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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Pujals M, Ribas X. Supramolecular Purification and Regioselective Functionalization of Fullerenes and Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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2
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Hyre AS, Doerrer LH. A structural and spectroscopic overview of molecular lanthanide complexes with fluorinated O-donor ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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Schlesier C, Liu F, Dubrovin V, Spree L, Büchner B, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Mixed dysprosium-lanthanide nitride clusterfullerenes DyM 2N@C 80-I h and Dy 2MN@C 80-I h (M = Gd, Er, Tm, and Lu): synthesis, molecular structure, and quantum motion of the endohedral nitrogen atom. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13139-13153. [PMID: 31268459 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Systematic exploration of the synthesis of mixed-metal Dy-M nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs, M = Gd, Er, Tm, Lu) is performed, and the impact of the second metal on the relative yield is evaluated. We demonstrate that the ionic radius of the metal appears to be the main factor allowing explanation of the relative yields in Dy-M mixed-metal systems with M = Sc, Lu, Er, and Gd. At the same time, Dy-Tm NCFs show anomalously low yields, which is not consistent with the relatively small ionic radius of Tm3+ but can be explained by the high third ionization potential of Tm. Complete separation of Dy-Gd and Dy-Er, as well as partial separation of Dy-Lu M3N@C80 nitride clusterfullerenes, is accomplished by recycling HPLC. The molecular structures of DyGd2N@C80 and DyEr2N@C80 are analyzed by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A remarkable ordering of mixed-metal nitride clusters is found despite similar size and electronic properties of the metals. Possible pyramidalization of the nitride clusters in these and other nitride clusterfullerenes is critically analyzed with the help of DFT calculations and reconstruction of the nitrogen inversion barrier in M3N@C80 molecules is performed. Although a double-well potential with a pyramidal cluster structure is found to be common for most of them, the small size of the inversion barrier often leads to an apparent planar structure of the cluster. This situation is found for those M3N@C80 molecules in which the energy of the lowest vibrational level exceeds that of the inversion barrier, including Dy3N@C80 and DyEr2N@C80. The genuine pyramidal structure can be observed by X-ray diffraction only when the lowest vibrational level is below the inversion barrier, such as those found in Gd3N@C80 and DyGd2N@C80. The quantum nature of molecular vibrations becomes especially apparent when the size of the inversion barrier is comparable to the energy of the lowest vibrational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schlesier
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - F Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - V Dubrovin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - L Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - B Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - S M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Brandenburg A, Krylov DS, Beger A, Wolter AUB, Büchner B, Popov AA. Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C 80 featuring three different metals in the endohedral cluster and its single-ion magnetism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10683-10686. [PMID: 30087957 PMCID: PMC6839965 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C80-Ih with three different metal atoms in the endohedral cluster is obtained by arc-discharge synthesis with methane as reactive gas and is successfully isolated by HPLC. The compound shows single-molecule magnetism (SMM) with magnetic hysteresis below 8 K. The SMM properties of DyYTiC@C80 are compared to those of DySc2N@C80 and the influence of the central atom in the endohedral cluster is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Brandenburg
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Gómez-Torres A, Morales-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, García-Simón C, Gándara F, Imaz I, Juanhuix J, Maspoch D, Poblet JM, Echegoyen L, Ribas X. Purification of Uranium-based Endohedral Metallofullerenes (EMFs) by Selective Supramolecular Encapsulation and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11294-11299. [PMID: 29917307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanocapsule 1⋅(BArF)8 is able to sequentially and selectively entrap recently discovered U2 @C80 and unprecedented Sc2 CU@C80 , simply by soaking crystals of 1⋅(BArF)8 in a toluene solution of arc-produced soot. These species, selectively and stepwise absorbed by 1⋅(BArF)8 , are easily released, obtaining highly pure fractions of U2 @C80 and Sc2 CU@C80 in one step. Sc2 CU@C80 represents the first example of a mixed metal actinide-based endohedral metallofullerene (EMF). Remarkably, the host-guest studies revealed that 1⋅(BArF)8 is able to discriminate EMFs with the same carbon cage but with different encapsulated cluster and computational studies provide support for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Fuertes-Espinosa
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Gómez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Roser Morales-Martínez
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Simón
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Juanhuix
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Gómez-Torres A, Morales-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, García-Simón C, Gándara F, Imaz I, Juanhuix J, Maspoch D, Poblet JM, Echegoyen L, Ribas X. Purification of Uranium-based Endohedral Metallofullerenes (EMFs) by Selective Supramolecular Encapsulation and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Fuertes-Espinosa
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus de Montilivi 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Alejandra Gómez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Roser Morales-Martínez
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Cristina García-Simón
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus de Montilivi 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Factory; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2); CSIC and BIST; Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Judith Juanhuix
- ALBA Synchrotron; Carrer de la llum 2-26 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2); CSIC and BIST; Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- ICREA; Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus de Montilivi 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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7
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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8
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9
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Olmstead MM, Zuo T, Dorn HC, Li T, Balch AL. Metal ion size and the pyramidalization of trimetallic nitride units inside a fullerene cage: Comparisons of the crystal structures of M3N@I-C80 (M = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, and Sc) and some mixed metal counterparts. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Samoylova NA, Avdoshenko SM, Krylov DS, Thompson HR, Kirkhorn AC, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Ziegs F, Wolter AUB, Yang S, Stevenson S, Popov AA. Confining the spin between two metal atoms within the carbon cage: redox-active metal-metal bonds in dimetallofullerenes and their stable cation radicals. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7977-7990. [PMID: 28574078 PMCID: PMC5544111 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-lanthanide bonds are exceptionally rare, and dimetallofullerenes provide a unique possibility to stabilize and study these unusual bonding patterns. The presence of metal-metal bonds and consequences thereof for the electronic properties of M2@C82 (M = Sc, Er, Lu) are addressed by electrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance, SQUID magnetometry and other spectroscopic techniques. A simplified non-chromatographic separation procedure is developed for the isolation of Er2@C82 (Cs(6) and C3v(8) cage isomers) and Sc2@C82 (C3v(8) isomer) from fullerene mixtures. Sulfide clusterfullerenes Er2S@C82 with Cs(6) and C3v(8) fullerene cages are synthesized for the first time. The metal-metal bonding orbital of the spd hybrid character in M2@C82 is shown to be the highest occupied molecular orbital, which undergoes reversible single-electron oxidation with a metal-dependent oxidation potential. Sulfide clusterfullerenes with a fullerene-based HOMO have more positive oxidation potentials. The metal-based oxidation of Sc2@C82-C3v is confirmed by the EPR spectrum of the cation radical [Sc2@C82-C3v]+ generated by chemical oxidation in solution. The spectrum exhibits an exceptionally large a(45Sc) hyperfine coupling constant of 199.2 G, indicating a substantial 4s contribution to the metal-metal bonding orbital. The cationic salt [Er2@C82-C3v]+SbCl6- is prepared, and its magnetization behavior is compared to that of pristine Er2@C82-C3v and Er2S@C82-C3v. The formation of the single-electron Er-Er bond in the cation dramatically changes the coupling between magnetic moments of Er ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Samoylova
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah R. Thompson
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Amelia C. Kirkhorn
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ziegs
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja U. B. Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Wang Z, Omachi H, Shinohara H. Non-Chromatographic Purification of Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Molecules 2017; 22:E718. [PMID: 28468241 PMCID: PMC6154004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification of endohedral metallofullerenes by high performance liquid chromatography is very time-consuming and expensive. A number of rapid and inexpensive non-chromatographic methods have thus been developed for large-scale purification of metallofullerenes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in non-chromatographic purification methods of metallofullerenes. Lewis acid-based complexation is one of the most efficient and powerful methods for separation of metallofullerenes from empty fullerenes. The first oxidation potential of metallofullerenes is a critical factor that affects the separation efficiency of the Lewis acid-based method. Supramolecular methods are effective for separation of fullerenes and metallofullerenes that are different in size and shape. Chemical/electrochemical reduction and exohedral functionalization are also utilized to separate and purify metallofullerenes on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Haruka Omachi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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Aghabali A, Jun S, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Piperazine-functionalized C 60 and diiodine or iodine monochloride as components in forming supramolecular assemblies. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3710-3715. [PMID: 28256674 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the piperazine mono-adduct, N(CH2CH2)2NC60, with diiodine produced well ordered, black crystals of (I2N(CH2CH2)2NI2)C60·2.884(C6H6)·0.116I2, which contains two nearly linear N-I-I units. Reaction of N(CH2CH2)2NC60 with iodine monochloride produced two materials: the dihalogen adduct, (ClIN(CH2CH2)2NICl)C60·2.3(CS2)·0.7(CH2Cl2), when crystallization occurred rapidly from carbon disulfide/dichloromethane solution or the salt, [(N(CH2CH2)2NH)C60+][ICl2-]·CS2, when crystallization happened more slowly from toluene/dichloromethane solution where hydrolysis of the iodine monochloride by adventitious water presumably occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amineh Aghabali
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Sharon Jun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Alan L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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13
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Wang S, Huang J, Gao C, Jin F, Li Q, Xie S, Yang S. Singly Bonded Monoadduct rather than Methanofullerene: Manipulating the Addition Pattern of Trimetallic Nitride Clusterfullerene through One Endohedral Metal Atom Substitution. Chemistry 2016; 22:8309-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Congli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Suyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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14
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Sarina EA, Mercado BQ, Franco JU, Thompson CJ, Easterling ML, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. 2-Aminoethanol Extraction as a Method for Purifying Sc3N@C80 and for Differentiating Classes of Endohedral Fullerenes on the Basis of Reactivity. Chemistry 2015; 21:17035-43. [PMID: 26437717 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extraction with 2-aminoethanol is an inexpensive method for removing empty cage fullerenes from the soluble extract from electric-arc-generated fullerene soot that contains endohedral metallofullerenes of the type Sc3N@C2n (n = 34, 39, 40). Our method of separation exploits the fact that C60, C70, and other larger, empty cage fullerenes are more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than endohedral fullerenes and that these adducts can be readily extracted into 2-aminoethanol. This methodology has also been employed to examine the reactivity of the mixture of soluble endohedral fullerenes that result from doping graphite rods used in the Krätschmer-Huffman electric-arc generator with the oxides of Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd. For example, with Y2O3, we were able to detect by mass spectrometry several new families of endohedral fullerenes, namely Y3C108 to Y3C126, Y3C107 to Y3C125, Y4C128 to Y4C146, that resisted reactivity with 2-aminoethanol more than the empty cage fullerenes and the mono- and dimetallo fullerenes. The discovery of the family Y3C107 to Y3C125 with odd numbers of carbon atoms is remarkable, since fullerene cages must involve even numbers of carbon atoms. The newly discovered families of endohedral fullerenes with the composition M4C2n (M = Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd) are unusually resistant to reaction with 2-aminoethanol. Additionally, the individual endohedrals, Y3C112 and M3C102 (M = Lu, Dy, Tb and Gd), were remarkably less reactive toward 2-aminoethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Sarina
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Jimmy U Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | | | | | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Alan L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA). ,
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15
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Stevenson S, Arvola KD, Fahim M, Martin BR, Ghiassi KB, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Isolation and Crystallographic Characterization of Gd3N@D2(35)-C88 through Non-Chromatographic Methods. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:62-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kristine D. Arvola
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Muska Fahim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kamran B. Ghiassi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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