1
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Brotsman VA, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations in Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR) Isomers of Fullerene C 86 to Non-IPR Chloro- and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:548-553. [PMID: 38103016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene C86 contains two isomers obeying the Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR), CS-C86(16) and C2-C86(17). Both isomers undergo unprecedented skeletal transformations at high-temperature (400 °C) chlorination with SbCl5. One-step Stone-Wales rearrangement (SWR) in C86(17) results in the pentagon-fused #63614C86 cage found in the structure of #63614C86Cl24. CF3 derivatives with the same cage, two isomers of #63614C86(CF3)18 and #63614C86(CF3)18O2, were obtained by high-temperature trifluoromethylation of the chlorination products with CF3I, followed by HPLC separation. The skeletal transformation of C86(16) proceeds via two SWRs under the formation of a #63624C86 cage with one fused-pentagon pair found in the structure of #63624C86(CF3)18. The addition patterns in skeletally transformed molecules are discussed in detail, disclosing the influence of the pentagon fusions, isolated C=C bonds, and benzenoid rings on the stability of the molecules with non-IPR C86 cages. The chlorination-promoted SWRs in C86 isomers have been observed for the first time, which contribute a lot to the understanding of skeletal transformations in fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Tamm NB, Guan R, Yang S, Troyanov SI. New Isolated‐Pentagon‐Rule Isomers of Fullerene C
96
Captured as Chloro Derivatives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) 230026 Hefei China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) 230026 Hefei China
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
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3
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Yang MC, Su MD. A Theoretical Study on the Stability of PtL 2 Complexes of Endohedral Fullerenes: The Influence of Encapsulated Ions, Cage Sizes, and Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3105-3113. [PMID: 31459530 PMCID: PMC6649168 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes possessing three kinds of encapsulated ions (X = F-, Ø, Li+), three various ligands (L = CO, PPh3, NHCMe), and twelve cage sizes (C60, C70, C72, C74, C76, C78, C80, C84, C86, C90, C96, C100) are theoretically examined by using the density functional theory (M06/LANL2DZ). The present computational results demonstrate that the backward-bonding orbital interactions, rather than the forward-bonding orbital interactions, play a dominant role in the stability of {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes. Additionally, our theoretical study shows that the presence of the encapsulated Li+ ion can greatly improve the stability of {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes, whereas the existence of the encapsulated F- ion can heavily reduce the stability of {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes. Moreover, the theoretical evidence strongly suggests that the backward-bonding orbital interactions as well as the stability increase in the order {η2-(X@C n )}Pt(CO)2 < {η2-(X@C n )}Pt(PPh3)2 < {η2-(X@C n )}Pt(NHCMe)2. As a result, these theoretical observations can provide experimental chemists a promising synthetic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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4
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Wang SY, Hu J, Zhang JR, Lin J, Song XN, Ma Y. Theoretical studies on structures and spectral properties for two C 86 isomers and their chlorinated derivatives. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1524937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lin
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Neng Song
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ma
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Weis P, Hennrich F, Fischer R, Schneider EK, Neumaier M, Kappes MM. Probing the structure of giant fullerenes by high resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18877-18892. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present high-resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) measurements for fullerene ions in molecular nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Regina Fischer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Marco Neumaier
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology
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6
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Mazaleva ON, Ioffe IN, Jin F, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Variable Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations in Fullerenes: The Case of C 102. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:4222-4225. [PMID: 29140687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first example of three alternative chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation pathways in the same fullerene cage is presented. Isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) C102(19) undergoes both Stone-Wales rotations to give non-IPR #283794C102Cl20 and C2 losses to form nonclassical C98 and non-IPR C96. X-ray structural characterization of the transformation products and a theoretical study of their formation pathways are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Mazaleva
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry , Humboldt University of Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
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7
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Jin F, Yang S, Troyanov SI. New Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Isomers of Fullerene C 98 Captured as Chloro Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4780-4783. [PMID: 28414221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene C98 possesses 259 isomers obeying the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), from which two, nos. 116 and 248, have been confirmed earlier as chloro derivatives. High-temperature chlorination of C98-containing mixtures afforded crystals of several chloro derivatives, and their structure elucidation by X-ray crystallography revealed the presence of new isomers, nos. 107, 109, and 120, in the fullerene soot. Evidence for an isomer of no. 111 is also presented. In addition, a new chloride of the known isomer 248 has been isolated and structurally studied. The chlorination patterns of the chlorides are discussed in terms of the formation of isolated C═C bonds and aromatic substructures on the fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Jin F, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Skeletal Transformation of a Classical Fullerene C 88 into a Nonclassical Fullerene Chloride C 84Cl 30 Bearing Quaternary Sequentially Fused Pentagons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4651-4654. [PMID: 28335594 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A classical fullerene is composed of hexagons and pentagons only, and its stability is generally determined by the Isolated-Pentagon-Rule (IPR). Herein, high-temperature chlorination of a mixture containing a classical IPR-obeying fullerene C88 resulted in isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of non-IPR, nonclassical (NC) fullerene chloride C84(NC2)Cl30 (1) containing two heptagons. The carbon cage in C84(NC2)Cl30 contains 14 pentagons, 12 of which form two pairs of fused pentagons and two groups of quaternary sequentially fused pentagons, which have never been observed in reported carbon cages. All 30 Cl atoms form an unprecedented single chain of ortho attachments on the C84 cage. A reconstruction of the pathway of the chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation revealed that the previously unknown IPR isomer C88(3) is converted into 1 by two losses of C2 fragments followed by two Stone-Wales rearrangements, resulting in the formation of very stable chloride with rather short C-Cl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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9
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Jin F, Yang S, Fritz MA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chloro Derivatives of Isomers of a Giant Fullerene C 104 : C 104 (234)Cl 16/18 , C 104 (812)Cl 12/24 , and C 104 (811)Cl 28. Chemistry 2017; 23:4761-4764. [PMID: 28252251 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of a giant fullerene, C104 , has been extended by the synthesis and structural study of several chloro derivatives of three isolated pentagon rule (IPR) isomers of C104 nos. 234, 812, and 811. In the structure of C104 (234)Cl16/18 , two molecules with 16 and 18 attached Cl atoms occupy the same crystallographic site with an occupancy ratio of 61/39. The structures of C104 (812)Cl12 and C104 (812)Cl24 demonstrate substructure relationships of their chlorination patterns with single and double Cl attachments to 12 cage pentagons. The structure of C104 (811)Cl28 is compared with the known C104 (811)Cl24 thus revealing dramatic changes in the chlorination pattern, which occur with relatively small increases in the degree of chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Maria A Fritz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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10
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Tamm NB, Troyanov SI. New Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Isomer of C92 Isolated as Trifluoromethyl and Chlorido Derivatives: C92(38)(CF3)14/16 and C92(38)Cl20/22. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10527-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Yang S, Wei T, Scheurell K, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal-Cage Transformations of C88Fullerene by C2Losses and a CC Bond Rotation. Chemistry 2015; 21:15138-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Tamm NB, Yang S, Wei T, Troyanov SI. Five Isolated Pentagon Rule Isomers of Higher Fullerene C94 Captured as Chlorides and CF3 Derivatives: C94(34)Cl14, C94(61)Cl20, C94(133)Cl22, C94(42)(CF3)16, and C94(43)(CF3)18. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2494-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic503118t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Wei T, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Two Successive C2Losses from C86Fullerene upon Chlorination with the Formation of Non-classical C84Cl30and C82Cl30. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:559-62. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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