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He J, Li M, Zhang W, Zhao X. Stabilities, Geometries, Electronic Structures, and Conversion Rules of Carbide Cluster Metallofullerenes. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200148. [PMID: 35914902 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first carbide cluster metallofullerene (CCMF) Sc2 C2 @C84 in 2001, CCMFs have attracted great concerns with variable structures and fascinating characteristics. To date, there are hundreds of studies on CCMFs. Crystallography studies on CCMFs are carried out by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Theoretical calculations can also be used to study CCMFs in detail without being limited by low experimental yields. This review analyzes the stability of CCMFs reported previously, and indicates that the C2 unit contributes a lot to their stability. At the same time, the relationship between the structures of inner carbide cluster and cage size is systematically discussed, and the four-electron transfer always occurs. Furthermore, the possible transformation rule between di-EMFs and CCMFs is indicated. Finally, an outlook regarding the future developments and applications of CCMFs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Jin P, Li Y, Magagula S, Chen Z. Exohedral functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes: Interplay between inside and outside. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Wu B, Wang T, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Wang C. A temperature-responsive C2 wagging vibration in Sc2C2@Cs-C82. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:775-777. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A special temperature-dependent C2 wagging vibration at 225 cm−1 in Sc2C2@Cs-C82 is described by Raman spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
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Bao L, Chen M, Shen W, Yang L, Jin P, Lu X. Lewis Acid-Base Adducts of Sc 2C 2@C 3v(8)-C 82/N-Heterocyclic Carbene: Toward Isomerically Pure Metallofullerene Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14747-14750. [PMID: 29210578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The addition of a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to Sc2C2@C3v(8)-C82 affords two monoadducts (2a and 2b) quantitatively and regioselectively, representing the first examples of Lewis acid-base pairs of metal carbide cluster fullerenes. 2b is likely a kinetically favorable labile product that cannot be isolated from the solution. The crystallographic results of 2a unambiguously demonstrate that one polarized C-C single bond is formed between the normal carbene site C2N of the NHC and a specific [5,6,6]-carbon atom out of 17 types of nonequivalent cage carbon atoms of Sc2C2@C3v(8)-C82. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the high regioselectivity, the unexpected addition pattern, and the quantitative formation of monoadducts are synergistic results from the cage geometry and electron distribution on the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhao P, Zhao X, Ehara M. Regioselectivity of Sc2C2@C3v(8)-C82: Role of the Sumanene-Type Hexagon in Diels–Alder Reaction. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8169-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chen CH, Ghiassi KB, Cerón MR, Guerrero-Ayala MA, Echegoyen L, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Beyond the Butterfly: Sc2C2@C(2v)(9)-C86, an Endohedral Fullerene Containing a Planar, Twisted Sc2C2 Unit with Remarkable Crystalline Order in an Unprecedented Carbon Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10116-9. [PMID: 26237275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation, and characterization of a new endohedral fullerene, Sc2C88, is reported. Characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that it is the carbide Sc2C2@C(2v)(9)-C86 with a planar, twisted Sc2C2 unit inside a previously unseen C(2v)(9)-C86 fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Chen
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Kamran B Ghiassi
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Maira R Cerón
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Miguel A Guerrero-Ayala
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alan L Balch
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Wu B, Hu J, Cui P, Jiang L, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Wang C, Luo Y. Visible-Light Photoexcited Electron Dynamics of Scandium Endohedral Metallofullerenes: The Cage Symmetry and Substituent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8769-74. [PMID: 26097975 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) have become an important class of molecular materials for optoelectronic applications. The performance of EMFs is known to be dependent on their symmetries and characters of the substituents, but the underlying electron dynamics remain unclear. Here we report a systematic study on several scandium EMFs and representative derivatives to examine the cage symmetry and substituent effects on their photoexcited electron dynamics using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Our attention is focused on the visible-light (530 nm as a demonstration) photoexcited electron dynamics, which is of broad interest to visible-light solar energy harvesting but is considered to be quite complicated as the visible-light photons would promote the system to a high-lying energy region where dense manifolds of electronic states locate. Our ultrafast spectroscopy study enables a full mapping of the photoinduced deactivation channels involved and reveals that the long-lived triplet exciton plays a decisive role in controlling the photoexcited electron dynamics under certain conditions. More importantly, it is found that the opening of the triplet channels is highly correlated to the fullerene cage symmetry as well as the electronic character of the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- †Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiahua Hu
- §Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Peng Cui
- §Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Li Jiang
- †Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongwei Chen
- §Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- §Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- †Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Luo
- §Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,‡Department of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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