1
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Sharma PK, Jana P, Bandyopadhyay S, Das S. Cyano disubstituted tetrabenzoindeno[2,1- a]fluorene: open-shell or closed-shell? Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7319-7322. [PMID: 38742625 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organic diradicaloids have lately emerged as potential spintronic materials. We report the unprecedented synthesis of a near-IR absorbing indeno[2,1-a]fluorene derivative that displays remarkably low LUMO (-4.15 eV) and a small HOMO-LUMO gap (0.85 eV). NMR/EPR studies indicated its open-shell diradical property, which was supported by DFT calculations while suggesting a 30% diradical character and a small singlet (S)-triplet (T) gap (-2.52 kcal mol-1). A large bond length alternation of the as-indacene core for its single-crystals indicated a quinoidal contribution with greater antiaromaticity, which is in line with the small diradical character despite showing a small S-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.
| | - Palash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.
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2
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Saha HK, Mallick D, Das S. Dibenzoheterole-Fused s-Indacenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16248-16258. [PMID: 37943573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterole (pyrrole, thiophene, furan, thiophene-S,S-dioxide)-fused s-indacenes are known for their enhanced paratropic ring-current strength. However, the outcome of the antiaromatic properties for dibenzoheterole-fused s-indacene antiaromatics remained underexplored. Carbazole-, dibenzothiophene-, dibenzofuran-, and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-5,5-dioxide-fused s-indacenes 1-4, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by experimental (NMR, single-crystal, UV-vis, CV) and computational (DFT) approaches to study the ground-state antiaromatic properties. Sulfone-containing 4 showed the weakest paratropic ring-current strength for the s-indacene unit, while 1-3 showed a relatively greater paratropicity for the s-indacene unit, as evidenced by the changes in 1H NMR chemical shifts of s-indacene protons. Such observation was explained by the electron-withdrawing effect of the sulfone group and loss of 4n + 2 aromaticity of the heterole unit for 4 reducing its s-indacene paratropicity strength as the nonaromaticity of the heterole unit reduces the π-bond character at the dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-5,5-dioxide/s-indacene fusion site to avoid antiaromatic s-indacene ring formation. The modulation of the paratropic ring-current strength of s-indacene for 1-4 was further supported by the NICS(1)zz and ring-current (ACID) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemonta Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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3
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Abstract
Parent 2,3:10,11-dibenzoheptazethrene is a singlet diradicaloid polycyclic hydrocarbon in the ground state that did not change its diradical character upon substitution (methyl and triisopropylsilylethynyl). Described herein are the synthesis and characterization of an ethoxy/3,5-(CF3)2C6H3-substituted 2,3:10,11-dibenzoheptazethrene 3 that prefers to retain its p-quinoidal core and shows zero diradical character, as determined by single-crystal analysis and density functional theory calculations. Negative solvatochromism, π-π interactions, Csp2-H···O hydrogen bonding, intramolecular charge transfer, redox amphotericity, and a narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap make 3 a potential candidate for application in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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4
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Saha HK, Mallick D, Das S. Unveiling two antiaromatic s-indacenodicarbazole isomers with tuneable paratropicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8492-8495. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linear and curved antiaromatic s-indacenodicarbazole isomers were synthesized and characterized to show tuneable strength of s-indacene paratropicity, as analyzed by NICS(1)zz and ACID (ring-current) calculations. The curved isomer showed a...
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5
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Melidonie J, Dmitrieva E, Zhang K, Fu Y, Popov AA, Pisula W, Berger R, Liu J, Feng X. Dipyrene-Fused Dicyclopenta[a,f]naphthalenes. J Org Chem 2019; 85:215-223. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Melidonie
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ke Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Lodz University of Technology, Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Jousselin-Oba T, Mamada M, Marrot J, Maignan A, Adachi C, Yassar A, Frigoli M. Excellent Semiconductors Based on Tetracenotetracene and Pentacenopentacene: From Stable Closed-Shell to Singlet Open-Shell. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9373-9381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Jousselin-Oba
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Masashi Mamada
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), JST ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, and Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular System for Devices, Kyushu University, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Maignan
- UMR CNRS 6508, Normandie Université, CRISMAT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), JST ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, and Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular System for Devices, Kyushu University, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- UMR CNRS 7647, LPICM-École Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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7
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Wehrmann CM, Charlton RT, Chen MS. A Concise Synthetic Strategy for Accessing Ambient Stable Bisphenalenyls toward Achieving Electroactive Open-Shell π-Conjugated Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3240-3248. [PMID: 30689950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell, π-conjugated molecules represent exciting next-generation materials due to their unique optoelectronic and magnetic properties and their potential to exploit unpaired spin densities to engineer exceptionally close π-π interactions. However, prior syntheses of ambient stable, open-shell molecules required lengthy routes and displayed intermolecular spin-spin coupling with limited dimensionality. Here we report a general fragment-coupling strategy with phenalenone that enables the rapid construction of both biradicaloid (Ph2- s-IDPL, 1) and radical [10(OTf)] bisphenalenyls in ≤7 steps from commercial starting materials. Significantly, we have discovered an electronically stabilized π-radical cation [10(OTf)] that shows multiple intermolecular closer-than-vdW contacts (<3.4 Å) in its X-ray crystal structure. DFT simulations reveal that each of these close π-π interactions allows for intermolecular spin-spin coupling to occur and suggests that 10(OTf) achieves electrostatically enhanced intermolecular covalent-bonding interactions in two dimensions. Single crystal devices were fabricated from 10(OTf) and demonstrate average electrical conductivities of 1.31 × 10-2 S/cm. Overall, these studies highlight the practical synthesis and device application of a new π-conjugated material, based on a design principle that promises to facilitate spin and charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Wehrmann
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Ryan T Charlton
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
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8
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Abstract
One antiaromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon (PH) with and without solubilizing tert-butyl substituents, namely s-indaceno[2,1- a:6,5- a']dipyrene (IDPs), has been synthesized by a four-step protocol. The IDPs represent the longitudinal, peri-extension of the indeno[1,2- b]fluorene skeleton towards a planar 40 π-electron system. Their structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The optoelectronic properties were studied by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. These studies revealed that peri-fusion renders the IDP derivatives with a narrow optical energy gap of 1.8 eV. The maximum absorption of IDPs is shifted by 160 nm compared to the parent indenofluorene. Two quasi-reversible oxidation as well as reduction steps indicate an excellent redox behavior attributed to the antiaromatic core. Formation of the radical cation and the dication was monitored by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy during titration experiments. Notably, the fusion of s-indacene with two pyrene moieties lead to IDPs with absorption maxima approaching the near infrared (NIR) regime.
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9
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Y Gopalakrishna T, Zeng W, Lu X, Wu J. From open-shell singlet diradicaloids to polyradicaloids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2186-2199. [PMID: 29423462 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we highlight our recent efforts toward stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids and polyradicaloids. A brief review on the historical works in the area is introduced first, followed by discussion on the fundamental electronic and physical properties of open-shell singlet diradicaloids. Then, the structure-diradical character relationships based on our recently developed diradicaloids are presented. Next, the challenges and solutions toward stable polyradicaloids and 3D π-conjugated diradicaloids are discussed. Finally, their preliminary material applications are introduced and a perspective view of the area is given.
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10
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Zhylitskaya H, Stępień M. Carbocyclization approaches to electron-deficient nanographenes and their analogues. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Versatile π-aromatic building blocks and selective coupling transformations enable rapid assembly of complex electron-deficient molecules, useful as n-type organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14
- Poland
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11
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Shoyama K, Schmidt D, Mahl M, Würthner F. Electron-Poor Bowl-Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Optical and Redox Properties. Org Lett 2017; 19:5328-5331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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13
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Abstract
This paper gives a brief summary of zethrene chemistry after the pioneering works by Clar, Mitchell, Sondheimer, and Staab et al. In the past a few years, various synthetic methods and stabilizing strategies have been developed, which have made the synthesis of stable, vertically and laterally extended zethrenes practically achievable. One of the most important discoveries for this type of molecule is their open-shell diradical character, which is the origin of their unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. The fundamental structure–diradical character–physical property relationships were investigated, and these studies form the basis for the tailored design of more general open-shell singlet diradicaloids with controllable diradical character and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
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14
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15
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Huang D, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang X, Hu Y. Copper(II) triflate-catalyzed and tosyl isocyanate-mediated three-step tandem synthesis of 9-arylfluorenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Huang R, Phan H, Herng TS, Hu P, Zeng W, Dong SQ, Das S, Shen Y, Ding J, Casanova D, Wu J. Higher Order π-Conjugated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons with Open-Shell Singlet Ground State: Nonazethrene versus Nonacene. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10323-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- Key
Laboratory of Advanced Material, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Pan Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shao-qiang Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yongjia Shen
- Key
Laboratory of Advanced Material, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - David Casanova
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science & Donostia International Physics Center & Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Dgonostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
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17
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Das S, Herng TS, Zafra JL, Burrezo PM, Kitano M, Ishida M, Gopalakrishna TY, Hu P, Osuka A, Casado J, Ding J, Casanova D, Wu J. Fully Fused Quinoidal/Aromatic Carbazole Macrocycles with Poly-radical Characters. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7782-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Das
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260 Singapore
| | - José L. Zafra
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Masaaki Kitano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and
Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Pan Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Juan Casado
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jun Ding
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260 Singapore
| | - David Casanova
- IKERBASQUE
- Basque Foundation for Science & Donostia International Physics
Center & Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Paseo
Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
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18
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Yadav P, Das S, Phan H, Herng TS, Ding J, Wu J. Kinetically Blocked Stable 5,6:12,13-Dibenzozethrene: A Laterally π-Extended Zethrene with Enhanced Diradical Character. Org Lett 2016; 18:2886-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore 117602
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20
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Shi X, Quintero E, Lee S, Jing L, Herng TS, Zheng B, Huang KW, López Navarrete JT, Ding J, Kim D, Casado J, Chi C. Benzo-thia-fused [ n]thienoacenequinodimethanes with small to moderate diradical characters: the role of pro-aromaticity versus anti-aromaticity. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3036-3046. [PMID: 29997794 PMCID: PMC6005137 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-shell singlet diradicaloids have recently received much attention due to their unique optical, electronic and magnetic properties and promising applications in materials science. Among various diradicaloids, quinoidal π-conjugated molecules have become the prevailing design. However, the need for a fundamental understanding on how the fusion mode and pro-aromaticity/anti-aromaticity affect their diradical character and physical properties remains unaddressed. In this work, a series of pro-aromatic benzo-thia-fused [n]thienoacenequinodimethanes (Thn-TIPS (n = 1-3) and BDTh-TIPS) were synthesized and compared with the previously reported anti-aromatic bisindeno-[n]thienoacenes (Sn-TIPS, n = 1-4). The ground-state geometric and electronic structures of these new quinoidal molecules were systematically investigated by X-ray crystallographic analysis, variable temperature NMR, ESR, SQUID, Raman, and electronic absorption spectroscopy, assisted by DFT calculations. It was found that the diradical character index (y0) increased from nearly zero for Th1-TIPS to 2.4% for Th2-TIPS, 18.2% for Th3-TIPS, and 38.2% for BDTh-TIPS, due to the enhanced aromatic stabilization. Consequently, with the extension of molecular size, the one-photon absorption spectra are gradually red-shifted, the two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section values increase, and the singlet excited state lifetimes decrease. By comparison with the corresponding anti-aromatic analogues Sn-TIPS (n = 1-3), the pro-aromatic Thn-TIPS (n = 1-3) exhibit larger diradical character, longer singlet excited state lifetime and larger TPA cross section value. At the same time, they display distinctively different electronic absorption spectra and improved electrochemical amphotericity. Spectroelectrochemical studies revealed a good linear relationship between the optical energy gaps and the molecular length in the neutral, radical cationic and dicationic forms. Our research work discloses a significant difference between the pro-aromatic and anti-aromatic quinoidal compounds and provides guidance for the design of new diradicaloids with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Shi
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Estefanía Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Malaga , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 229071 Malaga , Spain .
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Linzhi Jing
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , National University of Singapore , 119260 , Singapore .
| | - Bin Zheng
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan T López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Malaga , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 229071 Malaga , Spain .
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , National University of Singapore , 119260 , Singapore .
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Malaga , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 229071 Malaga , Spain .
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
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21
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Hibi D, Kitabayashi K, Fujita K, Takeda T, Tobe Y. Diindenopyrenes: Extended 1,6- and 1,8-Pyrenoquinodimethanes with Singlet Diradical Characters. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3735-43. [PMID: 27030887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diindenopyrene 4b and its diastereomer, which are extended homologues of 1,6- and 1,8-pyrenoquinodimethanes fused by indene units, respectively, were synthesized by reaction of 1,4,5,8-tetrakis(mesitylethynyl)naphthalene (7) with bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)iodine(I) hexafluorophosphate via cationic cyclization mechanisms at both centers of reaction. Unexpectedly, reaction of 7 with iodine, a reagent that typically gives products of cationic cyclization, gave cycloheptapentalenoindenophenalene derivative 9b and its diastereomer incorporating an azulene unit at one end of the π framework, via two different modes (radical and cationic) of cyclization at each reaction site. The physical properties of the products are presented, and the dual modes of cyclization of 7 and its model compound with only one reaction center are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Hibi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kitabayashi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fujita
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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22
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Nakano M, Champagne B. Nonlinear optical properties in open-shell molecular systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016; 6:198-210. [PMID: 30416587 PMCID: PMC6211761 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of molecular systems have been actively studied both theoretically and experimentally due to their potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics. Most of the NLO molecular systems are closed-shell species, while recently open-shell molecular species have been theoretically proposed as a new class of NLO systems, which exhibit larger NLO properties than the traditional closed-shell NLO systems. In particular, the third-order NLO property, the second hyperpolarizability γ, was found to be strongly correlated to the diradical character y, which is a quantum-chemically defined index of effective bond weakness or of electron correlation: the γ values are enhanced in the intermediate y region as compared to the closed-shell (y = 0) and pure open-shell (y = 1) domains. This principle has been exemplified by accurate quantum-chemical calculations for polycyclic hydrocarbons including graphene nanoflakes, multinuclear transition-metal complexes, main group compounds, and so on. Subsequently, some of these predictions have been substantiated by experiments, including two-photon absorption. The fundamental mechanism of the y-γ correlation has been explained by using a simple two-site model and the valence configuration interaction method. On the basis of this y-γ principle, several molecular design guidelines for controlling γ have been proposed. They consist in tuning the diradical characters through chemical modifications of realistic open-shell singlet molecules. These results open a new path toward understanding the structure-NLO property relationships and toward realizing a new class of highly efficient NLO materials. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:198-210. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique University of Namur Namur Belgium
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23
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Hu P, Lee S, Herng TS, Aratani N, Gonçalves TP, Qi Q, Shi X, Yamada H, Huang KW, Ding J, Kim D, Wu J. Toward Tetraradicaloid: The Effect of Fusion Mode on Radical Character and Chemical Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1065-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Théo P. Gonçalves
- Division
of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingbiao Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Division
of Physical Science and Engineering and KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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24
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Huang D, Yang W, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang X, Hu Y. Lewis acid-catalyzed tandem synthesis of 9-sulfonylamino- and 9-arylfluorenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A Lewis acid-catalyzed three-step tandem synthesis of 9-arylfluorene was developed by simply heating a mixture of 2-formyl biphenyl, TsNCO and an arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
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25
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Das S, Wu J. Toward Singlet–Triplet Bistable Nonalternant Kekulé Hydrocarbons: Azulene-to-Naphthalene Rearrangement. Org Lett 2015; 17:5854-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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26
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Lim Z, Zheng B, Huang KW, Liu Y, Wu J. Quinoidal Oligo(9,10-anthryl)s with Chain-Length-Dependent Ground States: A Balance between Aromatic Stabilization and Steric Strain Release. Chemistry 2015; 21:18724-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Takamuku S, Kitagawa Y, Nagami T, Nakano M. Theoretical study on the second hyperpolarizabilities of one-dimensional heteronuclear transition-metal–metal bonded systems: Metal alignment effects. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Maekawa T, Ueno H, Segawa Y, Haley MM, Itami K. Synthesis of open-shell ladder π-systems by catalytic C-H annulation of diarylacetylenes. Chem Sci 2015; 7:650-654. [PMID: 29896351 PMCID: PMC5953004 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new open-shell ladder-shaped π-system has been synthesized. Pentaleno[1,2-b:4,5-b']difluorene derivatives, 8 fused ring systems bearing 5- and 6-membered rings, were constructed from alkynylfluorenone through a reaction sequence including Pd-catalyzed C-H/C-H annulation. X-ray crystallography and ESR spectroscopy revealed the open-shell character of these ladder-shaped molecules, which derives from their extended π-electron conjugation. Absorption peaks in the near IR region as well as narrow redox potentials observed by cyclic voltammetry indicated small optical and fundamental energy gaps of these fused ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Maekawa
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ;
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,JST , ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,JST , ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , USA .
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,JST , ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
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29
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Zeng W, Qi Q, Wu J. Cyclopenta-fused perylene: a new soluble, stable and functionalizable rylene building block. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Zeng Z, Lee S, Son M, Fukuda K, Burrezo PM, Zhu X, Qi Q, Li RW, Navarrete JTL, Ding J, Casado J, Nakano M, Kim D, Wu J. Push–Pull Type Oligo(N-annulated perylene)quinodimethanes: Chain Length and Solvent-Dependent Ground States and Physical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8572-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Minjung Son
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Kotaro Fukuda
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Key Laboratory
of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Run-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory
of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Juan Casado
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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31
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Liu J, Ravat P, Wagner M, Baumgarten M, Feng X, Müllen K. Tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylene: A Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon With An Open-Shell Singlet Biradical Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Liu J, Ravat P, Wagner M, Baumgarten M, Feng X, Müllen K. Tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylene: A Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon With An Open-Shell Singlet Biradical Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12442-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Zeng W, Lee S, Son M, Ishida M, Furukawa K, Hu P, Sun Z, Kim D, Wu J. Phenalenyl-fused porphyrins with different ground states. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2427-2433. [PMID: 30154998 PMCID: PMC6085729 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials based on biradicals/biradicaloids have potential applications for organic electronics, photonics and spintronics. In this work, we demonstrated that hybridization of porphyrin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon could lead to a new type of stable biradicals/biradicaloids with tunable ground state and physical property. Mono- and bis-phenalenyl fused porphyrins 1 and 2 were synthesized via an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation-followed-by oxidative dehydrogenation strategy. Our detailed experimental and theoretical studies revealed that 1 has a closed-shell structure with a small biradical character (y = 0.06 by DFT calculation) in the ground state, while 2 exists as a persistent triplet biradical at room temperature under inert atmosphere. Compound 1 underwent hydrogen abstraction from solvent during the crystal growing process while compound 2 was easily oxidized in air to give two dioxo-porphyrin isomers 11a/11b, which can be correlated to their unique biradical character and spin distribution. The physical properties of 1 and 2, their dihydro/tetrahydro-precursors 7/10, and the dioxo-compounds 11a/11b were investigated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Minjung Son
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis , Institute for Research Promotion , Niigata University , Nishi-ku , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , ASTAR , 3 Research Link , Singapore 117602
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34
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Schönamsgruber J, Hirsch A. Benz-Bisimidazole-Bridged Perylenes - Linearly Expanded Chromophores. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Diradical character dependence of third-harmonic generation spectra in open-shell singlet systems. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Hsieh YC, Fang HY, Chen YT, Yang R, Yang CI, Chou PT, Kuo MY, Wu YT. Zethrene and Dibenzozethrene: Masked Biradical Molecules? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Hsieh YC, Fang HY, Chen YT, Yang R, Yang CI, Chou PT, Kuo MY, Wu YT. Zethrene and Dibenzozethrene: Masked Biradical Molecules? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3069-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Zeng Z, Shi X, Chi C, López Navarrete JT, Casado J, Wu J. Pro-aromatic and anti-aromatic π-conjugated molecules: an irresistible wish to be diradicals. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6578-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pro-aromatic and anti-aromatic π-conjugated molecules are demonstrated to have an irresistible wish to be diradicals in the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | | | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Malaga
- Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR
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39
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Zeng Z, Wu J. Stable π-Extendedp-Quinodimethanes: Synthesis and Tunable Ground States. CHEM REC 2014; 15:322-8. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR, 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
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40
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Sun Z, Zeng Z, Wu J. Zethrenes, extended p-quinodimethanes, and periacenes with a singlet biradical ground state. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2582-91. [PMID: 25068503 DOI: 10.1021/ar5001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for more than 100 years, and most PAHs in the neutral state reported so far have a closed-shell electronic configuration in the ground state. However, recent studies have revealed that specific types of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) could have a singlet biradical ground state and exhibit unique electronic, optical, and magnetic activities. With the appropriate stabilization, these new compounds could prove useful as molecular materials for organic electronics, nonlinear optics, organic spintronics, organic photovoltaics, and energy storage devices. However, before researchers can use these materials to design new devices, they need better methods to synthesize these molecules and a better understanding of the fundamental relationship between the structure and biradical character of these compounds and their physical properties. Their biradical character makes these compounds difficult to synthesize. These compounds are also challenging to physically characterize and require the use of various experimental techniques and theoretic methods to comprehensively describe their unique properties. In this Account, we will discuss the chemistry and physics of three types of PHs with a significant singlet biradical character, primarily developed in our group. These structures are zethrenes, Z-shaped quinoidal hydrocarbons; hydrocarbons that include a proaromatic extended p-quinodimethane unit; and periacenes, acenes fused in a peri-arrangement. We used a variety of synthetic methods to prepare these compounds and stabilized them using both thermodynamic and kinetic approaches. We probed their ground-state structures by electronic absorption, NMR, ESR, SQUID, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography and also performed density functional theory calculations. We investigated the physical properties of these PHs using various experimental methods such as one-photon absorption, two-photon absorption, transient absorption spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and spectroelectrochemistry. These systematic studies revealed that aromaticity played a very important role in determining their singlet biradical character, which is critically related to both their physical properties and their chemical reactivity. In particular, we found that Clar's aromatic sextet rule, which is useful for the closed-shell PAHs, can also predict the relative biradical character of benzenoid PH-based singlet biradicaloids. Other factors, such as structural flexibility of the biradical and quinoid resonance forms and the participation of the substitution in the π-conjugation, also influence the biradical character. These molecular materials demonstrate a number of unique properties such as near-infrared absorption, redox amphotericity, large two-photon absorption cross section, short excited state lifetime, stimuli-responsive magnetic activity, and singlet fission, which suggests promise for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | - Zebing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research
and Engineering, A*STAR, 3 Research
Link, 117602 Singapore
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