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Balestra SRG, Martínez-Haya B, Cruz-Hernández N, Lewis DW, Woodley SM, Semino R, Maurin G, Ruiz-Salvador AR, Hamad S. Nucleation of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks: from molecules to nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3504-3519. [PMID: 36723023 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the clusters involved in the initial stages of nucleation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks, employing a wide range of computational techniques. In the pre-nucleating solution, the prevalent cluster is the ZnIm4 cluster (formed by a zinc cation, Zn2+, and four imidazolate anions, Im-), although clusters such as ZnIm3, Zn2Im7, Zn2Im7, Zn3Im9, Zn3Im10, or Zn4Im12 have energies that are not much higher, so they would also be present in solution at appreciable quantities. All these species, except ZnIm3, have a tetrahedrally coordinated Zn2+ cation. Small ZnxImy clusters are less stable than the ZnIm4 cluster. The first cluster that is found to be more stable than ZnIm4 is the Zn41Im88 cluster, which is a disordered cluster with glassy structure. Bulk-like clusters do not begin to be more stable than glassy clusters until much larger sizes, since the larger cluster we have studied (Zn144Im288) is still less stable than the glassy Zn41Im88 cluster, suggesting that Ostwald's rule (the less stable polymorph crystallizes first) could be fulfilled, not for kinetic, but for thermodynamic reasons. Our results suggest that the first clusters formed in the nucleation process would be glassy clusters, which then undergo transformation to any of the various crystal structures possible, depending on the kinetic routes provided by the synthesis conditions. Our study helps elucidate the way in which the various species present in solution interact, leading to nucleation and crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador R G Balestra
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Martínez-Haya
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Norge Cruz-Hernández
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dewi W Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Scott M Woodley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Rocio Semino
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - A Rabdel Ruiz-Salvador
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Said Hamad
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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2
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Pambudi FI, Anderson MW, Attfield MP. Crystal growth of the core and rotated epitaxial shell of a heterometallic metal-organic framework revealed with atomic force microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 231:112-126. [PMID: 34190747 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy has been used to determine the surface crystal growth of two isostructural metal-organic frameworks, [Zn2(ndc)2(dabco)] (ndc = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate, dabco = 4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) (1) and [Cu2(ndc)2(dabco)] (2), from a core crystal of 1 for the former and a core-shell 1@2 crystal for the latter. AFM studies show that the surface terrace morphology expressed is a function of supersaturation, with steps parallel to both the <100> and <110> directions being expressed at higher supersaturations for 1, and steps parallel to the <110> direction being expressed solely at low supersaturation for 1 and 2. The crystal growth mechanisms for both 1 and 2 are essentially identical and involve 2D nucleation and spreading of 0.5 nm high metastable sub-layers of the stable extended 1.0 nm high growth terrace. Surface growth features of 2 indicate that there is an in-plane rotational epitaxy between 2 and 1 of 5.9(7)° that may be directed by the synthesis conditions and that intimate mixtures of different domains of ±5.9(7)° rotational epitaxy are not observed to coexist on the several micron scale on the shell surface. The results provide potential routes and understanding to fabricate MOFs of different crystal forms and defect structures, which are necessary for future advanced function of these versatile materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajar I Pambudi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Michael W Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Martin P Attfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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3
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Rivera-Torrente M, Mandemaker LDB, Filez M, Delen G, Seoane B, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction and scattering of archetypal MOFs: formation, metal sites in catalysis and thin films. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6694-6732. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of characterization tools for the analysis of well-known metal–organic frameworks and physico-chemical phenomena associated to their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivera-Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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4
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Pambudi FI, Anderson MW, Attfield MP. Unveiling the mechanism of lattice-mismatched crystal growth of a core-shell metal-organic framework. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9571-9575. [PMID: 32055330 PMCID: PMC6979500 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the effect of severe lattice mismatch on the crystal growth mechanism and form of epitaxially grown materials is vital to understand and direct the form and function of such materials. Herein, we report the use of atomic force microscopy to reveal the growth of a shell metal-organic framework (MOF) on all faces of a core MOF that has similar a, b-lattice parameters but a ∼32% mismatch in the c-lattice parameter. The work shows the mechanism through which the shell MOF overcomes the core terrace height mismatch depends on that mismatch being reduced before overgrowth of continuous shell layers can occur. This reduction is achieved via a process of growth of non-continuous shell layers that are terminated by terrace edges of the core. The crystal form of the shell MOF is heavily influenced by the lattice mismatch which hinders continuous spreading of the interfacial and subsequent shell layers on some facets. The results exemplify the crystal growth versatility of MOFs to accommodate large lattice mismatch, to house many more functional defects in a core-shell MOF than either of the component MOFs, and has broader implications for engineering lattice-mismatched core-shell materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajar I Pambudi
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Universitas Gadjah Mada , Sekip Utara , Yogyakarta , 55281 , Indonesia
| | - Michael W Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Martin P Attfield
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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5
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Chaves Lima R, Bieseki L, Vinaches Melguizo P, Castellã Pergher SB. Zeolite Synthesis: General Aspects. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ZEOLITES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19970-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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6
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Van Vleet MJ, Weng T, Li X, Schmidt J. In Situ, Time-Resolved, and Mechanistic Studies of Metal–Organic Framework Nucleation and Growth. Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Van Vleet
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tingting Weng
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xinyi Li
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J.R. Schmidt
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Worrall SD, Bissett MA, Attfield MP, Dryfe RAW. Anodic dissolution growth of metal–organic framework HKUST-1 monitored via in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00761f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Real time imaging of the electrochemical growth of metal–organic framework coatings using in situ atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin P. Attfield
- Centre for Nanoporous Materials
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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8
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Seoane B, Castellanos S, Dikhtiarenko A, Kapteijn F, Gascon J. Multi-scale crystal engineering of metal organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Kwon HT, Jeong HK, Lee AS, An HS, Lee JS. Heteroepitaxially Grown Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Membranes with Unprecedented Propylene/Propane Separation Performances. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12304-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert S. Lee
- Materials
Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - He Seong An
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1
Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Center
for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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10
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Pimentel BR, Parulkar A, Zhou EK, Brunelli NA, Lively RP. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks: next-generation materials for energy-efficient gas separations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3202-3240. [PMID: 25363474 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial separation processes comprise approximately 10% of the global energy demand, driven largely by the utilization of thermal separation methods (e.g., distillation). Significant energy and cost savings can be realized using advanced separation techniques such as membranes and sorbents. One of the major barriers to acceptance of these techniques remains creating materials that are efficient and productive in the presence of aggressive industrial feeds. One promising class of emerging materials is zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), an important thermally and chemically stable subclass of metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The objectives of this paper are (i) to provide a current understanding of the synthetic methods that enable the immense tunability of ZIFs, (ii) to identify areas of success and areas for improvement when ZIFs are used as adsorbents, (iii) to identify areas of success and areas for improvement in ZIF membranes. A review is given of the state-of-the-art in ZIF synthesis procedures and novel ZIF formation pathways as well as their application in energy efficient separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Pimentel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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11
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Wang YN, Yu JH, Xu JQ. In situ synthesis and structural characterization of a series of acylhydrazidate-extended Ln3+and Zn2+coordination polymers. Inorg Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qi00100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Lupulescu AI, Rimer JD. In situ imaging of silicalite-1 surface growth reveals the mechanism of crystallization. Science 2014; 344:729-32. [PMID: 24833388 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The growth mechanism of silicalite-1 (MFI zeolite) is juxtaposed between classical models that postulate silica molecules as primary growth units and nonclassical pathways based on the aggregation of metastable silica nanoparticle precursors. Although experimental evidence gathered over the past two decades suggests that precursor attachment is the dominant pathway, direct validation of this hypothesis and the relative roles of molecular and precursor species has remained elusive. We present an in situ study of silicalite-1 crystallization at characteristic synthesis conditions. Using time-resolved atomic force microscopy images, we observed silica precursor attachment to crystal surfaces, followed by concomitant structural rearrangement and three-dimensional growth by accretion of silica molecules. We confirm that silicalite-1 growth occurs via the addition of both silica molecules and precursors, bridging classical and nonclassical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Lupulescu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
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13
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Rimer JD, Kumar M, Li R, Lupulescu AI, Oleksiak MD. Tailoring the physicochemical properties of zeolite catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we summarize our recent findings in the area of zeolite synthesis, focusing on pathways to control crystallization in the absence of organics, tailoring crystal habit with growth modifiers, and pioneering techniques in zeolite surface science to elucidate the mechanisms of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Rimer
- University of Houston
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Houston, USA
| | - M. Kumar
- University of Houston
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Houston, USA
| | - R. Li
- University of Houston
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Houston, USA
| | - A. I. Lupulescu
- University of Houston
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Houston, USA
| | - M. D. Oleksiak
- University of Houston
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Houston, USA
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14
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Schweinefuß ME, Springer S, Baburin IA, Hikov T, Huber K, Leoni S, Wiebcke M. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-71 nanocrystals and a novel SOD-type polymorph: solution mediated phase transformations, phase selection via coordination modulation and a density functional theory derived energy landscape. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3528-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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