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Martin JV, Sarkar PK. Nongenomic roles of thyroid hormones and their derivatives in adult brain: are these compounds putative neurotransmitters? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210540. [PMID: 37701902 PMCID: PMC10494427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence regarding the nongenomic (or non-canonical) actions of thyroid hormones (thyronines) and their derivatives (including thyronamines and thyroacetic acids) in the adult brain. The paper seeks to evaluate these compounds for consideration as candidate neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are defined by their (a) presence in the neural tissue, (b) release from neural tissue or cell, (c) binding to high-affinity and saturable recognition sites, (d) triggering of a specific effector mechanism and (e) inactivation mechanism. Thyronines and thyronamines are concentrated in brain tissue and show distinctive patterns of distribution within the brain. Nerve terminals accumulate a large amount of thyroid hormones in mature brain, suggesting a synaptic function. However, surprisingly little is known about the potential release of thyroid hormones at synapses. There are specific binding sites for thyroid hormones in nerve-terminal fractions (synaptosomes). A notable cell-membrane binding site for thyroid hormones is integrin αvβ3. Furthermore, thyronines bind specifically to other defined neurotransmitter receptors, including GABAergic, catecholaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic and cholinergic systems. Here, the thyronines tend to bind to sites other than the primary sites and have allosteric effects. Thyronamines also bind to specific membrane receptors, including the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAAR1. The thyronines and thyronamines activate specific effector mechanisms that are short in latency and often occur in subcellular fractions lacking nuclei, suggesting nongenomic actions. Some of the effector mechanisms for thyronines include effects on protein phosphorylation, Na+/K+ ATPase, and behavioral measures such as sleep regulation and measures of memory retention. Thyronamines promptly regulate body temperature. Lastly, there are numerous inactivation mechanisms for the hormones, including decarboxylation, deiodination, oxidative deamination, glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation. Therefore, at the current state of the research field, thyroid hormones and their derivatives satisfy most, but not all, of the criteria for definition as neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V. Martin
- Biology Department, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Pradip K. Sarkar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Parker University, Dallas, TX, United States
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2
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Giri D, Raja K, Mugesh G. A Simple Substitution on Thyroid Hormones Remarkably Alters the Regioselectivity of Deiodination by a Deiodinase Mimic. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203111. [PMID: 36380701 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective deiodinations of L-thyroxine (T4) play key roles in the thyroid hormone homeostasis. These reactions are catalyzed by three isoforms of the selenoenzymes, iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio1, Dio2 and Dio3), which are highly homologous in nature. Dio1 mediates 5'- or 5-deiodinations of T4 to produce T3 and rT3, respectively. In contrast, Dio2 and Dio3 are selective to 5'- or 5-deiodination to produce T3 and rT3, respectively. Understanding of the regioselectivity of deiodination at the molecular level is important as abnormal levels of thyroid hormone have been implicated in various clinical conditions, such as hypoxia, myocardial infarction, neuronal ischemia and cancer. In this paper, we report that the electronic properties of the iodine atoms in thyroxine (T4) can be modulated through a simple substitution in the 4'-phenolic moiety. This leads to the change in the regioselectivity of deiodination by different small molecule mimics of Dio enzymes. By using this chemical approach, we also show that the substitution of a strong electron withdrawing group facilitates the removal of all four iodine atoms in the T4 derivative. Theoretical investigations on the hydrogen bonded adducts of T4 with imidazole indicate that the charge on the iodine atoms depend on the nature of hydrogen bond between the -OH group of T4 and the imidazole moiety. While the imidazole can act as either hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) or hydrogen bond donor (HBD), the protonated imidazole acts exclusively as HBD in T4-imidazole complex. These studies support the earlier observations that the histidine residue at the active sites of the deiodinases play an important role not only in the substrate binding, but also in altering the regioselectivity of the deiodination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Giri
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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3
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Cesario D, Fortino M, Marino T, Nunzi F, Russo N, Sicilia E. The role of the halogen bond in iodothyronine deiodinase: Dependence on chalcogen substitution in naphthyl-based mimetics. J Comput Chem 2020; 40:944-951. [PMID: 30681189 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects on the activity of thyroxine (T4) due to the chalcogen replacement in a series of peri-substituted naphthalenes mimicking the catalytic function of deiodinase enzymes are computationally examined using density functional theory. In particular, T4 inner-ring deiodination pathways assisted by naphthyl-based models bearing two tellurols and a tellurol-thiol pair in peri-position are explored and compared with the analogous energy profiles for the naphthalene mimic having two selenols. The presence of a halogen bond (XB) in the intermediate formed in the first step and involved in the rate-determining step of the reaction is assumed to facilitate the process increasing the rate of the reaction. The rate-determining step calculated energy barrier heights allow rationalizing the experimentally observed superior catalytic activity of tellurium containing mimics. Charge displacement analysis is used to ascertain the presence and the role of the electron density charge transfer occurring in the rate-determining step of the reaction, suggesting the incipient formation or presence of a XB interaction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cesario
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Fortino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (ISTM-CNR), I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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4
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Mondal S, Manna D, Raja K, Mugesh G. Halogen Bonding in Biomimetic Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones and their Metabolites and Dehalogenation of Halogenated Nucleosides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:911-923. [PMID: 31773854 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key players in the endocrine system and play pivotal roles in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, protein synthesis, overall growth, and brain development. The thyroid gland predominantly produces thyroxine or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) as a prohormone; three isoforms of a mammalian selenoenzyme-iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1, DIO2 and DIO3)-catalyze the regioselective deiodination of T4 to produce biologically active and inactive metabolites. Whereas DIO1 catalyzes both 5- and 5'-deiodination of T4, DIO2 and DIO3 selectively mediate 5- and 5'-deiodination, respectively. In this review we discuss the regioselective deiodination of THs in the presence of organochalcogen compounds. Naphthalene-based compounds containing sulfur and/or selenium at the peri positions mediate regioselective 5-deiodination of THs, detailed mechanistic studies having revealed that the heterolytic cleavage of the C-I bond is facilitated by the formation of cooperative Se/S⋅⋅⋅I halogen bonds and Se/S⋅⋅⋅Se chalcogen bonds. We also discuss the biomimetic deiodination of several TH metabolites, including sulfated THs, iodothyronamines, and iodotyrosines. A brief discussion on the dehalogenation of halogenated nucleosides and nucleobases in the presence of organochalcogen compounds is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Debasish Manna
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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5
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Fourmigué M, Dhaka A. Chalcogen bonding in crystalline diselenides and selenocyanates: From molecules of pharmaceutical interest to conducting materials. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Mondal S, Gong X, Zhang X, Salinger AJ, Zheng L, Sen S, Weerapana E, Zhang X, Thompson PR. Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
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7
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Mondal S, Gong X, Zhang X, Salinger AJ, Zheng L, Sen S, Weerapana E, Zhang X, Thompson PR. Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12476-12480. [PMID: 31276611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) hydrolyze the side chain of arginine to form citrulline. Aberrant PAD activity is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and certain cancers. These pathologies established the PADs as therapeutic targets and multiple PAD inhibitors are known. Herein, we describe the first highly potent PAD1-selective inhibitors (1 and 19). Detailed structure-activity relationships indicate that their potency and selectivity is due to the formation of a halogen bond with PAD1. Importantly, these inhibitors inhibit histone H3 citrullination in HEK293TPAD1 cells and mouse zygotes with excellent potency. Based on this scaffold, we also developed a PAD1-selective activity-based probe that shows remarkable cellular efficacy and proteome selectivity. Based on their potency and selectivity we expect that 1 and 19 will be widely used chemical tools to understand PAD1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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8
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Dehalogenation of Halogenated Nucleobases and Nucleosides by Organoselenium Compounds. Chemistry 2019; 25:1773-1780. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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9
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Organoselenium in Nature. NEW FRONTIERS IN ORGANOSELENIUM COMPOUNDS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123397 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92405-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selenium, among the naturally occurring elements, is nowadays considered the most relevant for the redox homeostasis of living systems. In this chapter, its role in plants, bacteria, and humans is scholarly discussed. Some plants have the possibility to accumulate this element, thus becoming a natural source for animals and humans, in which selenium is embedded in selenoproteins, as the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (l-Sec). The main classes of selenoenzymes (glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and iodothyronine deiodinases) are reported here and the molecular mechanism that characterizes their physiological action is discussed.
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10
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Novel thyroid hormone analogues, enzyme inhibitors and mimetics, and their action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:91-104. [PMID: 28408161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play key roles in modulating the overall metabolism of the body, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, neuronal and bone growth, and cardiovascular as well as renal functions. In this review, we discuss on the thyroid hormone synthesis and activation, thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and mechanism of action, applications of thyroid hormone analogues, particularly the compounds that are selective ligands for TRβ receptors, or enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of thyroidal disorders with a specific focus on thyroid peroxidase and iodothyronine deiodinases. We also discuss on the development of small-molecule deiodinase mimetics and their mechanism of deiodination, as these compounds have the potential to regulate the thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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11
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Barbosa NV, Nogueira CW, Nogara PA, de Bem AF, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Organoselenium compounds as mimics of selenoproteins and thiol modifier agents. Metallomics 2017; 9:1703-1734. [PMID: 29168872 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for animals and its role in the chemistry of life relies on a unique functional group: the selenol (-SeH) group. The selenol group participates in critical redox reactions. The antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) exemplify important selenoproteins. The selenol group shares several chemical properties with the thiol group (-SH), but it is much more reactive than the sulfur analogue. The substitution of S by Se has been exploited in organic synthesis for a long time, but in the last 4 decades the re-discovery of ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one) and the demonstration that it has antioxidant and therapeutic properties has renovated interest in the field. The ability of ebselen to mimic the reaction catalyzed by GPx has been viewed as the most important molecular mechanism of action of this class of compound. The term GPx-like or thiol peroxidase-like reaction was previously coined in the field and it is now accepted as the most important chemical attribute of organoselenium compounds. Here, we will critically review the literature on the capacity of organoselenium compounds to mimic selenoproteins (particularly GPx) and discuss some of the bottlenecks in the field. Although the GPx-like activity of organoselenium compounds contributes to their pharmacological effects, the superestimation of the GPx-like activity has to be questioned. The ability of these compounds to oxidize the thiol groups of proteins (the thiol modifier effects of organoselenium compounds) and to spare selenoproteins from inactivation by soft-electrophiles (MeHg+, Hg2+, Cd2+, etc.) might be more relevant for the explanation of their pharmacological effects than their GPx-like activity. In our view, the exploitation of the thiol modifier properties of organoselenium compounds can be harnessed more rationally than the use of low mass molecular structures to mimic the activity of high mass macromolecules that have been shaped by millions to billions of years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda V Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Marsan ES, Bayse CA. Halogen-Bonding Interactions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Thyroid Hormone Derivatives: A Potential Mechanism for the Inhibition of Iodothyronine Deiodinase. Chemistry 2017; 23:6625-6633. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Marsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Old Dominion University; 5115 Hampton Blvd Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Old Dominion University; 5115 Hampton Blvd Norfolk VA 23529 USA
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13
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Hoefig CS, Zucchi R, Köhrle J. Thyronamines and Derivatives: Physiological Relevance, Pharmacological Actions, and Future Research Directions. Thyroid 2016; 26:1656-1673. [PMID: 27650974 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyronamines (3-T1AM, T0AM) are endogenous compounds probably derived from L-thyroxine or its intermediate metabolites. Combined activities of intestinal deiodinases and ornithine decarboxylase generate 3-T1AM in vitro. Alternatively, 3-T1AM might be formed by the thyroid gland and secreted into the blood. 3-T1AM and T0AM concentrations have been determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) in tissues, serum, and cell lines. However, large variations of 3-T1AM concentrations in human serum were reported by LC-MS/MS compared with a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. These differences might be caused by strong binding of the highly hydrophobic 3-T1AM to apolipoprotein B100. Pharmacological administration of 3-T1AM results in dose-dependent reversible effects on body temperature, cardiac function, energy metabolism, and neurological functions. The physiological relevance of these actions is unclear, but may occur at tissue concentrations close to the estimated endogenous concentrations of 3-T1AM or its metabolites T0AM or thyroacetic acid (TA1). A number of putative receptors, binding sites, and cellular target molecules mediating actions of the multi-target ligand 3-T1AM have been proposed. Among those are members of the trace amine associated receptor family, the adrenergic receptor ADRα2a, and the thermosensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel. Preclinical studies employing various animal experimental models are in progress, and more stable receptor-selective agonistic and antagonistic analogues of 3-T1AM are now available for testing. The potent endogenous thyroid hormone-derived biogenic amine 3-T1AM exerts marked cryogenic, metabolic, cardiac and central actions and represents a valuable lead compound linking endocrine, metabolic, and neuroscience research to advance development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Stephanie Hoefig
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Josef Köhrle
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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14
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemie und Biologie der Schilddrüsenhormon-Biosynthese und -Wirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
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15
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7606-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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16
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Biomimetic deiodination of thyroid hormones and iodothyronamines – a structure–activity relationship study. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9490-9500. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deiodination of thyroid hormones and their decarboxylated metabolites, iodothyronamines by a series ofperi-substituted selenium-containing naphthalene derivatives has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
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17
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Stoedter M, Renko K, Ibáñez E, Plano D, Becker NP, Martitz J, Palop JA, Calvo A, Sanmartín C, Schomburg L. Strong induction of iodothyronine deiodinases by chemotherapeutic selenocompounds. Metallomics 2015; 7:347-54. [PMID: 25579002 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of thyroid hormones (TH) is regulated by selenoenzymes of the iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO) family catalysing TH activating and inactivating reactions. Besides TH metabolism, several studies indicate an important role of DIO isoenzymes in tumorigenesis and cancer growth. It is therefore of therapeutic importance to identify modulators of DIO expression. We have synthesized and studied a series of selenocompounds containing a methyl- or benzyl-imidoselenocarbamate backbone. One of these novel compounds had chemotherapeutic activities in a murine xenograft tumour model by an unknown mechanism. Therefore, we tested their effects on DIO expression in vitro. In HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells, DIO1 activity was strongly (up to 10-fold) increased by the methyl- but not by the corresponding benzyl-imidoselenocarbamates. Steady-state mRNA levels remained unaltered under these conditions indicating a post-transcriptional mode of action. The effects were further characterized in HEK293 cells stably expressing DIO1, DIO2 or DIO3. Even within the artificial genetic context of the expression vectors, all three DIO isoenzymes were up-regulated by the methyl- and to a lesser extent by the benzyl-imidoselenocarbamates. Consistent stimulating effects were observed with methyl-N,N'-di(quinolin-3-ylcarbonyl)-imidoselenocarbamate (EI201), a selenocompound known for its anti-tumour activity. DIO inducing effects were unrelated to the intracellular accumulation of selenium, yet the precise mode of action remains elusive. Collectively, our data highlight that these selenocompounds may constitute interesting pharmacological compounds for modifying DIO expression potentially affecting the balance between cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stoedter
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Südring 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Structure Elucidation and Characterization of Different Thyroxine Polymorphs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Structure Elucidation and Characterization of Different Thyroxine Polymorphs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Raja K, Mugesh G. Remarkable Effect of Chalcogen Substitution on an Enzyme Mimetic for Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raja K, Mugesh G. Remarkable Effect of Chalcogen Substitution on an Enzyme Mimetic for Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7674-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Manna D, Mondal S, Mugesh G. Halogen Bonding Controls the Regioselectivity of the Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones and their Sulfate Analogues. Chemistry 2014; 21:2409-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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