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Dong WS, Zhang H, Tariq QUN, Li Z, Zhang C, Wu X, Yu Q, Li Z, Zhou ZN, Zhang JG. Metal Salts of 4-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyrazole for Promising Eco-Friendly Primary Colors Pyrotechnics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14559-14567. [PMID: 37647244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The construction and design of pyrotechnics with superior performance is not only a task of great significance but also a tremendous challenge. In this regard, we present the syntheses of novel green primary colors pyrotechnics (red, green, and blue light-generating pyrotechnics) by employing 4-chloro-3,5-dinitropyrazole (CDNP) as a multifunctional raw material. CDNP contains a flame enhancer, oxygen-rich functional group, and nitrogen heterocyclic combustibles, which contribute to the high performance of the pyrotechnics. The characteristic elements (strontium, barium, and copper) that impart color to the flame are combined with the CDNP to synthesize the primary colors pyrotechnics by an "all-in-one" strategy. The structures of three energetic metal salts (EMS-1, EMS-2, and EMS-3) are completely characterized, and their thermal stability, sensitivity, ignition performance, and color purity are systematically evaluated. All EMSs show excellent thermal stability and low mechanical sensitivities (>330 °C, >40 J, >360 N). Moreover, the EMSs demonstrate successful ignition and combustion under laser conditions and roasting test conditions, producing bright characteristic flames. Chromaticity analysis reveals that the three EMSs possess good color purities of 91, 80, and 70%, respectively. Consequently, the three integrated pyrotechnics exhibit exceptional combustion properties, highlighting their potential for use in various pyrotechnic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qamar-Un-Nisa Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - ZongYou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - ZhiMin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zun-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Makarenkov AV, Kiselev SS, Kononova EG, Dolgushin FM, Peregudov AS, Borisov YA, Ol’shevskaya VA. Synthesis, Characterization and DFT Study of a New Family of High-Energy Compounds Based on s-Triazine, Carborane and Tetrazoles. Molecules 2022; 27:7484. [PMID: 36364313 PMCID: PMC9656522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of carborane-containing high-energy compounds was developed via the exploration of carbon-halogen bond functionalization strategies in commercially available 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine. The synthetic pathway first included the substitution of two chlorine atoms in s-triazine with 5-R-tetrazoles (R = H, Me, Et) units to form disubstituted tetrazolyl 1,3,5-triazines followed by the sequential substitution of the remaining chlorine atom in 1,3,5-triazine with carborane N- or S-nucleophiles. All new compounds were characterized by IR- and NMR spectroscopy. The structure of four new compounds was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The density functional theory method (DFT B3LYP/6-311 + G*) was used to study the geometrical structures, enthalpies of formation (EOFs), energetic properties and highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) energies and the detonation properties of synthesized compounds. The DFT calculation revealed compounds processing the maximum value of the detonation velocity or the maximum value of the detonation pressure. Theoretical terahertz frequencies for potential high-energy density materials (HEDMs) were computed, which allow the opportunity for the remote detection of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Makarenkov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Kiselev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G. Kononova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Peregudov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurii A. Borisov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina A. Ol’shevskaya
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Guodong W, Yucun L, Guoqing L, Suming J, Longyu L. Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Decomposition of a New Energetic Potassium Salt of dihydridobis(3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolyl) Borate. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200515093531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new energetic organic potassium salt of dihydridobis (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolyl) borate was synthesized from 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole and potassium borohydride at 110 °C, and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, 13C NMR and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction. Results show that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with space group of p21 / C and cell parameters of a = 10.335 (8) Å, B = 10.812 (8) Å, C = 9.821 (8) Å, α = 90 ˚, β = 106.470 (13), γ = 90 °, z = 4. Its crystal density is 1.755g/cm3. Thermal properties were studied with TG-DTA and DSC. There was only one sharp decomposition peak temperature of 270 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C/ min-1. The activation energies EK = 48.0kJ/mol-1 and EO = 49.8kJ/mol-1 were calculated by the Kissinger method and Ozawa method respectively (CCDC: 1975139).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Guodong
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Liu Yucun
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Liu Guoqing
- Shijiazhuang Campus, Army Engineering University of PLA, Shijiazhuang 050003, China
| | - Jing Suming
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Liao Longyu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
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Juknelevicius D, Alenfelt P, Ramanavicius A. The Performance of Red Flare Pyrotechnic Compositions Modified with Gas Generating Additives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominykas Juknelevicius
- Department of Physical ChemistryVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Per Alenfelt
- Department of Physical ChemistryVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- Hansson PyroTech AB Box 54 711 22 Lindesberg Sweden
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical ChemistryVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- NanoTechnas – Centre of NanoTechnology and Materials ScienceVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
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Glück J, Klapötke TM, Küblböck T. Fine‐Tuning: Advances in Chlorine‐Free Blue‐Light‐Generating Pyrotechnics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Glück
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Teresa Küblböck
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
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Glück J, Gospodinov I, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Metal Salts of 3,3′‐Diamino‐4,4′‐dinitramino‐5,5′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole in Pyrotechnic Compositions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Glück
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (D) 80539 München Germany
| | - Ivan Gospodinov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (D) 80539 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (D) 80539 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (D) 80539 München Germany
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Yin P, Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Dancing with Energetic Nitrogen Atoms: Versatile N-Functionalization Strategies for N-Heterocyclic Frameworks in High Energy Density Materials. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:4-16. [PMID: 26717271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich heterocycles represent a unique class of energetic frameworks featuring high heats of formation and high nitrogen content, which have generated considerable research interest in the field of high energy density materials (HEDMs). Although traditional C-functionalization methodology of aromatic hydrocarbons has been fully established, studies on N-functionalization strategies of nitrogen-containing heterocycles still have great potential to be exploited by virtue of forming diverse N-X bonds (X = C, N, O, B, halogen, etc.), which are capable of regulating energy performance and the stability of the resulting energetic compounds. In this sense, versatile N-functionalization of N-heterocyclic frameworks offers a flexible strategy to meet the requirements of developing new-generation HEDMs. In this Account, the role of strategic N-functionalization in designing new energetic frameworks, including the formation of N-C, N-N, N-O, N-B and N-halogen bonds, is emphasized. In the family of N-functionalized HEDMs, energetic derivatives, by virtue of forming N-C bonds, are the most widely used type due to the good nucleophilic capacity of most heterocyclic backbones. Although introduction of carbon tends to decrease energetic performance, significant improvement in material sensitivity makes this strategy attractive for safety concerns. More importantly, most "explosophores" can be readily introduced into the N-C linkage, thus providing a promising route to various HEDMs. Formation of additional N-N bonds typically gives rise to higher heats of formation, implying the potential enhancement in detonation performance. In many cases, the increased hydrogen bonding interactions within N-N functionalized heterocycles also improve thermal stability accordingly. Introduction of a single N,N'-azo bridge into several azole moieties leads to an extended nitrogen chain, demonstrating a new strategy for designing high-nitrogen compounds. The strategy of N-O functionalization has become an increasingly efficient tool for exploring new HEDMs with both high energy and low sensitivity. As a highly dense building block, introduction of oxygen not only improves density significantly but also gives rise to a better oxygen balance. Furthermore, the N-O functionalized strategy is highly suitable for a broad variety of N-heterocycles including five-membered azoles and six-membered azines. Newly explored N-halogen and N-B functionalization strategies have endowed the resulting HEDMs with some new energetic characteristics. Typical examples include the N-halogenated fused triazole and FOX-7 as potential hypergolic oxidizers with very short ignition delay times. In addition, some exploratory studies of N-B functionalized heterocycles have expanded energetic applications as hypergolic ionic liquids, green pyrotechnic colorants, and high-oxygen carriers. Overall, flexible N-functionalization methodologies involving different N-X bond formation have not only provided an efficient approach to diverse energetic ingredients but also expanded the application scope of energetic materials. Discussion and perspectives of N-functionalized protocols are given to summarize possible structure-property correlations, thus providing efficient guidelines for future design of new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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Juknelevicius D, Kubilius R, Ramanavicius A. Oxidizer Ratio and Oxygen Balance Influence on the Emission Spectra of Green‐Colored Pyrotechnic Flames. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominykas Juknelevicius
- Department of physical chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania http://www.chf.vu.lt/fizikines‐chemijos‐katedra/
| | - Rytis Kubilius
- Department of physical chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania http://www.chf.vu.lt/fizikines‐chemijos‐katedra/
- Pyrotechnics R&D Department, Blikas Ltd., Motorų st. 6, 02190 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of physical chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania http://www.chf.vu.lt/fizikines‐chemijos‐katedra/
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical and Technological Sciences, A. Goštauto st. 11, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania
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