Gallium Trihalide Catalyzed Sequential Addition of Two Different Carbon Nucleophiles to Esters by Using Silyl Cyanide and Ketene Silyl Acetals

Iridium-Catalyzed Reductive Allylation of Esters

The catalytic reductive transformation of carboxylic esters into α-branched ethers is described. The procedure pivots on the chemoselective iridium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of ester and lactone functionality to afford a silyl acetal intermediate. Upon treatment with a Lewis acid, these hemilabile intermediates dissociate to form reactive oxocarbenium ions, which can be intercepted by allyltributyltin nucleophiles, resulting in the formation of valuable α-branched alkyl-alkyl ether derivatives. This reductive allylation procedure was found to be amenable to a range of carboxylic ester starting materials, and good chemoselectivity for ethyl over tert-butyl esters was demonstrated. Furthermore, downstream synthetic manipulation of α-amino acid-derived products led to the efficient formation of pyrrolidine, piperidine, and azepane frameworks.