1
|
Brown JT, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Effects of structural variations on π-dimer formation: long-distance multicenter bonding of cation-radicals of tetrathiafulvalene analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25054-25065. [PMID: 33118569 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04891g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multicenter (pancake) bonding between cation-radicals of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, TMTSF+˙, tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, TMTTF+˙, and bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene, ET+,˙ was compared to that of tetrathiafulvalene, TTF+˙. To minimize counter-ion effects, the cation-radical salts with weakly coordinating anions (WCA), tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate, dodecamethylcarborane and hexabromocarborane were prepared. Solid-state (X-ray and EPR) measurements revealed diamagnetic π-dimers in the TMTSF and ET salts and the separate monomers in the TTF salts with all WCAs, while TMTTF existed as a dimer in one and a monomer in two salts. The variable-temperature UV-Vis studies of these salts in solution showed that the thermodynamics of formation of the π-bonded dimers of TMTTF+˙ was close to that of TTF+˙, while TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ showed a higher propensity for π-dimerization. These data indicated that the replacement of sulfur with heavier selenium or insertion of ethylenedithia-substituents into the TTF core increases the π-dimers' stability. Yet, computational analysis indicated that the weakly covalent component of π-bonding decreases in the order TTF > TMTTF > TMTSF > ET. The higher stability of the π-dimers of TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ cation-radicals was related to a decrease of the electrostatic repulsion between cationic counter-parts and an increase of dispersion components in these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fumanal M, Capdevila-Cortada M, Novoa JJ. Understanding room-temperature π-dimerisation of radical ions: intramolecular π-[TTF] 22+ in functionalised calix[4]arenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:3807-3819. [PMID: 28102383 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Long, multicentre π-dimers of radical ions are weakly bound and can only be observed in solution at low temperature. However, recent supramolecular approaches induce the extra stabilisation required to preserve them at room temperature, by different means depending on the approach. In particular, π-[TTF]22+ dimers (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene) were detected upon oxidation of a TTF-based calix[4]arene in acetonitrile solution at room temperature, manifesting intramolecular [R-TTF]˙+[R-TTF]˙+ interactions (Chem. Commun. 2006, 2, 2233). In this work, the reasons behind the remarkable formation of these π-dimers in the calix[4]arene, [calix], molecule are unravelled by means of DFT calculations. We first demonstrate that the properties of the π-[R-TTF]22+ dimers are preserved in the [calix]2+. Most importantly, our results show that the π-dimerised and non-dimerised forms of the [calix]2+ are isoenergetic at room temperature, and that the activation energy for this process is ca. 9.5 kcal mol-1. Hence, both forms coexist in equilibrium at 298 K, as the intramolecular nature of the interaction ensures a high reaction rate. The role of the Na+ cation in preventing the π-[R-TTF]22+ dimerisation of the [calix]2+ receptor is also examined, unveiling that this effect is mostly due to the electrostatic repulsion induced by the cation. Finally, we provide a revision on room-temperature stable supramolecular long, multicentre π-dimers of radical ions, a class of systems with great potential as molecular switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marçal Capdevila-Cortada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan J Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fatila EM, Twum EB, Karty JA, Flood AH. Ion Pairing and Co‐facial Stacking Drive High‐Fidelity Bisulfate Assembly with Cyanostar Macrocyclic Hosts. Chemistry 2017; 23:10652-10662. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M. Fatila
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Eric B. Twum
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Karty
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonthier JF, Sherrill CD. Density-fitted open-shell symmetry-adapted perturbation theory and application to π-stacking in benzene dimer cation and ionized DNA base pair steps. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:134106. [PMID: 27782424 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) is one of the most popular approaches to energy component analysis of non-covalent interactions between closed-shell systems, yielding both accurate interaction energies and meaningful interaction energy components. In recent years, the full open-shell equations for SAPT up to second-order in the intermolecular interaction and zeroth-order in the intramolecular correlation (SAPT0) were published [P. S. Zuchowski et al., J. Chem. Phys. 129, 084101 (2008); M. Hapka et al., ibid. 137, 164104 (2012)]. Here, we utilize density-fitted electron repulsion integrals to produce an efficient computational implementation. This approach is used to examine the effect of ionization on π-π interactions. For the benzene dimer radical cation, comparison against reference values indicates a good performance for open-shell SAPT0, except in cases with substantial charge transfer. For π stacking between hydrogen-bonded pairs of nucleobases, dispersion interactions still dominate binding, in spite of the creation of a positive charge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme F Gonthier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| | - C David Sherrill
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vela S, Reardon MB, Jakobsche CE, Turnbull MM, Ribas-Arino J, Novoa JJ. Bistability in Organic Magnetic Materials: A Comparative Study of the Key Differences between Hysteretic and Non-hysteretic Spin Transitions in Dithiazolyl Radicals. Chemistry 2017; 23:3479-3489. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Vela
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física; Universitat de Barcelona and IQTCUB; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain), E-mail
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177; CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Michael B. Reardon
- Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main Street Worcester MA 01610 USA
| | - Charles E. Jakobsche
- Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main Street Worcester MA 01610 USA
| | - Mark M. Turnbull
- Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main Street Worcester MA 01610 USA
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física; Universitat de Barcelona and IQTCUB; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain), E-mail
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física; Universitat de Barcelona and IQTCUB; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain), E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mou Z, Tian YH, Kertesz M. Validation of density functionals for pancake-bonded π-dimers; dispersion is not enough. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24761-24768. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Stacking pancake bonding between radicals poses special challenges to density functional theories (DFTs) due to their shorter than van der Waals contact distances, their multireference singlet ground states and the concurrently important dispersion interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Yong-Hui Tian
- College of Life Sciences
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Capdevila-Cortada M, Ribas-Arino J, Chaumont A, Wipff G, Novoa JJ. Formation of Long, Multicenter π-[TCNE] 22- Dimers in Solution: Solvation and Stability Assessed through Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chemistry 2016; 22:17037-17046. [PMID: 27727476 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purely organic radical ions dimerize in solution at low temperature, forming long, multicenter bonds, despite the metastability of the isolated dimers. Here, we present the first computational study of these π-dimers in solution, with explicit consideration of solvent molecules and finite temperature effects. By means of force-field and ab initio molecular dynamics and free energy simulations, the structure and stability of π-[TCNE]22- (TCNE=tetracyanoethylene) dimers in dichloromethane have been evaluated. Although the dimers dissociate at room temperature, they are stable at 175 K and their structure is similar to the one in the solid state, with a cofacial arrangement of the radicals at an interplanar separation of approximately 3.0 Å. The π-[TCNE]22- dimers form dissociated ion pairs with the NBu4+ counterions, and their first solvation shell comprises approximately 20 CH2 Cl2 molecules. Among them, the eight molecules distributed along the equatorial plane of the dimer play a key role in stabilizing the dimer through bridging C-H⋅⋅⋅N contacts. The calculated free energy of dimerization of TCNE.- in solution at 175 K is -5.5 kcal mol-1 . These results provide the first quantitative model describing the pairing of radical ions in solution, and demonstrate the key role of solvation forces on the dimerization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Capdevila-Cortada
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratoire MSM, UMR CNRS 7140, Institut de Chimie, 4 rue B. Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Laboratoire MSM, UMR CNRS 7140, Institut de Chimie, 4 rue B. Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Wipff
- Laboratoire MSM, UMR CNRS 7140, Institut de Chimie, 4 rue B. Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Juan J Novoa
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Real Sociedad Española de Química Prizes 2016. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13643-13644. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Preise der Real Sociedad Española de Química für 2016. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Hao J, Rheingold AL, Kavand M, van Schooten KJ, Boehme C, Capdevila‐Cortada M, Novoa JJ, Wöss E, Knör G, Miller JS. The Tetracyanopyridinide Dimer Dianion, σ‐[TCNPy]
2
2−. Chemistry 2016; 22:12312-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Hao
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0850 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Marzieh Kavand
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Kipp J. van Schooten
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Christoph Boehme
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Marçal Capdevila‐Cortada
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB Facultat de Química Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB Facultat de Química Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Eva Wöss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Günther Knör
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Joel S. Miller
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0850 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fumanal M, Vela S, Novoa JJ, Ribas-Arino J. Towards the tailored design of benzotriazinyl-based organic radicals displaying a spin transition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15776-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06288h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we identify the ingredients that are crucial to enable the phase transition in benzotriazinyl-based organic radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fumanal
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB
- Facultat de Química
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - S. Vela
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB
- Facultat de Química
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - J. J. Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB
- Facultat de Química
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - J. Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB
- Facultat de Química
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|