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Selective Determination of Glutathione Using a Highly Emissive Fluorescent Probe Based on a Pyrrolidine-Fused Chlorin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020568. [PMID: 36677627 PMCID: PMC9862258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a carboxylated pyrrolidine-fused chlorin (TCPC) as a fluorescent probe for the determination of glutathione (GSH) in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer. TCPC is a very stable, highly emissive molecule that has been easily obtained from meso-tetrakis(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) through a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition approach. First, we describe the coordination of TCPC with Hg(II) ions and the corresponding spectral changes, mainly characterized by a strong quenching of the chlorin emission band. Then, the TCPC-Hg2+ complex exhibits a significant fluorescence turn-on in the presence of low concentrations of the target analyte GSH. The efficacy of the sensing molecule was tested by using different TCPC:Hg2+ concentration ratios (1:2, 1:5 and 1:10) that gave rise to sigmoidal response curves in all cases with modulating detection limits, being the lowest 40 nM. The experiments were carried out under physiological conditions and the selectivity of the system was demonstrated against a number of potential interferents, including cysteine. Furthermore, the TCPC macrocycle did not showed a significant fluorescent quenching in the presence of other metal ions.
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Sánchez-Resa D, Daidone I, Djemili R, Adrouche S, Durot S, Heitz V, Zanetti-Polzi L, Ventura B. Photophysical and Computational Insights into Ag(I) Complexation of Porphyrinic Covalent Cages Equipped with Triazoles-Incorporating Linkers. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3450-3459. [PMID: 35483006 PMCID: PMC9109141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
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The photophysical
characterization of four supramolecular complexes
based on covalent cages 2H-S-2H, 2H-L-2H, Zn-S-2H, and Zn-L-2H, consisting in either
two free-base porphyrins or one Zn(II) porphyrin and one free-base
porphyrin connected by four flexible linkers of different lengths
incorporating triazole binding sites, and their Ag(I) complexation
are reported. The complexation processes have been followed by means
of absorption and emission spectroscopies, and a comprehensive computational
study explains the behavior of the free-base porphyrin-containing
cages. Absorption and emission features have been interpreted on the
bases of conformational changes, metalation processes, and modification
of energy transfer efficiencies occurring in the different cases.
In all cages, except 2H-L-2H, the coordination of four
Ag(I) ions to the lateral triazole groups of the linkers leads to
the enlargement of their cavity. Only for 2H-L-2H is
a different behavior observed, where the process of silver metalation
of the porphyrins’ core prevails.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Daidone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 1), 67010 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ryan Djemili
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sonia Adrouche
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Zanetti‐Polzi L, Djemili R, Durot S, Heitz V, Daidone I, Ventura B. Allosteric Control of Naphthalene Diimide Encapsulation and Electron Transfer in Porphyrin Containers: Photophysical Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Chemistry 2020; 26:17514-17524. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Djemili
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Isabella Daidone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of L'Aquila via Vetoio (Coppito 1) 67010 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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Formation of Unsymmetrical Trinuclear Metallamacrocycles Based on Two Different Cone Calix[4]arene Macrocyclic Rings. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A combination of tetrasulfonylcalix[4]arene (3-4H) together with a calix[4]arene dicarboxylate derivative 2-4H led, in the presence of MII(NO3)2 (M = Co, Ni, Zn), to the formation of three novel isostructural metallomacrocycles of formula [M3(DMF)2(μ3-H2O)-(2-2H)-3]. The structure of the prepared coordination compounds was studied in the solid state using single crystal/powder X-ray diffraction studies. The X-ray diffraction on single crystal revealed that the structure of the obtained supramolecular complexes is composed of a trinuclear metallic cluster [M3]+6 held between one di-deprotonated molecule of (2-2H)2− offering two carboxylate groups for binding metal cations and one tetra-deprotonated compound 34−, where four oxygen atoms, belonging to four deprotonated phenolic moieties and three oxygen atoms coming from three SO2 groups, are coordinated with the cluster core. Thus, an example of an easily reproducible molecular recognition pattern involving two different types of calix[4]arene based ligands, displaying different coordination moieties, and trinuclear metallic clusters, is reported here. In addition, it has been shown that the cone moieties of the calixarene also encapsulate solvent molecules.
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Sánchez-Resa D, Schoepff L, Djemili R, Durot S, Heitz V, Ventura B. Photophysical properties of porphyrinic covalent cages endowed with different flexible linkers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In-depth photophysical studies of four flexible covalent cages bearing either two free-base porphyrins or one free-base porphyrin and one Zn(II) porphyrin, connected by linkers of different lengths, are reported. In the case of the cages with two free-base porphyrins, exciton coupling between the porphyrins is evidenced by large and split Soret bands in the absorption spectra, but the different length of the linkers has only a slight effect on their emission properties. Strong electronic interactions between the porphyrins are also evidenced for the cages that incorporate a free-base porphyrin and a Zn(II) porphyrin, with a more pronounced splitting of the Soret band for the system with longer linkers. In these cages, following excitation of the Zn-porphyrin component, an almost quantitative energy transfer to the free-base unit occurs, with a rate 1.4 times faster in the cage with longer linkers (1.4 × 10[Formula: see text] s[Formula: see text] vs. 1.0 × 10[Formula: see text] s[Formula: see text]. This difference might reflect the more flattened conformation adopted by the cage equipped with longer and more flexible linkers, the latter allowing for a shorter interplanar distance between the porphyrins. The results are discussed in terms of classical and short-range energy transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laetitia Schoepff
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ryan Djemili
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Miao C, Khalil G, Chaumont A, Mobian P, Henry M. Identification of Zr(iv)-based architectures generated from ligands incorporating the 2,2'-biphenolato unit. Dalton Trans 2017; 45:7998-8007. [PMID: 27070916 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00471g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural identification in solution of the Zr(iv) complexes involving two 2,2-biphenol-based proligands is reported. The proligand L(1)H2 contains one 2,2-biphenol unit whereas L(2)H4 incorporates two 2,2-biphenol units linked by a para-phenylene bridge. Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) combined with electrospray mass spectrometry analysis and density functional theory (DFT) allowed for determining the molecular structures of such Zr(iv)-based architectures. It is proposed that [Zr(OPr(i))4(HOPr(i))] in the presence of L(1)H2 generates an octahedral complex formulated as [ZrL(1)3H2]. Concerning the self-assembled architecture incorporating the L(2) ligand, the analytical data highlight the formation of an unprecedented neutral Zr(iv) triple-stranded helicate ([Zr2L(2)3H4]). Insight into the geometry of these complexes is obtained via DFT calculations. Remarkably, the helicate structure characterized in solution strongly contrasts with the triple-stranded structure of the complex that crystallizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui Miao
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide (Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Georges Khalil
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide (Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide (Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pierre Mobian
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide (Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marc Henry
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide (Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Dang TT, Durot S, Monnereau L, Heitz V, Barbieri A, Ventura B. Highlight on the solution processes occurring on silver(i)-assembling porphyrins in the presence of an excess of silver salt. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9375-9381. [PMID: 28686279 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coordination cages obtained upon complexation of pyridyl functionalized porphyrins by Ag+ disassemble when overtaking a 1 : 2 stoichiometric amount of silver salt. An excess of Ag+ then leads to unusual chemical processes, here analyzed in detail, which permanently transform the monomeric porphyrins. The observed processes, discussed with reference to model compounds devoid of polyether substituted pyridyl residues, evidence a peculiar reactivity for meso 2,6-dimethylphenyl substituted porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Dang
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France. and Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - S Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - L Monnereau
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - V Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - A Barbieri
- Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - B Ventura
- Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Liu L, Lyu G, Liu C, Jiang F, Yuan D, Sun Q, Zhou K, Chen Q, Hong M. Controllable Reassembly of a Dynamic Metallocage: From Thermodynamic Control to Kinetic Control. Chemistry 2016; 23:456-461. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Guangxun Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Caiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Feilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (China)
| | - Qingfu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (China)
| | - Kang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Qihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (China)
| | - Maochun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (China)
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9
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Kocher L, Durot S, Heitz V. Control of the cavity size of flexible covalent cages by silver coordination to the peripheral binding sites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13181-4. [PMID: 26193927 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of covalent cages consisting of two porphyrins connected by four flexible spacers each incorporating two 1,2,3-triazolyl ligands is reported. Binding of four silver(I) to the peripheral ligands induces conformational changes in solution and locks the porphyrins in a face-to-face disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Kocher
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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10
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Ballester P, Claudel M, Durot S, Kocher L, Schoepff L, Heitz V. A Porphyrin Coordination Cage Assembled from Four Silver(I) Triazolyl-Pyridine Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:15339-48. [PMID: 26338089 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a zinc(II) porphyrin 1 with four appended triazolyl-pyridine chelates is reported. Complexation of the porphyrin peripheral ligands with Ag(I) ions in a 1:2 binding stoichiometry afforded quantitatively the coordination cage [Ag4 (1)2 ](4+) . The assembly and disassembly processes of the cage were investigated in solution using UV/Vis spectroscopy. The mathematical analysis of the data obtained in the UV/Vis titration of 1 with Ag(I) confirmed the assembly in CH2 Cl2 /MeOH (90:10) solution of a species having a 1:2 porphyrin/silver stoichiometry and assigned to it an overall stability constant of 5.0×10(26) M(-5) . The use of a model system allowed an independent assessment of a microscopic binding constant value (Km ) for the interaction between the triazolyl-pyridine ligand and Ag(I) . The coincidence that existed between the Km values extracted from the model system and the titration of 1 provided an indication of the quality and fit of the data analysis. It also allowed the calculation of the average effective molarity (EM) value for the three intramolecular processes that led to the cage assembly as 2.6 mM. Simulated speciation profiles supported the conclusion that at millimolar concentration and working under strict stoichiometric control of the silver/porphyrin ratio, the cage [Ag4 (1)2 ](4+) was the species exclusively assembled in solution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added Ag(I) was approximately 2.6 mM, 50 % of the coordination cage disassembled into open aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona (Spain).,Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Mickaël Claudel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS/UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS/UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Lucas Kocher
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS/UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Laetitia Schoepff
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS/UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS/UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
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11
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Oh J, Yoon H, Sung YM, Kang P, Choi MG, Jang WD, Kim D. Modulation of Axial-Ligand Binding and Releasing Processes onto the Triazole-Bearing Nickel(II) Picket-Fence Porphyrins: Steric Repulsion versus Hydrogen-Bonding Effects. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7053-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hongsik Yoon
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Philjae Kang
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Moon-Gun Choi
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
and Department of Chemistry, ‡Biopolymer Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Structure
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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