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Fu J, Li M, Rong C, Zhao D, Liu S. Information-theoretic quantities as effective descriptors of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity in density functional theory. J Mol Model 2024; 30:341. [PMID: 39289254 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Electrophilicity and nucleophilicity are two vastly important chemical concepts gauging the capability of atoms in molecules to accept and donate the maximal number of electrons. In our earlier studies, we proposed to simultaneously quantify them using the Kullback-Leibler divergence from the information-theoretic approach in density functional theory. However, several issues with this scheme remain to be clarified such as its general validity, predictability, and relationship with other information-theoretic quantities. In this work, we revisit the matter with bigger datasets and deeper theoretical insights. Five information-theoretic quantities including Kullback-Leibler divergence, Hirshfeld charge, Ghost-Berkowitz-Parr entropy, and second and third orders of relative Onicescu information energy are found to be reliable and robust descriptors of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity propensities. Employing these five descriptors, we design a list of new compounds and predict their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity scales. This work should markedly improve our confidence and capability in applying information-theoretic quantities to evaluate electrophilicity and nucleophilicity propensities and henceforth pave the route for more applications of these quantities from information-theoretic approach in density functional theory in the future. METHODS All structures were fully optimized at the M06-2X/6-311 + G(d) level of DFT functional using the Gaussian 16 package (version C01) with integration grids and tight self-consistent-field convergence. The solvent effect was taken into account by using the implicit solvent model (CPCM) in the CH2Cl2 solvent, and all 3D contour surfaces of Fukui function, local temperature, and ITA (information-theoretic approach) quantities were generated by GaussView. The Multiwfn 3.8 program was used to calculate the ITA indexes and atomic charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Rong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3420, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
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2
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Ahlburg NL, Hergert O, Jones PG, Werz DB. Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes: Activation Enabled by a Single, Vinylogous Acceptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214390. [PMID: 36322458 PMCID: PMC10099577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of highly activated donor-acceptor cyclopropanes bearing only a single, vinylogous acceptor is presented. These strained moieties readily undergo cycloadditions with aldehydes, ketones, thioketones, nitriles, naphth-2-ols and various other substrates to yield the corresponding carbo- and heterocycles. Diastereocontrol can be achieved through the choice of catalyst (Brønsted or Lewis acid). The formation of tetrahydrofurans was shown to be highly enantiospecific when chiral cyclopropanes are employed. A series of mechanistic and kinetic experiments was conducted to elucidate a plausible catalytic cycle and to rationalize the stereochemical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils L. Ahlburg
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Oliver Hergert
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgInstitute of Organic ChemistryAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg (Breisgau)Germany
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3
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Ahlburg NL, Hergert O, Jones PG, Werz DB. Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes: Activation Enabled by a Single, Vinylogous Acceptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202214390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils L. Ahlburg
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Oliver Hergert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institute of Organic Chemistry Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg (Breisgau) Germany
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Rammah M, Mahdhaoui F, Gabsi W, Boubaker T. Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Benzotriazoles and Structure‐Reactivity Relationships. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rammah
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Mahdhaoui
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Wahiba Gabsi
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
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Gabsi W, Essalah K, Goumont R, Tangour B, Boubaker T. The ambident electrophilic behavior of 5-nitro-3-X-thiophenes in σ-complexation processes. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Gabsi
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
| | - Khalid Essalah
- Unité de Recherche en Sciences Fondamentales et Didactique; Université de Tunis EL Manar; El Manar II Tunisia
| | - Régis Goumont
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180; Université de Versailles; Versailles Cedex France
| | - Bahoueddine Tangour
- Unité de Recherche en Sciences Fondamentales et Didactique; Université de Tunis EL Manar; El Manar II Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
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Alherz A, Lim CH, Hynes JT, Musgrave CB. Predicting Hydride Donor Strength via Quantum Chemical Calculations of Hydride Transfer Activation Free Energy. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1278-1288. [PMID: 29251933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a method to approximate the kinetic properties of hydride donor species by relating the nucleophilicity (N) of a hydride to the activation free energy ΔG⧧ of its corresponding hydride transfer reaction. N is a kinetic parameter related to the hydride transfer rate constant that quantifies a nucleophilic hydridic species' tendency to donate. Our method estimates N using quantum chemical calculations to compute ΔG⧧ for hydride transfers from hydride donors to CO2 in solution. A linear correlation for each class of hydrides is then established between experimentally determined N values and the computationally predicted ΔG⧧; this relationship can then be used to predict nucleophilicity for different hydride donors within each class. This approach is employed to determine N for four different classes of hydride donors: two organic (carbon-based and benzimidazole-based) and two inorganic (boron and silicon) hydride classes. We argue that silicon and boron hydrides are driven by the formation of the more stable Si-O or B-O bond. In contrast, the carbon-based hydrides considered herein are driven by the stability acquired upon rearomatization, a feature making these species of particular interest, because they both exhibit catalytic behavior and can be recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alherz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James T Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Chemistry Department, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06 , CNRS UMR 8640 Pasteur, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Schade A, Tchernook I, Bauer M, Oehlke A, Breugst M, Friedrich J, Spange S. Kinetics of Electrophilic Alkylations of Barbiturate and Thiobarbiturate Anions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8476-8488. [PMID: 28715212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Second-order rate constants (k2) of the reactions of various barbiturate anions such as the parent barbiturate, 1,3-dimethylbarbiturate, 2-thiobarbiturate, and 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbiturate with diarylcarbenium ions and Michael acceptors have been determined in dimethyl sulfoxide solution at 20 °C. The reactivity parameters N and sN of the barbiturate anions were derived from the linear plots of log k2 versus the electrophilicity parameters E of these reference electrophiles, according to the linear-free-energy relationship log k2 (20 °C) = sN (E + N). Several reactions of these nucleophiles with benzylidenemalononitriles and quinone methides proceeded with reversible formation of the new C-C-bond followed by rate-determining proton shift. No evidence for initial attack of the electrophiles at the enolate oxygens of these nucleophiles was found by the kinetic measurements, in line with quantum chemical DFT calculations, which showed that in all cases C-attack is kinetically and thermodynamically preferred over O-attack. The nucleophilic reactivities of barbiturate anions were compared with those of structurally related carbanions, e.g., Meldrum's acid and dimedone anions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , 50939 Köln, Germany
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Puente Á, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Nucleophilic Reactivities of Bis-Acceptor-Substituted Benzyl Anions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Puente
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
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Follet E, Mayer P, Berionni G. Structures, Lewis Acidities, Electrophilicities, and Protecting Group Abilities of Phenylfluorenylium and Tritylium Ions. Chemistry 2017; 23:623-630. [PMID: 27723164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The isolation, characterization, and the first X-ray structures of a fluorenylium ion and its Lewis adducts with nitrogen- and phosphorus-centered Lewis bases are reported. Kinetics of the reactions of a series of fluorenylium ions with reference π-, σ-, and n-nucleophiles of various sizes and nucleophilicities allowed the interplay between electronic and structural parameters on the electrophilicities of these planarized tertiary carbenium ions to be elucidated. Structure-reactivity correlations and extensive comparisons of their reactivities with those of di- and triarylcarbenium ions are described. Quantitative determination of the electrofugalities of fluorenylium ions revealed to which extent they are complementing tritylium ions as protecting groups and how their tuning is possible. Determination of the equilibrium constants of the Lewis adducts formation between pyridines of calibrated Lewis basicities and phenylfluorenylium and tritylium ions allowed the determination of their Lewis acidities and to showcase the potential of these carbon-centered Lewis acids in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Follet
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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10
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Berionni G, Kurouchi H, Eisenburger L, Mayr H. Nucleophilicity of Alkyl Zirconocene and Titanocene Precatalysts, and Kinetics of Activation by Carbenium Ions and by B(C6F5)3. Chemistry 2016; 22:11196-200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Berionni
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Hiroaki Kurouchi
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Lucien Eisenburger
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
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11
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Puente Á, He S, Corral-Bautista F, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Nucleophilic Reactivities of 2-Substituted Malonates. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Pallikonda G, Chakravarty M. Benzylic Phosphates in Friedel–Crafts Reactions with Activated and Unactivated Arenes: Access to Polyarylated Alkanes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2135-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangaram Pallikonda
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar
nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Manab Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar
nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
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13
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Benzhydrylium and tritylium ions: complementary probes for examining ambident nucleophiles. PURE APPL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe linear free energy relationship log k = sN(N + E) (eq. 1), in which E is an electrophilicity, N is a nucleophilicity, and sN is a nucleophile-dependent sensitivity parameter, is a reliable tool for predicting rate constants of bimolecular electrophile-nucleophile combinations. Nucleophilicity scales that are based on eq. (1) rely on a set of structurally similar benzhydrylium ions (Ar2CH+) as reference electrophiles. As steric effects are not explicitely considered, eq. (1) cannot unrestrictedly be employed for reactions of bulky substrates. Since, on the other hand, the reactions of tritylium ions (Ar3C+) with hydride donors, alcohols, and amines were found to follow eq. (1), tritylium ions turned out to be complementary tools for probing organic reactivity. Kinetics of the reactions of Ar3C+ with π-nucleophiles (olefins), n-nucleophiles (amines, alcohols, water), hydride donors and ambident nucleophiles, such as the anions of 5-substituted Meldrum’s acids, are discussed to analyze the applicability of tritylium ions as reference electrophiles.
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