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Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives are ubiquitous in bio-organisms and are associated with proteins that play important biological roles, such as oxygen transport, photosynthesis, and catalysis. Porphyrins are very fascinating research objects for chemists, physicists, and biologists owing to their versatile chemical and physical properties. Porphyrin derivatives are actively used in various fields, such as molecular recognition, energy conversion, sensors, biomedicine, and catalysts. Porphyrin derivatives can be used as building blocks for supramolecular polymers because their primitive structures have C4 symmetry, which allows for the symmetrical introduction of self-assembling motifs. This review describes the fabrication of porphyrin-based supramolecular polymers and novel discoveries in supramolecular polymer growth. First, we summarise the (i) design concepts, (ii) growth mechanism and (iii) analytical methods of porphyrin-based supramolecular polymers. Then, the examples of porphyrin-based supramolecular polymers formed by (iv) hydrogen bonding, (v) metal coordination-based interaction, (vi) host-guest complex formation, and (vii) others are summarised. Finally, (viii) applications and perspectives are discussed. Although supramolecular polymers, in a broad sense, can include either two-dimensional (2D) networks or three-dimensional (3D) porous polymer structures; this review mainly focuses on one-dimensional (1D) fibrous supramolecular polymer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosoowi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang W, Luo Y, Zhao J, Zhang C, Ni XL, Tao Z, Xiao X. Controllable fabrication of a supramolecular polymer incorporating twisted cucurbit[14]uril and cucurbit[8]uril via self-sorting. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Chen K, Hua ZY, Zhao JL, Redshaw C, Tao Z. Construction of cucurbit[n]uril-based supramolecular frameworks via host-guest inclusion and functional properties thereof. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Frameworks utilizing cucurbit[n]uril-based chemistry build on the rapid developments in the fields of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs), and as porous materials have found...
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4
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Zhang J, Sun J, Yang B, Gao Z. Constructing Synergistic Covalent and Supramolecular Polymers by Combining Photodimerization with Host‐guest Interactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology 579 Qianwangang Road Qingdao 266590 PR China
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Ji‐Fu Sun
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology 579 Qianwangang Road Qingdao 266590 PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhong‐Zheng Gao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology 579 Qianwangang Road Qingdao 266590 PR China
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5
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Supramolecular Atropine Potentiometric Sensor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175879. [PMID: 34502770 PMCID: PMC8434286 DOI: 10.3390/s21175879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular atropine sensor was developed, using cucurbit[6]uril as the recognition element. The solid-contact electrode is based on a polymeric membrane incorporating cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) as an ionophore, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as a solvent mediator, and potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate as an additive. In a MES-NaOH buffer at pH 6, the performance of the atropine sensor is characterized by a slope of (58.7 ± 0.6) mV/dec with a practical detection limit of (6.30 ± 1.62) × 10−7 mol/L and a lower limit of the linear range of (1.52 ± 0.64) × 10−6 mol/L. Selectivity coefficients were determined for different ions and excipients. The obtained results were bolstered by the docking and spectroscopic studies which demonstrated the interaction between atropine and CB[6]. The accuracy of the potentiometric analysis of atropine content in certified reference material was evaluated by the t-Student test. The herein proposed sensor answers the need for reliable methods providing better management of this hospital drug shelf-life while reducing its flush and remediation costs.
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Feng H, Luo Y, Liu M, Chen Q, Tao Z, Xiao X. A facile cucurbit[8]uril-based porous assembly: utilization in the adsorption of drugs and their controlled release. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbit[n]urils (Q[n]s) are essential members of the supramolecular organic framework family owing to their distinct structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Xu W, Kan J, Yang B, Prior TJ, Bian B, Xiao X, Tao Z, Redshaw C. A Study of the Interaction Between Cucurbit[8]uril and Alkyl-Substituted 4-Pyrrolidinopyridinium Salts. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:235-242. [PMID: 30462888 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between cucuribit[8]uril (Q[8]) and a series of 4-pyrrolidinopyridinium salts bearing aliphatic substituents at the pyridinium nitrogen, namely 4-(C4 H8 N)C5 H5 NRBr, where R=Et (g1), n-butyl (g2), n-pentyl (g3), n-hexyl (g4), n-octyl (g5), n-dodecyl (g6), has been studied in aqueous solution by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry and mass spectrometry. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed the structure of the host-guest complexes for g1, g2, g3, and g5. In each case, the Q[8] contains two guest molecules in a centrosymmetric dimer. The orientation of the guest molecule changes as the alkyl chain increases in length. Interestingly, in the solid state, the inclusion complexes identified are different from those observed in solution, and furthermore, in the case of g3, Q[8] exhibits two different interactions with the guest. In solution, the length of the alkyl chain plays a significant role in determining the type of host-guest interaction present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jinglan Kan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Timothy J Prior
- Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Bing Bian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Tao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, U.K
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8
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Ni XL, Chen S, Yang Y, Tao Z. Facile Cucurbit[8]uril-Based Supramolecular Approach To Fabricate Tunable Luminescent Materials in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6177-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Long Ni
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic
and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic
and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic
and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic
and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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Gao Z, Zhang J, Sun N, Huang Y, Tao Z, Xiao X, Jiang J. Hyperbranched supramolecular polymer constructed from twisted cucurbit[14]uril and porphyrin via host–guest interactions. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel supramolecular polymer was constructed between Q[14] host and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-butyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrin tetrabromide guest depending on the host–guest interactions, representing the first cucurbit[14]uril-involved host–guest supramolecular polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Nana Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing
- China
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Cui Y, Zeng L, Fang Y, Zhu J, Xu HJ, Desbois N, Gros CP, Kadish KM. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Free-Base Pyridyl- andN-Alkyl-4-Pyridylporphyrins in Nonaqueous Media. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Lihan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Jialiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- Université de Bourgogne; ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, 9; Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 21078 Dijon Cedex France
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Nicolas Desbois
- Université de Bourgogne; ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, 9; Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- Université de Bourgogne; ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, 9; Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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Sun N, Xiao X, Li W, Jiang J. Multistimuli Sensitive Behavior of Novel Bodipy-Involved Pillar[5]arene-Based Fluorescent [2]Rotaxane and Its Supramolecular Gel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500082. [PMID: 27980971 PMCID: PMC5115378 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent [2]rotaxane BC12P5 is successfully constructed with 1,4-diethoxypillar[5]arene as wheel over a long alkyl axle with Bodipy chromophore as one stopper for the first time. NMR spectra clearly reveal its molecular shuttle nature triggered by multiple external stimuli including solvent polarity and temperature. In particular, the fluorescence nature introduced into [2]rotaxane BC12P5 renders it a good sensor for the external stimuli. Nevertheless, the supramolecular gel successfully fabricated from this novel rotaxane system via self-assembly in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) also shows reversible gel-sol phase transition upon multiple external stimuli such as heating/cooling, shaking/resting, or the addition of different anions. Interestingly, exposure of the supramolecular gel film to HCl or ammonia vapor induces the change in the film fluorescence intensity, endowing this system with a potential application in gas detecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China; Department of Chemistry Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas U Day
- Department of Chemistry; Portland State University; Portland OR 97207-0751 USA
| | - Carl C Wamser
- Department of Chemistry; Portland State University; Portland OR 97207-0751 USA
| | - Michael G Walter
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Charlotte NC 28223-0001 USA
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13
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Xiao X, Gao ZZ, Shan CL, Tao Z, Zhu QJ, Xue SF, Liu JX. Encapsulation of haloalkane 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-chloropropyl)-piperazinium in symmetrical α,α',δ,δ'-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:8618-21. [PMID: 25746008 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of haloalkane 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-chloropropyl)-piperazinium (PZ(+)) dihydrochloride with symmetrical α,α',δ,δ'-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril (TMeQ[6]) has been investigated using NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and X-ray crystallography. Our data indicate that the chloropropyl group of PZ(+) resides within the cavity of TMeQ[6] in both aqueous solution and the solid state, generating a highly stable inclusion complex PZ(+)@TMeQ[6]. In aqueous solution, the formation of the inclusion complex PZ(+)@TMeQ[6] benefits from the ion-dipole interactions between the guest PZ(+) and the host TMeQ[6]. While in the solid state, hydrogen-bonding interactions also play an important role in stabilizing the inclusion complex PZ(+)@TMeQ[6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China.
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14
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Sun N, Xiao X, Jiang J. A cross-linked supramolecular polymer constructed from pillar[5]arene and porphyrine via host–guest interactions. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00683j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel supramolecular polymer, DMeP5@TImPor, was successfully constructed via host–guest interactions between the host molecule, bis-(methoxy-pillar[5]arene) (DMeP5), and the guest molecule, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis{butoxy-4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)}porphyrine (TImPor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing
- China
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15
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Kovaleva OA, Tsvetkov VB, Mamaeva OK, Ol’shevskaya VA, Makarenkov AV, Dezhenkova LG, Semeikin AS, Borisova OF, Shtil AA, Shchyolkina AK, Kaluzhny DN. Preferential DNA photocleavage potency of Zn(II) over Ni(II) derivatives of carboxymethyl tetracationic porphyrin: the role of the mode of binding to DNA. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2014; 43:545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-014-0984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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17
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Yang B, Xiao X, Zhang YQ, Zhu QJ, Xue SF, Tao Z, Wei G. Inclusion of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine derivatives in a symmetrical α,α′,δ,δ′-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril and a Ba2+-driven pseudorotaxane with characteristic UV absorption changes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel pseudorotaxane have been built from TMeQ[6] and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine derivatives, and the unthreading and rethreading of the TMeQ[6] ring can be reversibly driven by Ba2+/SO42−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Jiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Feng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wei
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Lindfield, Australia
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