Marfey's Reagent Derivatized Proteinogenic Amino Acid DL-Stereoisomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:448-458. [PMID: 30421361 PMCID: PMC6417927 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
D-Amino acids are important biological molecules. Improved analytical methods for their resolution and quantification remain of keen interest. In this study, we investigated the use of Marfey's reagent (chiral) derivatization coupled with LC-MS/MS-based separation and detection of the resulting diastereomers for quantification of the 19 common L- and D-amino acids and glycine. Standard formic acid (pH 2)-based separations on reverse phase media were unable to separate all 19 amino acid DL pairs. In contrast, a water/acetonitrile/ammonium acetate (pH 6.5) solvent system allowed all 19 amino acid DL pairs to be chromatographically resolved on a 30 min gradient, with negative mode detection at pH 6.5 giving good sensitivity. Derivatization reaction rates between amino acids varied substantially, with overnight derivatization required for some amino acids. Chromatography at pH 6.5 combined with MS/MS quantification in negative mode demonstrated good linearity over a wide concentration range for all 20 amino acids. Matrix effects, assessed with an MRSA extract, were negligible. Marfey's derivatized analytes were stable for 24 h at room temperature. This method was demonstrated by determining the levels of these analytes in mid-log phase MRSA extracts. This approach provides for the chromatographic resolution and MS/MS-based quantification of all 20 common L- and D-amino acids in complex matrices. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid J Ayon
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - William G Gutheil
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fujihara A, Okawa Y. Chiral and molecular recognition of monosaccharides by photoexcited tryptophan in cold gas-phase noncovalent complexes as a model for chemical evolution in interstellar molecular clouds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6279-6287. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
Wang Y, Wang L, Chen X, Sun C, Zhu Y, Kang Y, Zeng S. Chiral detection of entecavir stereoisomeric impurities through coordination with R-besivance and Zn II using mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:247-256. [PMID: 29314359 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based kinetic method (KM) is shown to be successful at analyzing a multichiral center drug stereoisomer, entecavir (ETV), both qualitatively and quantitatively. On the basis of the KM, the bivalent complex ion [MII (A)(ref*)2 ]2+ (MII = divalent metal ion, A = analyte, and ref* = chiral reference) was set as precursor ion in MS/MS. The experiment results suggest strong chiral selectivity between ETV and its isomers when using ZnII coordinated with the chiral reference R-besivance (R-B). The logarithm of the fragment ion abundance ratio and the enantiomeric percentage (%) exhibits a strong linear relation because of the competitive loss of the reference and analyte. The product ion pair [ZnII (R-B)A-H]+ (m/z 733) and [ZnII (R-B)2 -H]+ (m/z 849), together with [R-B + H]+ (m/z 394) and [A + H]+ (m/z 278), can realize the identification of ETV and all of its chiral isomers. Theoretical calculation were also performed using the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G* and LanL2DZ basis set to clarify the mechanism of structural difference of these bivalent complex ions. The results reveal that MS-KM can be used to detect optical impurities without a chiral chromatographic column and fussy sample pretreatment. The established method has been used to determine stereoisomeric impurities of less than 0.1% in ETV crude drug, a demonstration of its simple and effective nature for rapid detection of stereoisomeric impurities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- Zhejiang Haochuang Biotech Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee SS, Park S, Hong Y, Lee JU, Kim JH, Yoon D, Kong X, Lee S, Oh HB. Chiral differentiation of d- and l-alanine by permethylated β-cyclodextrin: IRMPD spectroscopy and DFT methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:14729-14737. [PMID: 28540941 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gaseous chiral differentiation of alanine by permethylated β-cyclodextrin was studied using IRMPD spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The protonated non-covalent complexes of permethylated β-cyclodextrin and d- or l-alanine were mass-selected and investigated by IR laser pulses in the wavelength region of 2650-3800 cm-1. The remarkably different features of the IRMPD spectra for d- and l-alanine are described, and their origin is elucidated by quantum chemical calculations. We show that the differentiation of the experimentally observed spectral features is the result of different local interactions of d- and l-alanine with permethylated β-cyclodextrin. We also assign the extremely high-frequency (>3700 cm-1) bands in the observed spectra to the stretch motions of completely isolated alanine -OH groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Sik Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujihara A, Inoue H, Sogi M, Tajiri M, Wada Y. Chiral and Molecular Recognition through Protonation between Aromatic Amino Acids and Tripeptides Probed by Collision-Activated Dissociation in the Gas Phase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010162. [PMID: 29342843 PMCID: PMC6017851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral and molecular recognition through protonation was investigated through the collision-activated dissociation (CAD) of protonated noncovalent complexes of aromatic amino acid enantiomers with l-alanine- and l-serine-containing tripeptides using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. In the case of l-alanine-tripeptide (AAA), NH₃ loss was observed in the CAD of heterochiral H⁺(d-Trp)AAA, while H₂O loss was the main dissociation pathways for l-Trp, d-Phe, and l-Phe. The protonation site of heterochiral H⁺(d-Trp)AAA was the amino group of d-Trp, and the NH₃ loss occurred from H⁺(d-Trp). The H₂O loss indicated that the proton was attached to the l-alanine tripeptide in the noncovalent complexes. With the substitution of a central residue of l-alanine tripeptide to l-Ser, ASA recognized l-Phe by protonation to the amino group of l-Phe in homochiral H⁺(l-Phe)ASA. For the protonated noncovalent complexes of His enantiomers with tripeptides (AAA, SAA, ASA, and AAS), protonated His was observed in the spectra, except for those of heterochiral H⁺(d-His)SAA and H⁺(d-His)AAS, indicating that d-His did not accept protons from the SAA and AAS in the noncovalent complexes. The amino-acid sequences of the tripeptides required for the recognition of aromatic amino acids were determined by analyses of the CAD spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Fujihara
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Masanobu Sogi
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Michiko Tajiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zardi P, Wurst K, Licini G, Zonta C. Concentration-Independent Stereodynamic g-Probe for Chiroptical Enantiomeric Excess Determination. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15616-15619. [PMID: 29039937 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomeric excess (ee) determination is crucial in many aspects of science, from synthesis to materials. Within this subject, coupling molecular sensors with chiroptical techniques is a straightforward approach to the stereochemical analysis of chiral molecules, especially in terms of process immediacy and labor. Stereodynamic probes typically consist of racemic mixtures of rapidly interconverting enantiomeric conformers able to recognize a chiral analyte and greatly amplify its chiroptical readout. A great number of sensors have been developed, but their activity is generally restricted to one or a few classes of chemicals, and the analysis outcome relies on precise knowledge of the probe and analyte concentrations. This aspect in particular limits the potential practical applications. Here we report an oxo-vanadium(V) aminotriphenolate complex that was found to act as a concentration-independent stereodynamic sensor for a wide range of compounds. The bare complex is CD-silent, but coordination of an enantioenriched substrate immediately gives rise to intense Cotton effects in the visible region. Furthermore, a geometry change during the substrate-complex interaction leads to a marked optical response, as witnessed by a strong red-shift of the probe absorption bands, thus allowing the generation of dichroic signals in an "interference-free" area of the spectrum. This peculiarity allows for a linear correlation at high wavelengths between the ee of the analyte and anisotropy g-factor. This parameter derives from the differential circularly polarized light absorption of the sample but is independent of concentration. The newly developed sensor based on a simple coordination process has an unprecedented general character in terms of substrate scope and employment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giulia Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fujihara A, Maeda N. Quantitative chiral analysis of amino acids in solution using enantiomer-selective photodissociation of cold gas-phase tryptophan via chiral recognition. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 979:31-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Yu X, Yao ZP. Chiral recognition and determination of enantiomeric excess by mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 968:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Boesl U, Kartouzian A. Mass-Selective Chiral Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:343-364. [PMID: 27070181 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three ways of realizing mass-selective chiral analysis are reviewed. The first is based on the formation of diastereomers that are of homo- and hetero- type with respect to the enantiomers of involved chiral molecules. This way is quite well-established with numerous applications. The other two ways are more recent developments, both based on circular dichroism (CD). In one, conventional or nonlinear electronic CD is linked to mass spectrometry (MS) by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. The other is based on CD in the angular distribution of photoelectrons, which is measured in combination with MS via photoion photoelectron coincidence. Among the many important applications of mass-selective chiral analysis, this review focuses on its use as an analytical tool for the development of heterogeneous enantioselective chemical catalysis. There exist other approaches to combine chiral analysis and mass-selective detection, such as chiral chromatography MS, which are not discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Boesl
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany; ,
| | - Aras Kartouzian
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany; ,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Spaniol JM, Wheeler KA. Accessing Centnerszwer's quasiracemate – molecular shape controlled molecular recognition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinvestigation of M. Centnerszwer's 1899 quasiracemate using tailor-made additives offers important insight to molecular shape directed supramolecular assemblies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Medina S, Miguel-Elízaga ID, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, Martínez-Villanueva M, Castillo MLGD, Villegas-Martínez I, Ferreres F, Martínez-Hernández P, Gil-Izquierdo Á. Dihomo-isoprostanes-nonenzymatic metabolites of AdA-are higher in epileptic patients compared to healthy individuals by a new ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry method. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:154-63. [PMID: 25464272 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species are generated and it has been associated with pathological states including epilepsy. Therein, neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) and dihomo-isoprostanes (Dihomo-IsoPs)-a series of compounds formed nonenzymatically through free radical-induced DHA, n-6 DPA, and AdA peroxidation-are implicated in the pathophysiological status of various human neurological diseases. A new, robust, and selective analytical method for the determination of 10 NeuroPs/Dihomo-IsoPs in human urine, using solid-phase extraction and UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (using a negative electrospray ionization interface), was developed. Nine NeuroPs/Dihomo-IsoPs were identified in 15 epileptic patients, matched with healthy volunteers. Among them, 17-F2t-Dihomo-IsoP, Ent-7(R)-7-F2t-Dihomo-IsoP, and Ent-7-epi-7-F2t-Dihomo-IsoP, derived from adrenic acid (AdA), were significantly higher in epileptic patients than in healthy volunteers. The validated method provided a high-throughput assay with a limit of detection and limit of quantification for each analyte of 0.10-5.90ngmL(-1) and 0.15-11.81ngmL(-1), respectively. The intra- and interday variations were lower than 14%. Dihomo-IsoPs have been considered as potential markers of epilepsy for the first time and their measurement may increase the understanding of the role of oxidative stress in neurological diseases, in intra vitam studies. The present study highlights a potential role of Dihomo-IsoPs as biomarkers in persons with epilepsy, though its mechanisms and possible implications should be the subject of further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Medina
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-University Montpellier I and II-ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-University Montpellier I and II-ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-University Montpellier I and II-ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cross JT, Rossi NA, Serafin M, Wheeler KA. Tröger's base quasiracemates and crystal packing tendencies. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of 7 Tröger's base (TB) compounds that vary in configuration (quasiracemates, racemates, and enantiomers) and chemical substitutions (Me, Cl, and Br) has been investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Cross
- Department of Chemistry
- Eastern Illinois University
- Charleston, USA
| | | | - Mateusz Serafin
- Department of Chemistry
- Eastern Illinois University
- Charleston, USA
| | - Kraig A. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry
- Eastern Illinois University
- Charleston, USA
| |
Collapse
|