1
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Imamoto T. P-Stereogenic Phosphorus Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8657-8739. [PMID: 38954764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Chiral phosphorus ligands play a crucial role in asymmetric catalysis for the efficient synthesis of useful optically active compounds. They are largely categorized into two classes: backbone chirality ligands and P-stereogenic phosphorus ligands. Most of the reported ligands belong to the former class. Privileged ones such as BINAP and DuPhos are frequently employed in a wide range of catalytic asymmetric transformations. In contrast, the latter class of P-stereogenic phosphorus ligands has remained a small family for many years mainly because of their synthetic difficulty. The late 1990s saw the emergence of novel P-stereogenic phosphorus ligands with their superior enantioinduction ability in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. Since then, numerous P-stereogenic phosphorus ligands have been synthesized and used in catalytic asymmetric reactions. This Review summarizes P-stereogenic phosphorus ligands reported thus far, including their stereochemical and electronic properties that afford high to excellent enantioselectivities. Examples of reactions that use this class of ligands are described together with their applications in the construction of key intermediates for the synthesis of optically active natural products and therapeutic agents. The literature covered dates back to 1968 up until December 2023, centering on studies published in the late 1990s and later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Imamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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2
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Deng Z, Padalino MA, Jan JEL, Park S, Danneman MW, Johnston JN. Generality-Driven Catalyst Development: A Universal Catalyst for Enantioselective Nitroalkene Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1269-1275. [PMID: 38176098 PMCID: PMC10862354 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cracking the selectivity-generality paradox is among the most pressing challenges in asymmetric catalysis. This obstacle prevents the immediate and successful translation of new methods to diverse small molecules. This is particularly rate-limiting for therapeutic development, where availability and structural diversity are often critical components of successful campaigns. Here we describe the union of generality-driven enantioselective catalysis and the preparation of diverse peptidomimetics. A single new organocatalyst provides high selectivity and substrate generality that is matched only by a combination of metal and organocatalysts. Within organocatalysis, this discovery breaks a 16-year monolithic paradigm, uncovering a powerful new scaffold for enantioselective reduction with behavior that suggests the recognition of a nitroethylene minimal catalaphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Melanie A. Padalino
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Julius E. L. Jan
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Sangjun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Michael W. Danneman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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3
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Dongbang S, Doyle AG. Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling between Aziridines and Acetals as Alcohol-Derived Alkyl Radical Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20067-20077. [PMID: 36256882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aziridines are readily available C(sp3) precursors that afford valuable β-functionalized amines upon ring opening. In this article, we report a Ni/photoredox methodology for C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling between aziridines and methyl/1°/2° aliphatic alcohols activated as benzaldehyde dialkyl acetals. Orthogonal activation modes of each alkyl coupling partner facilitate cross-selectivity in the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reaction: the benzaldehyde dialkyl acetal is activated via hydrogen atom abstraction and β-scission via a bromine radical (generated in situ from single-electron oxidation of bromide), whereas the aziridine is activated at the Ni center via reduction. We demonstrate that an Ni(II) azametallacycle, conventionally proposed in aziridine cross-coupling, is not an intermediate in the productive cross-coupling. Rather, stoichiometric organometallic and linear free energy relationship studies indicate that aziridine activation proceeds via Ni(I) oxidative addition, a previously unexplored elementary step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Dongbang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Jung WO, Mai BK, Spinello BJ, Dubey ZJ, Kim SW, Stivala CE, Zbieg JR, Liu P, Krische MJ. Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Allylation of Nitroalkanes: Entry to β-Stereogenic α-Quaternary Primary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9343-9349. [PMID: 34152145 PMCID: PMC8284932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first systematic study of simple nitronate nucleophiles in iridium-catalyzed allylic alkylation is described. Using a tol-BINAP-modified π-allyliridium C,O-benzoate catalyst, α,α-disubstituted nitronates substitute racemic branched alkyl-substituted allylic acetates, thus providing entry to β-stereogenic α-quaternary primary amines. DFT calculations reveal early transition states that render the reaction less sensitive to steric effects and distinct trans-effects of diastereomeric chiral-at-iridium π-allyl complexes that facilitate formation of congested tertiary-quaternary C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ok Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brian J Spinello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachary J Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Craig E Stivala
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason R Zbieg
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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6
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Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Li W, Wang G, Lai J, Li S. Multifunctional isoquinoline-oxazoline ligands of chemical and biological importance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5902-5905. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional isoquinoline-oxazolines (MIQOXs) were conceived, synthesized and demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pesticide Science
- College of Plant Protection
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guotong Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science
- College of Plant Protection
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jixing Lai
- Department of Pesticide Science
- College of Plant Protection
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shengkun Li
- Department of Pesticide Science
- College of Plant Protection
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- People's Republic of China
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8
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Zhang J, Liu C, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zhang W. Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of β-branched enamides for the synthesis of β-stereogenic amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6024-6027. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Branched simple enamides were hydrogenated to give β-stereogenic amines in quantitative yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xingguang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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9
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A General Catalytic Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation Reaction of β,β-Disubstituted Nitroalkenes Promoted by a Simple Organocatalyst. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081000. [PMID: 27483233 PMCID: PMC6274533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its synthetic relevance, the catalytic enantioselective reduction of β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes has received a great deal of attention. Several bio-, metal-, and organo-catalytic methods have been developed, which however are usually applicable to single classes of nitroalkene substrates. In this paper, we present an account of our previous work on this transformation, which implemented with new disclosures and mechanistic insights results in a very general protocol for nitroalkene reductions. The proposed methodology is characterized by (i) a remarkably broad scope encompassing various nitroalkene classes; (ii) Hantzsch esters as convenient (on a preparative scale) hydrogen surrogates; (iii) a simple and commercially available thiourea as catalyst; (iv) user-friendly procedures. Overall, the proposed protocol gives a practical dimension to the catalytic enantioselective reduction of β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes, offering a useful and general platform for the preparation of nitroalkanes bearing a stereogenic center at the β-position in a highly enantioenriched form. A transition state model derived from control kinetic experiments combined with literature data is proposed and discussed. This model accounts and justifies the observed experimental results.
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10
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Xu W, Arieno M, Löw H, Huang K, Xie X, Cruchter T, Ma Q, Xi J, Huang B, Wiest O, Gong L, Meggers E. Metal-Templated Design: Enantioselective Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Catalysis Requiring Only Parts-per-Million Catalyst Loading. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8774-80. [PMID: 27336458 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on a metal-templated approach using a rigid and globular structural scaffold in the form of a bis-cyclometalated octahedral iridium complex, an exceptionally active hydrogen-bond-mediated asymmetric catalyst was developed and its mode of action investigated by crystallography, NMR, computation, kinetic experiments, comparison with a rhodium congener, and reactions in the presence of competing H-bond donors and acceptors. Relying exclusively on weak forces, the enantioselective conjugate reduction of nitroalkenes can be executed at catalyst loadings as low as 0.004 mol% (40 ppm), representing turnover numbers of up to 20 250. A rate acceleration by the catalyst of 2.5 × 10(5) was determined. The origin of the catalysis is traced to an effective stabilization of developing charges in the transition state by carefully orchestrated hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions between catalyst and substrates. This study demonstrates that the proficiency of asymmetric catalysis merely driven by hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions can rival traditional activation through direct transition metal coordination of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcus Arieno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Henrik Löw
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kaifang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Cruchter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qiao Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Xi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Lab of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric Meggers
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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11
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12
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Yu YB, Cheng L, Li YP, Fu Y, Zhu SF, Zhou QL. Enantioselective iridium-catalyzed hydrogenation of β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4812-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01273f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly enantioselective hydrogenation of both β-aryl-β-methyl-nitroalkenes and β-alkyl-β-methyl-nitroalkenes was realized by using a novel chiral spiro iridium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Yi-Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Yue Fu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
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13
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Bertolotti M, Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Santangelo S. Substrate Scope Evaluation of the Enantioselective Reduction of β-Alkyl-β-arylnitroalkenes by Old Yellow Enzymes 1-3 for Organic Synthesis Applications. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
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14
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Liu M, Kong D, Li M, Zi G, Hou G. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β,β-Disubstituted Nitroalkenes. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Kleman P, Pizzano A. Rh catalyzed asymmetric olefin hydrogenation: enamides, enol esters and beyond. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Li S, Xiao T, Li D, Zhang X. First Iridium-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β-Nitroacrylates. Org Lett 2015; 17:3782-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Department
of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Taifeng Xiao
- Department
of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Dangdang Li
- Department
of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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17
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Jiang YY, Yu HZ, Fu Y. Theoretical Study on Homogeneous Hydrogen Activation Catalyzed by Cationic Ag(I) Complex. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500921d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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18
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Li S, Huang K, Zhang X. Enantioselective hydrogenation of α,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8878-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03942d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Yan Q, Liu M, Kong D, Zi G, Hou G. Highly efficient iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of β-acylamino nitroolefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12870-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05815a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly Ir-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of β-acylamino nitroolefins is first reported, which provides straightforward access to chiral β-amino nitroalkanes in excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99.9% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Yan
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, China
| | - Man Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, China
| | - Duanyang Kong
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, China
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