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Chen L, Quayle K, Smith ZM, Connell TU, Doeven EH, Hayne DJ, Adcock JL, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Pattuwage ML, Adamson NS, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble iridium(III) complexes containing a tetraethylene-glycol functionalised triazolylpyridine ligand. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342470. [PMID: 38637058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridium(III) complexes, exhibiting high luminescence quantum yields and a wide range of emission colours, are promising alternatives to tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) for chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. This emerging class of reagent, however, is limited by the poor solubility of many iridium(III) complexes in aqueous solution, and lack of understanding of their remarkably variable selectivities towards different analytes. RESULTS Seven [Ir(C^N)2(pt-TEG)]+ complexes, exhibiting a wide range of reduction potentials and emission energies, were examined with six model analytes. For CL, cerium(IV) was used as the oxidant. The alkylamine analytes generally produced greater CL and ECL with the more readily oxidised Ir(III) complexes (C^N = piq, bt, ppy), predominantly through the 'direct' pathway requiring oxidation of both metal complex and analyte. Aniline derivatives that did not also contain secondary or tertiary alkylamines elicited CL from the less readily oxidised complexes (C^N = df-ppy-CF3, df-ppy) via energy transfer. The most difficult to oxidise complexes (C^N = df(CF3)-ppy-Me, df(CN)-ppy) gave poor responses due to the limited potential window of the solvent and inefficiency of energy transfer to their high energy excited states. Greater CL and/or ECL intensities were generally obtained for each analyte with at least one Ir(III) complex than with [Ru(bpy)3]2+; superior limits of detection for two analytes were demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE This exploration of CL/ECL in which the properties of luminophore, analyte and oxidant are all varied provides a new understanding of the influence of the metal-complex potentials and excited state energy on the light-producing and quenching pathways, and consequently, their distinct selectivity towards different analytes. These findings will guide the development of water-soluble Ir(III) complexes as CL and ECL reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Kim Quayle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Michael L Pattuwage
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Natasha S Adamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
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Doeven EH, Connell TU, Sinha N, Wenger OS, Francis PS. Electrochemiluminescence of a First-Row d 6 Transition Metal Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319047. [PMID: 38519420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of a 3d6 Cr(0) complex ([Cr(LMes)3]; λem=735 nm) with comparable photophysical properties to those of ECL-active complexes of 4d6 or 5d6 precious metal ions. The electrochemical potentials of [Cr(LMes)3] are more negative than those of [Ir(ppy)3] and render the [Cr(LMes)3]* excited state inaccessible through conventional co-reactant ECL with tri-n-propylamine or oxalate. ECL can be obtained, however, through the annihilation route in which potentials sufficient to oxidise and reduce the luminophore are alternately applied. When combined with [Ir(ppy)3] (λem=520 nm), the annihilation ECL of [Cr(LMes)3] was greatly enhanced whereas that of [Ir(ppy)3] was diminished. Under appropriate conditions, the relative intensities of the two spectrally distinct emissions can be controlled through the applied potentials. From this starting point for ECL with 3d6 metal complexes, we discuss some directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi Kamand, Mandi, 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
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3
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Abbasi R, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Optimization and miniaturization of SE-ECL for potential-resolved, multi-color, multi-analyte detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116322. [PMID: 38678789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a bioanalytical technique with numerous advantages, including the potential for high temporal and spatial resolution, a high signal-to-noise ratio, a broad dynamic range, and rapid measurement capabilities. To reduce the complexity of a multi-electrode approach, we use a single-electrode electrochemiluminescence (SE-ECL) configuration to achieve the simultaneous emission and detection of multiple colors for applications that require multiplexed detection of several analytes. This method exploits intrinsic differences in the electric potential applied along single electrodes built into electrochemical cells, enabling the achievement of distinct colors through selective excitation of ECL luminophores. We present results on the optimization of SE-ECL intensity for different channel lengths and widths, with sum intensities being 5 times larger for 6 cm vs. 2 cm channels and linearly increasing with the width of the channels. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that applying Alternating Current (AC) voltage within the single electrode setup for driving the ECL reactions has a dramatic effect on the emitted light intensity, with square waveforms resulting in higher intensities vs sine waveforms. Additionally, multiplexed multicolor SE-ECL on a 6.5 mm × 3.6 mm CMOS semiconductor image sensor was demonstrated for the first time, with the ability to simultaneously distinguish four different colors, leading to the ability to measure multiple analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abbasi
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Jia YL, Xu CH, Li XQ, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Visual analysis of Alzheimer disease biomarker via low-potential driven bipolar electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340980. [PMID: 36925305 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing a simple, economical, and accurate diagnostic method has positive practical significance for the early prevention and intervention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, combining a closed bipolar electrode (BPE) chip with multicolor electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging technology, we constructed a low-voltage driven portable visualized ECL device for the early screening of AD. By introducing parallel resistance, the total resistance of the circuit was greatly reduced. A classical mixture of Ir(ppy)3 and Ru(bpy)32+ was used as multicolor emitters of the anode with TPrA as the co-reactant. Capture of amyloid-β (Aβ) through antigen-antibody recognition, and signal amplification by electroactive covalent organic frameworks (COF) probe at the cathode of BPE caused the significantly increased faradaic current. The electrical balance of the BPE system resulted in the change of the emission color from green to red at the anode. The ECL-BPE sensor shows good reproducibility and high sensitivity with detection limit of 1 pM by naked eye. The driving voltage is 3.0 V, which means the chip could be driven by two fifth batteries. The visualized ECL-BPE sensor provides a promising point-of-care testing (POCT) tool for the screening of Alzheimer's-related diseases in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cong-Hui Xu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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5
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Tao Q, Tang N, OuYang S, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Xiong X. Rapid Visual Screening of OTA Based on Multicolor Electrochemiluminescence. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Dong J, Ding Y, Zhou Y. Synthesis and comparison study of electrochemiluminescence from mononuclear and corresponding heterodinuclear Ir-Ru complexes via an amide bond as a bridge. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15031-15039. [PMID: 36112029 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mononuclear iridium-based complex with a primary amine group (named Ir-NH2), a mononuclear ruthenium-based complex with a butanoic acid group (named Ru-COOH) and the corresponding heterodinuclear complex containing an iridium and ruthenium center via an amide bond bridge (named Ir-Ru) were designed and successfully synthesized in this study. The photophysical and electrochemical properties and ECL performances of these three metal complexes under various experimental conditions were well characterized. For the first time, the insights from this comprehensive comparison study indicate that the two metal-based subunits with comparable luminescent properties are significant in the design of bimetallic-based multicolor luminophores at the molecular level, which helps us to further understand the emission performances of bimetallic complexes and to rationally design more efficient corresponding organometallic luminophores with multicolor emission for wide applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Dong
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Yangming Ding
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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7
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Bürgin TH, Glaser F, Wenger OS. Shedding Light on the Oxidizing Properties of Spin-Flip Excited States in a Cr III Polypyridine Complex and Their Use in Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14181-14194. [PMID: 35913126 PMCID: PMC9376921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The photoredox activity of well-known RuII complexes
stems from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states,
in which a ligand-based electron can initiate chemical reductions
and a metal-centered hole can trigger oxidations. CrIII polypyridines show similar photoredox properties, although they
have fundamentally different electronic structures. Their photoactive
excited state is of spin-flip nature, differing from the electronic
ground state merely by a change of one electron spin, but with otherwise
identical d-orbital occupancy. We find that the driving-force dependence
for photoinduced electron transfer from 10 different donors to a spin-flip
excited state of a CrIII complex is very similar to that
for a RuII polypyridine, and thereby validate the concept
of estimating the redox potential of d3 spin-flip excited
states in analogous manner as for the MLCT states of d6 compounds. Building on this insight, we use our CrIII complex for photocatalytic reactions not previously explored with
this compound class, including the aerobic bromination of methoxyaryls,
oxygenation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethylene, aerobic hydroxylation
of arylboronic acids, and the vinylation of N-phenyl
pyrrolidine. This work contributes to understanding the fundamental
photochemical properties of first-row transition-metal complexes in
comparison to well-explored precious-metal-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Bürgin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Kerr E, Hayne DJ, Soulsby LC, Bawden JC, Blom SJ, Doeven EH, Henderson LC, Hogan CF, Francis PS. A redox-mediator pathway for enhanced multi-colour electrochemiluminescence in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:469-477. [PMID: 35126979 PMCID: PMC8729815 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic and most widely used co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and tri-n-propylamine is enhanced by an order of magnitude by fac-[Ir(sppy)3]3- (where sppy = 5'-sulfo-2-phenylpyridinato-C 2,N), through a novel 'redox mediator' pathway. Moreover, the concomitant green emission of [Ir(sppy)3]3-* enables internal standardisation of the co-reactant ECL of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. This can be applied using a digital camera as the photodetector by exploiting the ratio of R and B values of the RGB colour data, providing superior sensitivity and precision for the development of low-cost, portable ECL-based analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Steven J Blom
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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9
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Yang L, Du Y, Fan D, Zhang Y, Kuang X, Sun X, Wei Q. Facile Encapsulation of Iridium(III) Complexes in Apoferritin Nanocages as Promising Electrochemiluminescence Nanodots for Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11329-11336. [PMID: 34342421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A class of water-soluble electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanodots were prepared by encapsulating ECL-active iridium complexes into biocompatible horse spleen apoferritin (apoHSF) nanocages for immunoassays. The preparation feasibility was achieved based on the pH-induced disassembly/reassembly nature originated from apoHSF. Two iridium nanodots (1 and 2) with high ECL efficiency were separately prepared by directing the self-assembly of two water-insoluble luminescent complexes, Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) and Ir(ppy)2(acac) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and acac = acetylacetonate), in the apoHSF cavity. Using tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant, the electrochemistry and "oxidative-reductive" ECL mechanisms for nanodots 1 and 2 were investigated, respectively. After demonstrating the spectroscopic property and relative ECL efficiency, the ECL emission of nanodots 1 and 2 quenched by TPrA• radicals at high potential was further studied and circumvented by optimizing the potential range and TPrA concentration for generating strong and stable ECL emission in aqueous media. The well-inherited biological functions of apoHSF in nanodots allow the convenient external modification of an antibody to act as a signal probe, thus a versatile ECL immunoassay paradigm was established. Acceptable results from this assay enabled the rapid and accurate detection of biomarkers in real samples. The unprecedented use of apoHSF is feasible and applicable for water-insoluble iridium complexes to fabricate a wide variety of biocompatible ECL nanodots for potential bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection of Shandong Province, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection of Shandong Province, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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10
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Adamson NS, Theakstone AG, Soulsby LC, Doeven EH, Kerr E, Hogan CF, Francis PS, Dennany L. Emission from the working and counter electrodes under co-reactant electrochemiluminescence conditions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9770-9777. [PMID: 34349950 PMCID: PMC8293983 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new approach to explore the potential-dependent multi-colour co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from multiple luminophores. The potentials at both the working and counter electrodes, the current between these electrodes, and the emission over cyclic voltammetric scans were simultaneously measured for the ECL reaction of Ir(ppy)3 and either [Ru(bpy)3]2+ or [Ir(df-ppy)2(ptb)]+, with tri-n-propylamine as the co-reactant. The counter electrode potential was monitored by adding a differential electrometer module to the potentiostat. Plotting the data against the applied working electrode potential and against time provided complementary depictions of their relationships. Photographs of the ECL at the surface of the two electrodes were taken to confirm the source of the emissions. This provided a new understanding of these multifaceted ECL systems, including the nature of the counter electrode potential and the possibility of eliciting ECL at this electrode, a mechanism-based rationalisation of the interactions of different metal-complex luminophores, and a previously unknown ECL pathway for the Ir(ppy)3 complex at negative potentials that was observed even in the absence of the co-reactant. Exploration of potential-dependent, multi-colour co-reactant electrochemiluminescence from multiple luminophores at the working and counter electrodes reveals new pathways to emission.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Adamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Ashton G Theakstone
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia .,Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD UK
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11
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Guo W, Zhou P, Sun L, Ding H, Su B. Microtube Electrodes for Imaging the Electrochemiluminescence Layer and Deciphering the Reaction Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2089-2093. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Guo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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12
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Guo W, Zhou P, Sun L, Ding H, Su B. Microtube Electrodes for Imaging the Electrochemiluminescence Layer and Deciphering the Reaction Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Guo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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13
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Newman B, Chen L, Henderson LC, Doeven EH, Francis PS, Hayne DJ. Water-Soluble Iridium(III) Complexes Containing Tetraethylene-Glycol-Derivatized Bipyridine Ligands for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection. Front Chem 2020; 8:583631. [PMID: 33195075 PMCID: PMC7593781 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.583631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes containing a 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) ligand with one or two tetraethylene glycol (TEG) groups attached in the 4 or 4,4′ positions were synthesized to create new water-soluble electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores bearing a convenient point of attachment for the development of ECL-labels. The novel TEG-derivatized bipyridines were incorporated into [Ir(C∧N)2(R-bpy-R′)]Cl complexes, where C∧N = 2-phenylpyridine anion (ppy) or 2-phenylbenzo[d]thiazole anion (bt), through reaction with commercially available ([Ir(C∧N)2(μ-Cl)]2 dimers. The novel [Ir(C∧N)2(Me-bpy-TEG)]Cl and [Ir(C∧N)2(TEG-bpy-TEG)]Cl complexes in aqueous solution largely retained the redox potentials and emission spectra of the parent [Ir(C∧N)2(Me-bpy-Me)]PF6 (where Me-bpy-Me = 4,4′methyl-2,2′-bipyridine) luminophores in acetonitrile, and exhibited ECL intensities similar to those of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the analogous [Ir(C∧N)2(pt-TEG]Cl complexes (where pt-TEG = 1-(TEG)-4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole). These complexes can be readily adapted for bioconjugation and considering the spectral distributions of [Ir(ppy)2(Me-bpy-TEG)]+ and [Ir(ppy)2(pt-TEG)]+, show a viable strategy to create ECL-labels with different emission colors from the same commercial [Ir(ppy)2(μ-Cl)]2 precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Newman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Center for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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14
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Gutiérrez L, Mondal SS, Bucci A, Kandoth N, Escudero-Adán EC, Shafir A, Lloret-Fillol J. Crystal-to-Crystal Synthesis of Photocatalytic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Visible-Light Reductive Coupling and Mechanistic Investigations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3418-3428. [PMID: 32351031 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Postmodification of reticular materials with well-defined catalysts is an appealing approach to produce new catalytic functional materials with improved stability and recyclability, but also to study catalysis in confined spaces. A promising strategy to this end is the postfunctionalization of crystalline and robust metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to exploit the potential of crystal-to-crystal transformations for further characterization of the catalysts. In this regard, two new photocatalytic materials, MOF-520-PC1 and MOF-520-PC2, are straightforwardly obtained by the postfunctionalization of MOF-520 with perylene-3-carboxylic acid (PC1) and perylene-3-butyric acid (PC2). The single crystal-to-crystal transformation yielded the X-ray diffraction structure of catalytic MOF-520-PC2. The well-defined disposition of the perylenes inside the MOF served as suitable model systems to gain insights into the photophysical properties and mechanism by combining steady-state, time-resolved, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The resulting materials are active organophotoredox catalysts in the reductive dimerization of aromatic aldehydes, benzophenones, and imines under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, MOF-520-PC2 can be applied for synthesizing gram-scale quantities of products in continuous-flow conditions under steady-state light irradiation. This work provides an alternative approach for the construction of well-defined, metal-free, MOF-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gutiérrez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Païos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Suvendu Sekhar Mondal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Païos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alberto Bucci
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Païos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Noufal Kandoth
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Païos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eduardo C Escudero-Adán
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Païos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Païos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Mei L, Veleta JM, Gianetti TL. Helical Carbenium Ion: A Versatile Organic Photoredox Catalyst for Red-Light-Mediated Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12056-12061. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyong Mei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - José M. Veleta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L. Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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16
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Ma Q. Recent Advances in Visual Electrochemiluminescence Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Soulsby LC, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Pham TT, Connell TU, Driscoll AJ, Henderson LC, Francis PS. Co‐Reactant and Annihilation Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of [Ir(df‐ppy)
2
(ptb)]
+
Derivatives. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P.R. China
| | - Tien T. Pham
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: RMIT University Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Driscoll
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
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18
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Hayne DJ, Mohapatra S, Bawden JC, Adcock JL, Barbante GJ, Doeven EH, Fraser CL, Connell TU, White JM, Henderson LC, Francis PS. Catalyst Luminescence Exploited as an Inherent In Situ Probe of Photoredox Catalysis. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Sudip Mohapatra
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Central University of South Bihar Gaya 824236 India
| | - Joseph C. Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Gregory J. Barbante
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
- Land Division Defence Science and Technology Group Fishermans Bend, Melbourne Victoria 3207 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Catherine L. Fraser
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
- School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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19
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Connell TU, Fraser CL, Czyz ML, Smith ZM, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Adcock JL, Scully AD, Gómez DE, Barnett NW, Polyzos A, Francis PS. The Tandem Photoredox Catalysis Mechanism of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+ Enabling Access to Energy Demanding Organic Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17646-17658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine L. Fraser
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Milena L. Czyz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zoe M. Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | | | - Daniel E. Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Neil W. Barnett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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20
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Preiß S, Päpcke A, Burkhardt L, Großmann L, Lochbrunner S, Bauer M, Opatz T, Heinze K. Gold(II) Porphyrins in Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:5940-5949. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Preiß
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ayla Päpcke
- Institute of Physics and Department of Life, Light, and MatterUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Lukas Burkhardt
- Department Chemie and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Luca Großmann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute of Physics and Department of Life, Light, and MatterUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department Chemie and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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21
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Quan LM, Stringer BD, Haghighatbin MA, Agugiaro J, Barbante GJ, Wilson DJD, Hogan CF, Barnard PJ. Tuning the electrochemiluminescent properties of iridium complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:653-663. [PMID: 30542690 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04433c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of five heteroleptic Ir(iii) complexes of the general form Ir(dfppy)2(C^C) have been prepared (where dfppy represents 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine and C^C represents a bidentate cyclometalated phenyl substituted imidazolylidene ligand). The cyclometalated phenyl ring of the imidazolylidene ligand was either unsubstituted or substituted with electron donating (OMe and Me) or electron withdrawing (Cl and F) groups in the 2 and 4 positions. The synthesised Ir(iii) complexes have been characterised by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy. The molecular structures for four Ir(iii) complexes were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Each of the Ir(iii) complexes exhibited intense photoluminescence in acetonitrile solution at room temperature with quantum yields (ΦPL) ranging from 58% to 86%. Cyclic voltammetry experiments revealed one oxidation process (formally ascribed to the metal centre), and two ligand-based reductions for each complex. Complexes 1-5 gave moderate to intense annihilation and co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Consideration of the electrochemical, spectroscopic and theoretical investigations provide insights into the electrochemiluminescence behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh M Quan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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22
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Theakstone AG, Doeven EH, Conlan XA, Dennany L, Francis PS. ‘Cathodic’ electrochemiluminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and tri-n-propylamine confirmed as emission at the counter electrode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7081-7084. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring emission and potentials at both the working and counter electrodes provides new insight into a proposed cathodic electrochemiluminescence system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Deakin University
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
| | - Xavier A. Conlan
- Deakin University
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
| | - Paul S. Francis
- Deakin University
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
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23
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Guo W, Ding H, Gu C, Liu Y, Jiang X, Su B, Shao Y. Potential-Resolved Multicolor Electrochemiluminescence for Multiplex Immunoassay in a Single Sample. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15904-15915. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Guo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaoyue Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanhuan Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuecheng Jiang
- Hangzhou Genesea Biotechnology Limited Company, Hangzhou 315000, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Connell TU, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Donnelly PS, White JM, Francis PS. Mixed annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence of iridium(iii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18995-19006. [PMID: 29971279 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported annihilation ECL of mixtures of metal complexes have generally comprised Ir(ppy)3 or a close analogue as a higher energy donor/emitter (green/blue light) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ or its derivative as a lower energy acceptor/emitter (red light). In contrast, here we examine Ir(ppy)3 as the lower energy acceptor/emitter, by combining it with a second Ir(iii) complex: [Ir(df-ppy)2(ptb)]+ (where ptb = 1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylpyridine). The application of potentials sufficient to attain the first single-electron oxidation and reduction products can be exploited to detect Ir(ppy)3 at orders of magnitude lower concentration, or enhance its maximum emission intensity at high concentration far beyond that achievable through conventional annihilation ECL of Ir(ppy)3 involving comproportionation. Moreover, under certain conditions, the colour of the emission can be selected through the applied electrochemical potentials. We have also prepared a novel Ir(iii) complex with a sufficiently low reduction potential that the reaction between its reduced form and Ir(ppy)3+ cannot populate the excited state of either luminophore. This enabled, for the first time, the exclusive formation of either excited state through the application of higher cathodic or anodic potentials, but in both cases, the ECL was greatly diminished by parasitic dark reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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25
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26
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Wang N, Feng Y, Wang Y, Ju H, Yan F. Electrochemiluminescent Imaging for Multi-immunoassay Sensitized by Dual DNA Amplification of Polymer Dot Signal. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7708-7714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yaqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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27
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Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Francis PS. Electrochemically, Spectrally, and Spatially Resolved Annihilation‐Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Mixed‐Metal Complexes at Working and Counter Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Emily Kerr
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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28
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Zhou Y, Kong L, Xie K, Liu C. Heteroleptic iridium(III) complex with N -heterocyclic carbene ligand: Synthesis, photophysics, theoretical calculations and electrochemiluminescence. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Wang YZ, Xu CH, Zhao W, Guan QY, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Bipolar Electrode Based Multicolor Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8050-8056. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cong-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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30
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Zhou Y, Xie K, Leng R, Kong L, Liu C, Zhang Q, Wang X. Highly efficient electrochemiluminescence labels comprising iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:355-363. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient iridium ECL labels exhibiting various emission colors have been developed. Importantly, BSA labeled with the novel iridium labels displays much more intense ECL than the same amount labeled by a traditional ruthenium label in ProCell buffer solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Kai Xie
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Ruimei Leng
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Lingyan Kong
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Chengbao Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
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31
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Valenti G, Fiorani A, Li H, Sojic N, Paolucci F. Essential Role of Electrode Materials in Electrochemiluminescence Applications. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Haidong Li
- University of Bordeaux; INP Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; INP Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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Kapturkiewicz A. Cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates-a new exceptional class of the electrochemiluminescent luminophores. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7013-33. [PMID: 27255104 PMCID: PMC5025512 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of the phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates has enabled, due to their advantageous electrochemical and photo-physical properties, important breakthroughs in many photonic applications. This particular class of 5d(6) ion complexes has attracted increasing interest because of their potential application in electroluminescence devices with a nearly 100 % internal quantum efficiency for the conversion of electric energy to photons. Similar to electroluminescence, the cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates have been successfully applied in the electricity-to-light conversion by means of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. The already reported ECL systems utilizing the title compounds exhibit extremely large ECL efficiencies that allow one to envisage many potential application for them, especially in further development of ECL-based analytical techniques. This review, based on recently published papers, focuses on the ECL properties of this very exciting class of organometallic luminophores. The reported work, describing results from fundamental as well as application-oriented investigations, will be surveyed and briefly discussed. Graphical abstract Depending on the chemical nature of the cyclometalated irdium(III) chelate different colours of the emitted light can be produced during electrochemical excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kapturkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
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Jimenez-Ruiz A, Grueso E, Perez-Tejeda P, Muriel-Delgado F, Torres-Marquez C. Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) [Ru(bpy)3]2+/PAMAM dendrimer reactions: coreactant effect and 5-fluorouracil/dendrimer complex formation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7213-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kerr E, Doeven EH, Barbante GJ, Hogan CF, Hayne DJ, Donnelly PS, Francis PS. New perspectives on the annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence of mixed metal complexes in solution. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5271-5279. [PMID: 30155177 PMCID: PMC6020550 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary explorations of the annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of mixed metal complexes have revealed opportunities to enhance emission intensities and control the relative intensities from multiple luminophores through the applied potentials. However, the mechanisms of these systems are only poorly understood. Herein, we present a comprehensive characterisation of the annihilation ECL of mixtures of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) hexafluorophosphate ([Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2) and fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(iii) ([Ir(ppy)3]). This includes a detailed investigation of the change in emission intensity from each luminophore as a function of both the applied electrochemical potentials and the relative concentrations of the two complexes, and a direct comparison with two mixed (Ru/Ir) ECL systems for which emission from only the ruthenium-complex was previously reported. Concomitant emission from both luminophores was observed in all three systems, but only when: (1) the applied potentials were sufficient to generate the intermediates required to form the electronically excited state of both complexes; and (2) the concentration of the iridium complex (relative to the ruthenium complex) was sufficient to overcome quenching processes. Both enhancement and quenching of the ECL of the ruthenium complex was observed, depending on the experimental conditions. The observations were rationalised through several complementary mechanisms, including resonance energy transfer and various energetically favourable electron-transfer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
| | - Gregory J Barbante
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
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Bandyopadhyay S, Métivier R, Pallavi P, Preis E, Nakatani K, Landfester K, Patra A, Scherf U. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticle-Triplet Emitter Hybrids in Aqueous Dispersion: Fabrication and Fluorescence Quenching Behavior. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:271-7. [PMID: 26663576 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles based on poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene] and poly[N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-N,N-diphenylamine)-4,4'-diyl] are fabricated using anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulphate in water by miniemulsion technique. Average diameters of polyfluorene and polytriarylamine nanoparticles range from 70 to 100 and 100 to 140 nm, respectively. The surface of the nanoparticles is decorated with triplet emitting dye, tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride. Intriguing photophysics of aqueous dispersions of these hybrid nanoparticles is investigated. Nearly 50% quenching of fluorescence is observed in the case of dye-coated polyfluorene nanoparticles; excitation energy transfer is found to be the dominant quenching mechanism. On the other hand, nearly complete quenching of emission is noticed in polytriarylamine nanoparticle-dye hybrids. It is proposed that the excited state electron transfer from the electron-rich polytriarylamine donor polymer to Ru complex leads to the complete quenching of emission of polytriarylamine nanoparticles. The current study offers promising avenues for developing aqueous solution processed-electroluminescent devices involving a conjugated polymer nanoparticle host and Ru or Ir-based triplet emitting dye as the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, UniverSud, 61 av President Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Pragyan Pallavi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Eduard Preis
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Bergische University Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Keitaro Nakatani
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, UniverSud, 61 av President Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Bergische University Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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Kerr E, Doeven EH, Wilson DJD, Hogan CF, Francis PS. Considering the chemical energy requirements of the tri-n-propylamine co-reactant pathways for the judicious design of new electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection systems. Analyst 2015; 141:62-9. [PMID: 26525583 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of a 'co-reactant' was a critical step in the evolution of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) from a laboratory curiosity to a widely utilised detection system. In conjunction with a suitable electrochemiluminophore, the co-reactant enables generation of both the oxidised and reduced precursors to the emitting species at a single electrode potential, under the aqueous conditions required for most analytical applications. The most commonly used co-reactant is tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), which was developed for the classic tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ECL reagent. New electrochemiluminophores such as cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are also evaluated with this co-reactant. However, attaining the excited states in these systems can require much greater energy than that of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), which has implications for the co-reactant reaction pathways. In this tutorial review, we describe a simple graphical approach to characterise the energetically feasible ECL pathways with TPrA, as a useful tool for the development of new ECL detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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Gao H, Xia S, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Wang W, An Z, Qi H. Efficient green electrogenerated chemiluminescence from cyclometalated iridium(III) complex. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Swanick KN, Sandroni M, Ding Z, Zysman-Colman E. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence from a Stoichiometric Ruthenium(II)-Iridium(III) Complex Soft Salt. Chemistry 2015; 21:7435-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Doeven EH, Barbante GJ, Hogan CF, Francis PS. Potential-Resolved Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence for the Selective Detection of Multiple Luminophores. Chempluschem 2015; 80:456-470. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Barbante GJ, Doeven EH, Francis PS, Stringer BD, Hogan CF, Kheradmand PR, Wilson DJD, Barnard PJ. Iridium(iii) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: an experimental and theoretical study of structural, spectroscopic, electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence properties. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8564-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical and experimental studies of a series of iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Barbante
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Built Environment
- Deakin University
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Built Environment
- Deakin University
| | - Paul S. Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Built Environment
- Deakin University
| | - Bradley D. Stringer
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Peyman R. Kheradmand
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Peter J. Barnard
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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Kebede N, Francis PS, Barbante GJ, Hogan CF. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2,2′ bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) using common biological buffers as co-reactant, pH buffer and supporting electrolyte. Analyst 2015; 140:7142-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of aliphatic tertiary amines commonly used to buffer the pH in biological experiments, were examined as alternative, non-toxic co-reactants for electrogenerated chemiluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Kebede
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Built Environment
- Deakin University
| | - Gregory J. Barbante
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Built Environment
- Deakin University
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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